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'^^  ■    Biologicd  Chemistry  ^,. 


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XATIO>;rAL    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 


Volume  VIII. 


SIXTH    MEMOIR. 


AX  EXPERIMENTAL  INQUIRY  REGARDING  THE 
NUTRITIVE  VALUE  OF  ALCOHOL. 


W.  O.  ATWATER  and  F.  G.  BENEDICT. 


Presented    to    the    A-caaemy    by    J0H:N"    S.    BILLIJJ'G-S. 


CONTENTS 


Page. 

Introduction 235 

Purpose  of  the  experiments 235 

Questions  actually  studied 236 

Apparatus  and  methods  of  inquiry 236 

Accuracy  of  apparatus  and  methods 237 

The  experiments 238 

General  plan 238 

The  men  who  served  as  subjects  of  the  experiments 239 

Symptoms  observed  in  experiments  with  alcohol 240 

General  description  of  individual  metabolism  experiments 240 

List  of  metabolism  experiments  with  and  without  alcohol  and  grouping  for  comparison 240 

Group  A.     Rest  experiments  Xos.  9  and  10.     Experiments  with  ordinary  diet  and  with  alcohol  diet..  242 

Group  B.     Rest  experiments  Nos.  22  and  24.     Experiments  with  ordinary  diet  and  with  alcohol  diet. .  244 

Group  C.     Rest  experiments  Nos.  26  to  28.    Experiments  with  ordinary  diet  and  with  alcohol  diet..  245 
Group  D.     Work  experiments  Nos.  11  and  12.     Experiments  with  ordinary  diet  and  with  alcohol 

diet 246 

Group  E.     Work  experiments  Nos.  29  to  31.     Experiments  with  ordinary  diet  and  with  alcohol  diet..  247 

Group  F.     Work  experiments  Nos.  32  to  34.    Experiments  with  ordinary  diet  and  with  alcohol  diet. .  249 
Group  G.     Rest  experiments  Nos.  7,  13,  and  14.     Experiments  with  ordinary  diet  and  with  alcohol 

diet : 250 

Group  H.     Rest  experiments  Nos.  5  and  15  to  17.     Experiments  with  ordinary  diet  and  with  alcohol 

diet 251 

Group  I.     Rest  experiments  Nos.  18  to  21.     Experiments  with  ordinary  diet  and  with  alcohol  diet..  253 

Digestion  experiments 255 

Discussion  of  the  results  of  the  experiments 256 

Effect  of  alcohol  upon  the  digestion  of  food 256 

Proportions  of  alcohol  oxidized  and  unoxidized 2.58 

Metabolism  of  the  energy  of  alcohol 259 

The  protection  of  body  material  by  alcohol 261 

Protection  of  body  fat 263 

Protection  of  liody  protein 264 

Effect  of  alcohol  upon  the  radiation  of  heat  from  the  body 272 

Rapidity  of  combustion  of  alcohol  in  the  body - 276 

Alcohol  as  a  source  of  heat  in  the  body 277 

Alcohol  as  a  source  of  muscular  energy 277 

Summary  of  plan  and  results  of  the  experiments 285 

APPENDIX. 

Data — Experimental  methods 289 

Metabolism  experiments 289 

Statistical  details  i.if  metabolism  experiments 291 

Experiment  No.  12.     Work  with  alcohol  diet 291 

Experiments  Nos.  1.5-17.     Rest  with  alcohol  diet 305 

Experiments  Nos.  18-21.     Rest.     Nos.  18-20  with  alcohol  diet 317 

Experiments  Nos.  22-24.     Rest.     No.  22  with  alcohol  diet 330 

Experiments  Nos.  26-28.     Rest.     No.  27  with  alcohol  diet 342 

Experiments  Nos.  29-31.     Work.     No.  30  with  alcohol  diet 354 

Experiments  Nos.  32-34.     Work.     No.  33  with  alcohol  diet 366 

233 


234  CONTENTS. 

Page. 

Statistical  details  of  dige=tion  experimenrts 379 

Details  of  digestion  experiment — 

No.    41 379 

Xo.    42 379 

No.    47 380 

Xo.    48 380 

No.    51 381 

No.    52 381 

No.    80 382 

No.    81 382 

No.    82 383 

No.    83 384 

No.    84 384 

No.  151 : 385 

No.  155 385 

No.  159 386 

Tabular  summaries  of  results  of  experiments 387 

Income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen,  and  gain  or  loss  of  protein  and  fat 387 

Income  and  outgo  of  material  arid  energy 390 

Proportions  of  alcohol  oxidized  and  unoxidized 392 

Variations  in  daily  excretions  of  nitrogen 393 

Availability  of  nutrients  and  energy 395 


AN  EXPERIMENTAL  INQUIRY  REGARDING  THE  NUTRITIVE 
VALUE  OF  ALCOHOL 


BY    W.    O.    ATWATER   AND    F.    G.    BENKDICT. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  present  report  gives  the  details  of  a  number  of  metabolism  experiments  with  men,  in 
which  the  effects  of  diet  with  and  without  alcohol  have  been  compared.*  The  details  of  a  number 
of  digestion  experiments,  which  form  part  of  the  same  investigations,  have  also  been  included. 

PURPOSE  OF  THE  EXPERIMENTS. 

The  main  purpo.se  of  the  experiments  has  been  to  get  light  upon  the  effects  of  alcohol  in  the 
diet,  with  especial  reference  to  the  question  of  its  nuti'itive  value. 

Food  is  used  in  the  bod_y  to  build  and  repair  tissue  and  to  furnish  energy.  Only  the 
nitrogenous  compounds  (protein)  of  the  food  serve  the  first  purpo.se;  they  also  serve  as  a  source 
of  energy,  but  the  main  supply  of  energj'  is  obtained  from  the  fats  and  carbohydrates.  The  fuel 
ingredients  may  be  burned  at  once  or  may  be  stored  for  future  use. 

Alcohol  contains  no  nitrogen  ^nd  therefore  can  not  build  or  repair  tissue;  it  is  rather  to  be 
classed  with  the  fats  and  carbohydrates,  and  if  it  has  any  food  value,  this  must  be  as  a  fuel.  It  does 
not  appear  to  be  stored  for  any  considerable  time,  but  is  disposed  of  soon  after  it  is  taken  into 
the  body. 

Alcohol,  however,  differs  from  the  protein,  fats,  and  carbohydrates  of  food  materials  in  that 
it  may  exert,  and  when  taken  in  large  enough  doses  does  exert,  an  indirect  aetion  upon  the  brain 
and  nerves  and  through  them  upon  the  nutritive  and  other  processes  to  which  the  general  term 
metabolism  is  applied.  In  this  way  its  actual  value  may  be  either  increased  or  diminished 
according  as  it  aids  or  hinders  digestion,  or  either  accelerates  or  retards  metabolism.  We  have 
then  to  consider  not  only  its  direct  action  as  nutriment  for  the  supply  of  energy,  but  also  its 
indirect  action  upon  the  metabolism  and  utilization  of  other  food.     In  the  experiments  here 

"The  inquiry  was  undertaken  at  tlie  instance  of  the  Committee  of  Fifty  for  the  Investigation  of  the  Drink 
Problem.  The  experimental  work  was  done  in  the  chemical  laboratory  of  Wesleyan  University.  A  large  share  of  the 
expense  was  borne  by  the  committee  of  fifty  although  contributions  were  also  received  from  the  Elizabeth  Thompson 
and  Bache  funds  and  from  private  individuals.  The  experiments  were  parallel  with  others  of  similar  character, 
which  are  conducted  under  the  auspices  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture.  These  latter  experiments 
form  a  part  of  a  general  inquiry  regarding  the  food  and  nutrition  of  man,  which  is  authorized  by  Congress  and 
prosecuted  in  different  parts  of  the  United  States.  The  special  inquiry  into  the  nutritive  action  of  alcohol  was  made 
possible  by  the  generosity  of  Wesleyan  University,  which  offered  to  the  committee  of  fifty  the  use  of  laboratory  and 
other  facilities  that  have  been  made  available  to  the  Department  of  Agriculture  and  the  Storrs  Experiment  Station 
for  nutrition  inquiries. 

The  investigation  has  been  pursued  with  the  active  cooperation  of  a  number  of  gentlemen,  including  especially 
Mr.  A.  P.  Bryant,  under  whose  direction  the  computations  of  the  results  have  been  made,  and  Mr.  A.  W.  Smith,  Dr. 
O.  F.  Tower,  and  Dr.  J.  F.  Snell,  all  of  whom  have  been  intimately  associated  with  the  elaboration  of  the  apparatus 
and  methods.  Mr.  SMiTir  and  Dr.  Snell  served  as  subjects  in-  several  of  the  experiments  reported  beyond,  though 
the  subject  of  the  larger  number  was  Mr.  E.  Osterberg. 

The  details  of  the  experiments  without  alcohol  and  of  two  of  those  with  alcohol,  Nos.  7  and  10,  have  been 
published  in.  bulletins  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  as  stated  beyond. 

235 


236  MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

described  the  indirect  iiction  of  alcohol  has  been  studied  onh"  in  so  far  as  (1)  through  its 
influence  upon  the  secretion  of  digestive  juices  or  otherwise  it  has  tended  to  increase  or  diminish 
the  proportion  of  the  other  food  digested,  or  (2)  it  has  increased  or  decreased  the  metabolism  of 
other  food  or  liody  material. 

The  ulterior  efl'ects  of  alcohol  do  not  come  within  the  scope  of  this  particular  inquiry,  which 
is  limited  to  its  use  by  the  body  as  nutriment. 

THE  QUESTIONS  ACTUALLY  STUDIED. 

It  appears  then  that  whatever  value  alcohol  ma}'  have  for  nutriment  must  depend  upon  its 
ablity  to  serve  as  fuel  for  furnishing  energy  to  the  bodj'.  Accordingly  the  main  question 
l^roposed  for  stud}'  is  this:  What  is  the  value  of  alcohol  for  fuel  and  how  does  it  compare  in  this 
respect  with  sugar,  starch,  fats,  and  other  nutrients  of  ordinary  food  materials?  A  collateral 
question  is  the  effect  of  alcohol  upon  the  proportions  of  nutrients  digested  from  the  food  with 
which  it  was  taken. 

Experimental  research  has  shown  several  waj's  in  which  the  ingredients  of  ordlnar}'  food  and 
body  material  serve  as  fuel.  Thej'  are  oxidized  in  the  body;  in  the  oxidation,  their  potential 
energ}'  becomes  kinetic  and  is  thus  made  useful  to  the  bodj';  part  of  this  kinetic  energy  appears 
as  heat;  another  part  appears  as  muscular  work;  in  yielding  energy  by  its  own  oxidation,  food 
protects  the  material  of  the  body  and  of  other  food  from  consumption.  We  have  then  to 
consider  how  alcohol  compares  with  the  ordinarj'  fuel  ingredients  of  the  food  in  these  ways. 

It  is  clear  that  the  main  problem  is  that  of  the  metabolism  of  energy  in  the  body.  Accord- 
ingly, while  the  experiments  here  described  bear  upon  the  use  of  alcohol  in  each  of  the  waj's  just 
mentioned  and  upon  collateral  topics  also,  the  fundamental  question  studied  has  been  this:  To 
what  extent  is  the  energy  of  alcohol  transformed  and  utilized  in  the  body  like  the  energj'  of  the 
nutrients,  especially  the  fats  and  carbohj'drates,  of  ordinar\'  food  materials? 

In  studying  these  questions  we  go  down  to  one  of  the  fundamental  principles  of  material 
science.  The  plan  of  the  whole  inquirj'  is  based  upon  the  principle  that  the  chemical  and  phj'sical 
changes  which  take  place  in  the  bod}',  and  to  which  the  general  term  metabolism  is  applied,  occur 
in  obedience  to  the  laws  of  the  conservation  of  matter  and  energy.  That  the  law  of  the  conservation 
of  matter  applies  within  the  living  organism,  no  one  would  question.  It  might  seem  equally 
certain  that  the  metabolism  of  energj'  within  the  bod}'  takes  place  in  accordance  with  the  law  of 
the  conservation  of  energy.  In  experiments  with  men  in  the  respiration  calorimeter  described 
beyond,  the  close  agreement  between  the  income  and  the  outgo  of  energy  in  the  body,  under  various 
conditions  of  work  and  rest,  may  be  regarded  as  practically  demonstrating  that  the  law  holds  in 
the  living  organism.  Such  demonstration  had,  indeed,  been  approximated  by  earlier  investi- 
gations, notably  those  of  Rubner  with  dogs. 

APPARATUS  AND   METHODS   OF   INQUIRY. 

The  experiments  here  described  were  made  with  a  respiration  calorimeter  especially  devised 
for  research  of  this  kind.  The  apparatus  serves  to  measure  the  materials  received  and  given  off 
by  the  body,  including  the  products  of  respiration,  and  is  thus  a  "respiration  apparatus."  It  also 
.serves  to  measure  the  heat  given  off  by  the  body  and  hence  is  a  form  of  calorimeter.  To  indicate 
this  twofold  purpose  it  is  called  a  "respiration  calorimeter."  The  apparatus  and  methods  of  its 
use  have  been  described  elsewhere;"  a  brief  description  will  suffice  here. 

*In  the  following  Vjulletins  of  the  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture: 
No.  44,  Report  of  Preliminary  Investigations  on  the  Metabolism  of  Nitrogen  and  Carbon  in  the  Human  Organism  with 
a  Re.spiration  Calorimeter  of  Special  Construction,  by  W.  0.  Atwater,  Ph.  D.,  C.  D.  Woods,  B.  S.,  and  F.  G.  Benedict 
Ph.  I).;  No.  63,  De.scription  of  a  New  Respiration  Calorimeter  and  Experiments  on  the  Conservation  of  Energy  in  the 
Human  Body,  by  W.  O.  Atwater,  Ph.  D.,  and  E.  B.  Ro.sa,  Ph.  D.,  pp.  94;  No.  69,  Experiments  on  the  Metabolism 
of  Matter  and  Energy  in  the  Human  Body,  by  W.  O.  Atwatek,  Ph.  D.,  and  F.  G.  Benedict,  Ph.  D.,  with  the 
cooperation  of  A.  W.  Smith,  M.  S.,  and  A.  P.  Bhyaxt,  M.  S.,  pp.  112;  No.  109,  Further  Exi^eriments  on  the  Metab- 
olism of  Matter  and  Energy  in  the  Human  Bod)',  by  W.  O.  Atwater,  Ph.  D.,  and  F.  G.  Benedict,  Ph.  D.,  with 
the  cooperation  of  A.  P.  Bryant,  M.  S.,  A.  W.  Smith,  M.  S.,  and  J.  F.  Snell,  Ph.  D. 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES.  237 

The  ohainher  of  the  apparatus  i.s  .so  arranged  that  a  man  may  spend  a  number  of  da^vs  in 
comparative  comfort  within  it.  It  is  lighted  hv  a  window,  and  is  furnished  with  a  folding  chair, 
talile.  and  bed,  and.  when  the  experiment  involves  mu.scular  work,  with  a  stationary  bicycle  also. 
The  chamber  is  ventilated  by  a  measured  current  of  air.  samples  of  which  are  taken  for  analysis 
before  it  enters  and  after  it  leaves  the  chamber.  In  this  way  the  products  of  respiration  are 
determined.  Provision  is  also  made  for  weighing,  sampling,  and  analyzing  all  the  food  and  drink, 
and  the  solid  and  liciuid  excreta  as  well.  By  comparing  the  chemical  elements  and  compounds 
received  by  the  body  in  food,  drink,  and  inhaled  air  with  tho.se  given  otl"  in  the  solid,  liquid,  and 
gaseous  forms  by  the  intestines,  kidneys,  lungs,  and  skin,  it  is  possible  to  strike  a  balance  between 
the  total  income  and  the  total  outgo  of  matter  in  the  man's  body.  This  serves  as  the  measure 
of  the  metabolism  of  matter  in  the  body. 

In  addition  to  this  the  metabolism  of  energy  is  also  studied.  To  this  end  it  is  necessary  to 
determine  the  potential  energy  of  the  food  and  drink  taken  into  the  body  and  of  the  solid  and  liquid 
excreta  given  off  by  the  body,  as  well  as  the  amounts  of  energy  given  off'  in  the  form  of  heat, 
external  mu.scular  work,  and  otherwi.se.  The  measurements  of  the  potential  energy  of  the  food 
and  excreta  are  made  with  the  bomb  calorimeter."  The  determination  of  the  heat  given  oft"  froui 
the  bodv  is  made  by  certain  arrangements  in  connection  with  the  respiration  calorimeter.  A 
current  of  water  passing  through  a  special  coil  of  pipes  suspended  in  the  chamber  atisorbs  the 
heat  that  is  generated  within  it,  and  by  measuring  the  quantity  of  water  that  passes  through  the 
coil  and  its  ri.se  in  temperature  the  amount  of  heat  absorbed  may  be  determined.  To  this  is 
added  the  latent  heat  of  the  water  vaporized  within  the  chamber. 

So  delici^te  are  the  measurements  of  temperature  that  the  observer  sitting  outside  and 
recording  the  changes  every  two  or  four  minutes  immediately  detects  a  rise  or  fall  of  even  one 
one-hundredth  of  a  degree  in  the  temperature  of  the  inner  copper  wall  or  of  the  air  inside  the 
chamber.  If  the  man  inside  rises  to  move  about,  the  increase  in  the  heat  given  off'  from  his  body 
with  this  muscular  work  show"s  itself  in  a  rise  of  temperature  which  is  iuunediately  detected. 

In  the  work  experiments  the  subject  spends  a  certain  portion  of  each  day  in  muscular 
exercise  upon  an  apparatus  arranged  as  an  ergometer,  by  which  the  amount  of  muscular  work  done 
may  be  measured.  The  ergometer  consists  of  a  stationary  bicycle  connected  with  a  dynamo  by 
which  the  power  which  the  rider  applies  to  the  pedals,  and  which  is  not  changed  to  heat  by  the 
friction  of  the  machine,  is  converted  into  an  electric  current,  which  is  passed  through  an  electric 
lamp  and  is  in  turn  changed  to  heat.  The  ergometer  is  ai-rauged  to  measure  the  amount  of 
muscular  work  done,  in  terms  of  heat,  by  determinations  of  the  amount  of  energy  converted  into 
heat  by  friction  and  the  amounts  of  electric  current  generated  and  changed  to  heat. 

From  the  energy  of  food,  drink,  solid  and  liquid  excretory  products,  and  body  material 
stored  or  lost  the  net  income  of  energy  may  be  computed.  The  net  outgo  is  measured  by  the 
apparatus.     By  comparing  these  the  balance  of  income  and  outgo  of  energy  is  found. 

The  data  obtained  as  explained  above,  taken  in  connection  with  what  is  known  of  the 
physiological  processes  that  go  on  in  the  body,  give  more  accurate  information  than  can  be 
otherwise  obtained  regarding  the  ways  in  which  the  food  is  used  in  the  body  and  the  quantities 
of  food  ingredients  that  are  needed  to  supply  the  demands  of  the  body  for  the  various  purposes 
of  work  and  rest  and  the  comparative  nutritive  value  of  different  food  materials. 

ACCURACY   OF  APPARATUS  AND  METHODS. 

Two  methods  of  te>tiug  the  accuracy  of  the  apparatus  are  employed.  By  one  method  known 
amounts  of  heat  are  generated  electrically  within  the  chamber,  and  the  heat  is  measured  by  the 
apparatus.  In  this  way  its  accuracy  as  a  calorimeter  only  is  tested.  By  the  second  method 
known  amounts  of  ethyl  alcohol  of  known  purity  and  composition  are  burned  completely  within 
the  chamber,  and  the  amounts  of  water,  cai'bon  dioxide,  and  heat  resulting  from  the  combustion 
of  alcohol  are  determined  by  the  apparatus.  In  this  wav  its  accuracy  both  as  a  respiration  appa- 
ratus and  as  a  calorimeter  is  tested.     In  the  average  of  tive  electrical  tests  the  amount  of  heat 

'  For  description  of  the  Iximb  calorimeter  see  V.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  Expt.  Stations,  Bui.  21,  pp.  120-126,  and 
Storrs  Conn.  Experiment  Station  Report,  1897,  p.  199. 


238 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


measured  bv  the  calorimeter  was  100.01  per  cent  of  the  amount  generated  b}-  the  electric  current. 
The  averages  of  the  results  obtained  in  seventeen  alcohol  tests  are  summarized  in  the  following- 
table: 

Summan/  of  results  of  tests  in  irhich  alcohol  was  burned  in  the  calorimeter. 


Grams.      ■.  Grams. 

Amount  lequired 19,  239. 8  |  12, 264. 4 

Amount  found 19,  206. 9  ,  12, 379. 1 

Per  cent.     ^  Per  cent. 

Ratio  of  amount  found  to  amount  required :          99.  8  \  "  100.  9 


Calories. 
64,  554. 1 
64,513.3 
Per  ce7it. 
99.9 


■After  the  completion  of  the  later  experiments  a  slight  leak  was  found  in  the  "valve  box"  through  which  the 
outgoing  air  current  passed  on  its  way  to  and  from  the  "freezers,"  and  by  which  water,  condensed  on  the  outside, 
may  have  entered.  There  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  the  quantity  of  water  actually  found  was  thus  made  too 
large  by  a  fraction  of  1  per  cent.  In  the  average  of  the  first  nine  experiments  the  amount  of  water  found  was  100.6 
per  cent  of  that  required.  As  an  alcohol  check  test  was  generally  made  between  each  two  metabolism  experiments 
or  series  of  experiments  we  have  a  means  of  knowing  when  the  leak  began  to  effect  the  results  and  the  amount  of  the 
error  introduced.     .See  Bulletin  109  of  the  Office  of  Experiment  Stations,  above  referred  to. 

The  results  thus  indicate  that  the  respiration  calorimeter  is  an  instrument  of  precision  and 
that  the  determinations  of  carbon  dioxide,  water,  and  heat  produced  within  the  chamber  of  the 
respiration  calorimeter  are  sufficiently  accurate  for  experiments  with  the  living  subject. 


THE  EXPERIMENTS. 


GENERAL  PLAN. 

For  the  subjects  of  the  experiments  men  were  .selected  who  were  in  good  health,  had  appar- 
entlj'  normal  dige.stion,  and  did  not  tiud  the  confinement  in  the  chamber  uncomfortable.  A  diet 
was  chosen  which  provided  materials  as  palatable  and  in  as  much  varietj"  as  was  consistent  with 
convenient  preparation,  and  with  accurate  sampling  and  analj'sis.  The  quantitj'  and  composi- 
tion of  the  diet  were  generall}'  such  as  to  maintain  the  bodj^  nearl}'  in  nitrogen  and  carbon 
equilibrium  under  the  conditions  of  the  experiment,  whether  rf  work  or  of  i-est.  In  13  of  the 
experiments  the  diet  included  alcohol. 

The  alcohol  amounted  in  general  to  about  72  grams  (2^  ounces)  a  day,  or  as  much  as  would  be 
contained  in  a  bottle  of  claret  or  3  or  i  glasses  of  whisk3\  In  most  cases  pure  (ethj' 1)  alcohol,  but 
in  some  whisky  or  brandj^  was  used.  It  was  mixed  with  either  water  or  coffee,  and  was  given 
in  6  small  doses,  3  with  meals  and  the  re.st  at  regular  intervals  between,  in  order  to  avoid  as  far 
as  possible  any  effect  upon  the  nerves.  The  alcohol  supplied  not  far  from  500  calories  of  energj'. 
In  the  experiments  without  external  muscular  work,  the  total  energj-  of  the  diet  was  about  2,500 
calories,  .so  that  the  alcohol  furnished  one-fifth  of  the  total  energ}-.  In  the  experiments  in  which 
the  man  was  engaged  in  more  or  less  active  muscular  work,  the  total  energj-  of  the  food  was 
larger,  averaging  about  3,900  calories,  so  that  the  alcohol  furnished  between  one-seventh  and 
one-eighth  of  the  total  energ\'  of  the  diet. 

In  order  that  the  subject  might  become  accustomed  to  the  diet  and  reach  approximate 
nitrogen  equilibrium  with  it  before  the  experiment  proper  began,  a  preliminary  digestion 
experiment  of  at  Ica.st  3  daj's  immediately  preceded  the  metabolism  experiment.  Any  change 
of  diet  found  desirable  or  neces.sary  was  made  during  this  period,  and  the  preliminary  experi- 
ment was  continued  until  nitrogen  equilibrium  was  suppo.sed  to  be  more  or  less  nearly  reached. 
In  most  cases  the  preliminary  experiment  continued  4  days.  During  this  period  the  subject  w'as, 
in  general,  engaged  in  his  customary  occupation,  but  conformed  his  muscular  activity  more  or  less 
to  that  of  the  coming  experiment.  Thus  if  it  was  to  be  a  work  experiment,  he  rode  a  bicycle  or 
walked  a  con.siderable  distance  each  da}'.  If  it  was  to  be  a  i-est  experiment,  he  avoided  all 
"unnecessary  exercise.     For  supper  on  the  last  day  of  this  preliminary  dige.stion  experiment 


MEMOIKS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES.  239 

aViout  .3  of  a  gram  of  lampblack  wa.-;  taken  in  a  gelatin  cap:«ule  with  the  food,  in  order  to  mark  the 
separation  of  the  feces  of  the  preliminary  experiment  from  those  of  the  metabolism  experiment 
proper.  The  sul>jeft  entered  the  chamber  about  7  o'clock  on  the  evening  of  the  last  day  of  the 
preliminary  digestion  period  and  retired  about  11  o'clock.  At  about  1  o'clock  in  the  morning 
the  heat  measurements  were  begun. 

The  night  sojourn  in  the  chamber  sufficed  to  get  the  temperature  of  the  apparatus  and  its 
contents  of  carbonic  acid  and  water  into  equilibrium,  so  that  accurate  measurements  might  begin 
at  7  o'clock  on  the  tirst  morning  of  the  experiment  proper.  In  some  cases  the  experiment  con- 
tinued only  4  days:  in  other  cases  the  experimental  periotl  consisted  of  ti  or  9  successive  days 
spent  within  the  apparatus,  the  entire  period  being  divided  into  3  experiments  of  2  or  3  days 
eath  with  changes  in  the  diet  as  hereafter  explained.  The  determinations  of  carbon  dioxide, 
water  vapor,  and  heat  were  made  in  (j-hour  periods,  so  that  complete  data  for  an  experiment 
showed  the  total  amounts  of  these  compounds  given  oil  from  the  body  during  the  periods  ending 
at  1  p.  m.,  7  p.  m.,  1  a.  m.,  and  7  a.  m.  of  each  day  of  the  experiment.  As  noted  beyond,  the 
urine  was  also  collected  and  its  nitrogen  content  determined  for  corres|X)ndiug  periods. 

The  daily  routine  of  the  subject  within  the  chamber  was  indicated  by  a  programme  made  up 
before  the  beginning  of  the  experiment.  A  copy  of  the  programme  was  furnished  to  the  subject, 
who  followed  it  with  reasonable  closeness,  and  other  copies  were  posted  in  convenient  places  out- 
side the  apparatus  for  the  benetit  of  those  who  had  the  expei-iments  in  charge. 

Much  care  was  necessarih"  taken  in  preparing  the  fot>d  materials  selected  for  the  diet  and  in 
taking  samples  for  analysis.  With  the  exception  of  milk  and  alcohol,  the  proper  quantity  of 
each  kind  of  food,  either  for  each  meal  or  for  the  whole  day,  was  put  up  in  glass  jars  before  the 
exj^eriment  began:  and  materials  which  might  spoil  during  the  course  of  the  experiment,  such  as 
bread  and  meat,  were  thoi'oughly  sterilized. 

Special  arrangements  were  made  by  which  the  mixed  milk  from  a  detinite  number  of  select 
cows  was  supplied  for  each  experiment.  But  even  with  this  precaution,  the  milk  was  not  entirely 
uniform  in  composition  from  day  to  day. 

The  handling  of  the  alcohol  was  much  simpler.  A  quantity  sufficient  for  several  experi- 
ments was  procured  and  analyzed,  and  the  proper  amounts  were  drawn  each  day  as  needed. 

As  stated  above,  the  separations  of  the  feces  for  each  experiment  were  made  by  means  of 
lampblack.  The  total  feces  for  each  experiment  were  analyzed,  and  the  average  per  day  used  in 
the  computations  of  results.  It  was  assumed  that  when  the  food  and  exercise  were  so  nearly 
uniform  the  undigested  residues  and  metabolic  products  would  not  vary  greatly  from  day  to  day. 
and  such  irregularities  as  might  occur  would  hardly  atfect  the  average  for  an  experiment. 

The  urine  was  collected  in  6-hour  periods,  and  the  amount,  specitic  gravity,  and  nitrogen 
determined  for  each  period.  Aliquot  portions  of  the  urine  of  the  6-hour  periods  were  taken  for 
preparation  of  a  composite  sample  for  the  day.  and  in  like  manner  aliquot  portions  of  the  com- 
posite sample  of  urine  for  each  day  were  taken  for  the  preparation  of  a  .-ample  for  the  whole 
experiment  or  series  of  experiments.  The  nitrogen  and  heat  of  combustion  were  determined  in 
the  urine  for  each  day  and  in  the  composite  for  the  whole  expei'iment.  The  carbon  and  hydrogen 
were  determined  in  the  composite  sample  of  urine  for  the  whole  experiment  or  series  of  experi- 
ments, and  were  divided  among  the  different  days  in  proportion  to  the  amount  of  nitrogen." 

THE  MEN   WHO   SERVED   AS   SUBJECTS   OF   THE   EXPERIMENTS. 

Three  different  men,  E.  O.,  A.  W.  S.,  and  J.  F.  S.,  have  served  as  subjects  in  the.se  experi- 
ments. Each  of  these,  when  not  sojourning  in  the  apparatus,  was  engaged  in  work  connected 
with  the  investigations.  E.  O.  was  a  genenil  assistant  in  the  chemical  laboratory,  a  Swede  by 
birth,  who  had  been  a  number  of  years  in. this  country;  he  wjis  32-33  years  old.  and  weighed 
about  155  pounds.  Since  boyhood  he  had  been  accustomed  to  the  moderate  use  of  alcoholic 
beverages.     A.  W.  S.  was  a  physicist,  a  native  of  New  England.  25  years  old,  and  weighed 

■For  further  explanation,  see  U.  S.  Dept,  Agr.,  Office  Exp.  Stations,  Bui.  69,  pp.  21  and  35. 


240  MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

about  155  pounds.  J.  F.  S.  was  a  chemist,  a  Canadian  by  birth,  29  years  old,  and  weighed  about 
150  pounds.  The  last  two  had  always  been  total  abstainers.  The  subjects  were  weighed  with- 
out clothing. 

SYMPTOMS   OBSERVED   IN   EXPERIMENTS  WITH  ALCOHOL. 

In  deciding  upon  the  daily  amount  of  alcohol  and  its  division  into  doses,  the  purpose  was  to 
o-ive  the  subjects  as  much  as  they  could  well  take  without  apparent  nervous  disturbance.  As 
above  stated,  the  quantity  of  absolute  alcohol,  about  72  grams  per  day.  was  divided  into  6  nearly 
equal  doses,  of  which  3  were  taken  with  the  meals  and  3  between  meals.  It  supplied  about  one- 
tifth  of  the  total  energy  of  the  diet  in  the  rest  experiments  and  about  one-seventh  in  the  work 
experiments.  On  one  or  two  occasions  J.  F.  S.  experienced  a  slight  tingling  in  the  ears  immedi- 
ately after  drinking  the  alcohol.  On  one  occasion  E.  O.  complained  of  a  slight  feeling  of 
dullness.  On  one  occasion  A.  "\V.  S.  thought  he  experienced  a  very  slight  dizziness.  Otherwise 
neither  one  was  at  any  time  aware  of  any  especial  effect  of  the  alcohol  upon  the  sensations  in  any 
way.  With  the  exception  of  the  tingling  in  the  ears  noticed  by  J.  F.  S. ,  it  is  not  certain  that 
any  of  the  symptoms  referred  to  were  due  to  the  alcohol. 

As  regards  the  effect  of  alcohol  upon  the  body  temperature  and  pulse  rate  in  these  experi- 
ment«  there  is  little  to  be  said.  The  only  observations  made  were  those  by  the  subjects  them- 
selves, and  the  difficulty  of  accurately  determining  one's  own  normal  pulse  rate  is  well  known. 
The  observations  of  temperature  were  made  with  a  clinical  thermometer  in  the  mouth  or  axilla 
b\-  the  usual  method,  which  of  course  does  not  show  the  exact  average  internal  temperature  of  the 
bodj-.  The  data  obtained  with  E.  O.  and  A.  W.  S.  were  not  sufficiently  accurate  and  numerous 
to  be  decisive.  The  observations  bv  J.  F.  S.  were  made  at  frequent  intervals  and  with  consider- 
able care.  The  results  imply  a  slightly  decreased  body  temperature  and  increased  pulse  rate  ir 
the  experiments  with  alcohol  diet  as  compared  with  those  with  ordinary  diet,  but  the  differences 
are  not  large. 

The  data  as  observed  are  recorded  in  the  tables  in  the  appendix. 

GENERAL  DESCRIPTIONS   OF  INDIVIDUAL  METABOLISM   EXPERIMENTS. 

The  data  of  the  experiments  with  alcohol  are  given  in  detail  in  the  ajipeudix  beyond.  The 
results  are  summarized,  and  brief  descriptions  of  the  experiments  are  given  on  the  following 
pages.  The  results  of  these  experiments  are  here  compared  with  those  of  similar  experiments 
without  alcohol,  the  details  of  which  are  published  elsewhere,  as  indicated  in  Table  1,  which 
follows. 

LIST    OF    METABOLISM    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    AND    WITHOUT    ALCOHOL,  AND   GROUPING 

FOR  COMPARISON. 

Of  the  metabolism  experiments  with  men  in  the  respiration  calorimeter,  13  had  for  one  of 
their  objects  the  study  of  the  nutritive  value  of  alcohol.  The  details  of  11  of  these  are  given  in 
the  present  report;  those  of  2  others  have  been  published  elsewhere.  These  13  experiments  are 
compared  with  a  like  number  made  with  the  same  men.  but  without  alcohol  in  the  diet.  Table  1 
gives  a  list  of  these  2*'>  experiments,  with  grouping  for  comparison  and  refei'ences  to  publications 
in  which  the  details  mav  be  found. 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES.  241 

Table  1. — List  of  the  experimc7its,  and  (jrouping  for  comparison  of  results  with  and  without  alcohol. 


Group. 

No. 

A 

9 
10 

B 

24 

S 

22 

2 

0 

?fi 

a 

28 
27 

!>. 

D 

11 

o 

12 

[-J 

E 

29 

o 

31 
30 

F 

32 
34 
33 

G 

13 

CD 

14 

^ 

7 

ca 

H 

5 

" 

15 

IH 

.^ 

17 

u 

? 

I 

21 

18 

hS 

19 
20 

Jan.  10-14,  1898. 
Feb.  15-19,  1898. 

Mar.  19-22,  1899 
Mar.  13-16,  1899 

Feb.  14-17,  1900. 
Feb.  20-23,  1900. 
Feb.  17-20,  1900. 

Mar.  22-26,  1898 
Apr.  12-16,  1898. 

Mar.  16-19,  1900 
Mar.  22-25,  1900 
Mar.  19-22,  1900 

Apr.  20-23,  1900. 
Apr.  26-29, 1900. 
Apr.  23-26,  1900. 

Nov.  8-11,  1898  . 
Dec.  20-24, 1898. 
June  8-12,  1897  . 

May  4-8,  1897... 
Jan.  16-18,  1899. 
Jan.  18-20,  1899. 
Jan.  20-22,  1899. 

Feb.  12-15,  1899. 
Feb.  6-8,1899... 
Feb.  8-10,1899.. 
Feb.  10-12,1899. 


Daijg. 
4 
4 

3 
3 

3 
.3 
3 

4 
4 

3 
3 
3 

3 
3 
3 

3 
4 
4 


Subject. 


E.G.... 

....do  .. 

...do  .. 
...do  .. 

J.  F.  S . . 
...do  .. 
...do  .. 

E.G.... 
...do  .. 

J.  F.S.. 
....do  .. 
....do  .. 

....do  .. 
....do  .. 
....do  .. 

E.G.... 
...do  .. 
....do  .. 

...do  .. 
...do  .. 
...do  .. 
....do  .. 

A.W.S. 
....do  .. 
....do  .. 
....do  .. 


Rest.. 
Rest. . 

Rest.. 
Rest.. 

Rest.. 
Rest. . 
Rest.. 

Work 
Work 

Work 
Work 
Work 

Work 
Work 
Work 

Rest.. 
Rest.. 

Rest.. 

Rest. . 
Rest.. 
Rest.. 
Rest. . 

Rest. . 
Rest.. 

Rest.. 
Rest.. 


Grdinary  . 
Alcohol  .. 

Grdinary  . 
Alcohol  .. 

Ordinary  . 

...do  .:.. 

Alcohol  . . 


Ordinary  . 
Alcohol  .. 

Grdinary  . 
....do.... 
Alcohol  . . 


Grdinary 
...do  ... 
Alcohol  . 


Grdinary  . 

do 

Alcohol  . . 


Ordinary  . 

Alcohol  .. 
....do  .... 
....do  .... 


Grdinary  . 

Alcohol  .. 
....do  .... 
....do  .... 


Grams. 
119 
123 

124 
124 


124 
121 

100 
100 
99 

101 
100 
100 

117 
94 
104 

119 
109 
109 
109 


Calories. 
2,717 
2,709 

3,061 
3,044 

2,  490 
2,489 
2,491 

3,862 
3,891 

3,487 
3,495 
3, 458 

3,487 
3,493 
3,486 

2,596 
2,513 

2,462 

2,655 
2,653 
2, 653 
2,653 

2,264 
2,776 
2,776 
2,776 


publica- 
tion of  de- 
tails. 


('■) 
(•■) 
(=) 

C) 


n 


(") 


»U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  Expt.  Stations,  Bui.  69,  on  "Experiments  on  the  Metabolism  of  Matter  and  Energy  in 
the  Human  Body,"  by  W.  G.  Atwater,  F.  G.  Benedict,  and  Associates. 

''U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  Expt.  Stations,  Bui.  109,  on  "Further  Experiments  on  Metabolism  of  Matter  and 
Energy,  1898-1900,"  by  Atwatek,  Benedict,  and  Associates. 

"  The  present  memoir. 

The  experiment.s  are  divided  into  group.s,  each  group  including  experiments  with  and  without 
alcohol,  but  made  with  the  same  subject.  In  some  groups  there  are  only  two  exiaeriments,  one 
with  alcohol  and  one  with  -ordinary  diet;  in  others  there  are  more  than  one  experiment  either 
with  or  without  alcohol. 

More  and  less  strictly  comjjarahle  expeTiments. — In  the  first  6  groups,  A  to  F,  inclusive,  the 
experiments  with  and  without  alcohol  were  practically  duplicates  in  duration,  muscular  activity, 
and  amounts  of  protein  and  energy  in  the  diet,  the  main  difference  being  that  a  part  of  the  fats 
and  carliohydrates  of  the  ordinary  diet,  enough  to  supply  in  general  about  500  calories  of  energy, 
was  replaced  by  the  isodynamic  amount  of  alcohol.  In  the  3  groups,  G  to  I,  which  include  a 
number  of  the  earlier  experiments,  those  with  and  without  alcohol  were  not  so  nearly  duplicates. 
In  some  instances  the  difference  was  unintentional,  and  was  due  to  a  difficulty  in  obtaining 
food  materials  of  like  composition  at  different  times.  In  these  cases  it  was  not  found  practicable 
to  complete  the  analyses  long  enough  in  advance  of  the  experiments  to  insure  uniformity  of  diet 
as  regards  amounts  of  protein  and  energy.  Later,  means  were  devised  for  putting  up  food 
materials  in  considerable  quantities  and  preserving  them  by  canning  or  cold  .storage,  so  that  the 
amounts  of  protein  and  energj^  in  the  diet  were  made  more  nearly  the  same  in  experiments 
separated  by  longer  or  shorter  intervals  of  time.  Accordingly  the  experiments  of  groups  A  to 
F  are  designated  as  more  directly  comparable  and  those  of  Groups  G  to  I  as  less  directly 
comparable. 


242  MEMOIRS  OF  THE  ^'ATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

Order  of  arrangement  of  expeinraenU  with  and  loithmit  alcofwl. — In  these  experiments  two 
different  orders  of  arrangement  have  been  observed.  B_v  one  plan  the  experiments  with  and 
without  alcohol  are  separated  by  a  longer  or  shorter  interval,  and  in  each  case  the  experiment 
proper,  during  which  the  subject  is  in  the  respiration  calorimeter,  is  preceded  by  a  preliminary 
period  during  which  he  is  outside  the  chamber  but  has  the  same  or  nearly  the  same  diet  and 
exercise.  The  experiments  of  Groups  A.  B,  D,  G,  and  No.  5  of  Group  H  belong  to  this  class. 
Each  of  these  experiments  has  continued  in  the  majority  of  cases  for  8  days,  the  first  half  being 
devoted  to  the  preliminai-y  and  the  other  half  to  the  actual  experimental  period.  In  some 
instances,  however,  the  preliminary  period  was  only  3  days.  One  object  of  the  preliminary 
period  has  been  to  bring  the  body  as  nearly  into  nitrogen  equilibrium  as  practicable.  The 
attempts  to  secure  nitrogen  equilibrium  1iy  this  means  have  not,  on  the  whole,  been  successful, 
a  circumstance  to  which  more  especial  attention  is  called  beyond. 

By  the  other  plan  the  experiments  with  and  without  alcohol  follow  one  another  without 
interruption,  thus  making  really  successive  periods  of  a  single  experiment,  or  successive 
experiments  of  a  series.  Each  such  series  is  preceded  by  a  preliminar}'  experiment,  during 
which  the  man  is  not  in  the  chamber,  but  receives,  at  least  during  the  latter  part  of  the  period, 
the  same  diet  as  in  the  experiment  proper.  At  the  end  of  the  preliminarj'  period  the  man 
enters  the  chamber  and  remains  there  during  the  several  periods  of  the  experiments  proper. 
The  transitions  from  one  diet  to  another  are  thus  immediate.  The  experiments  of  Groups  C,  E,  F, 
and  I  and  Nos.  15, 16,  and  17  of  Group  H  were  of  this  sort.  Since,  however.  No.  15  was 
preceded  by  a  preliminary  period,  and  the  only  differences  between  Nos.  15,  16,  and  IT  were 
in  the  kind  of  alcoholic  beverage — commercial  alcohol,  whisky,  and  brandv — these  might  be 
considered  one  experiment  of  the  first  kind. 

Each  plan  has  its  advantages  and  disadvantages.  A  reason  for  this  is  found  in  the  fact  that 
alcohol  in  moderate  quantities  appears  to  have,  with  some  persons,  especially  with  those  unac- 
customed to  its  use,  a  special  effect  upon  nitrogen  metabolism.  It  seems  probable  that  this  is 
exercised  through  the  nervous  system,  that  it  mav  for  a  short  time  tend  to  increase  the  excretion 
of  nitrogen,  but  that  it  is,  in  some  cases  at  any  rate,  only  temporary,  and  disappears  after  a  few 
days  when  the  permanent  effect  manifests  itself.  Accordingly,  there  is  a  disadvantage  in  the 
second  plan,  in  which  the  alcohol  experiment  proper  is  not  preceded  by  a  preliminary  period 
with  alcohol  diet,  in  that  the  persistent  effect  of  the  alcohol  may  not  become  manifest  during  the 
first  daj's  of  its  use  in  the  experiment.  AVhether.  when,  or  how  much  this  factor  may  influence 
a  given  experiment  it  is  difficult  to  saj'. 

On  the  other  hand,  there  is  a  disadvantage  in  the  first  plan  in  that,  as  the  experiments  with 
and  without  alcohol  ai-e  not  consecutive,  the  body  may,  during  the  interval  between  them, 
become  changed  in  its  capacity  or  tendenc}'  to  respond  to  the  different  diets.  The  second  plan 
has  the  corresponding  advantage  that  differences  in  the  observed  results  in  two  consecutive 
periods  might  be  more  clearh'  due  to  the  diet  and  less  influenced Tiy  changes  in  bodih'  condition; 
but  here,  again,  we  are  dealing  with  uncertainties. 

To  some  it  might  seem  that  the  best  test  of  the  effect  of  alcohol  upon  nitrogen  metabolism 
would  be  found  in  experiments  on  the  first  plan,  while  others  would  consider  those  on  the  second 
plan  more  trustworthy.  To  the  writers  it  seems  that  experiments  on  both  plans  are  desirable. 
Of  course  the  most  desirable  plan  of  all  would  be  to  continue  the  experiments  through  periods  long 
enough  to  make  sure  that  the  normal  action  of  the  alcohol  appears,  and  to  alternate  the  alcohol 
periods  with  periods  without  alcohol.  This  plan  has  been  followed  successfully  in  experiments 
upon  the  special  question  of  the  protection  of  protein  by  alcohol,  as  explained  in  the  discussion 
of  this  subject  beyond. 

GROtJP   A.     EXPERIMENTS    NOS.    9    AND    10.        REST    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    ORDINARY    DIET    AND    WITH 

ALCOHOL    DIET. 

The  2  experiments  in  this  group  were  planned  to  compare  the  effects  of  ordinary  diet  with 
those  of  alcohol  diet  when  the  subject  did  as  little  mental  and  muscular  work  as  practicable.  The 
subject,  E.  O.,  was  the  same  as  in  a  number  of  other  experiments.     The  amounts  of  nutrients 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


243 


iind  energy  per  day  in  the  diet  in  botii  experiments  were  such  as  previous  observation  and  experi- 
ment with  the  same  suhjeet  had  indicated  to  bo  sufficient  but  not  excessive.  Experiment  No.  10 
was  as  exact  a  duplicate  as  possible  of  experiment  No.  it,  except  that  part  of  the  fats  and  carbo- 
hydrates of  the  ordinary  diet  of  No.  9  were  taken  out  and  were  replaced  in  No.  10  by  an  amount 
of  alcohol  that  was  practically  isodynamic  with  the  fats  and  carbohydrates  for  which  it  was  sub- 
stituted, as  explained  below. 

The  preliminary  digestion  experiment  preceding  metabolism  experiment  No.  9  began  with 
breakfast  January  ti,  1898,  and  continued  ■!  days.  During  this  preliminary  period  the  subject 
was  engaged  in  his  usual  occupation  as  laboratory  janitor,  save  that  he  had  as  little  muscular 
exercise  as  practicable.  His  diet  was  essentially  the  same  as  during  the  period  of  actual  experi- 
ment in  the  calorimeter. 

The  subject  entered  the  respiration  chamber  on  the  evening  of  January  9,  and  experiment 
No.  9  began  at  7  a.  m.  on  January  10  and  continued  until  7  a.  m.  January  14.  During  this 
period  within  the  chamber  his  occupation  consisted  of  reading,  writing,  etc.,  but  with  very  little 
muscular  or  mental  activity.  The  diet  furnished  120  grams  of  protein  and  2,717  calories  of 
energ}'  per  day. 

Between  the  close  of  experiment  No.  9  and  the  begintiing  of  No.  10  there  was  an  interval  of 
about  i  weeks,  in  which  the  subject  was  engaged  in  his  usual  occupation  as  laboratory  assistant. 
The  preliminary  digestion  period  of  No.  10  began  with  breakfast  February  11,  1898,  and  continued 
4  days.  The  subject  had  as  little  muscular  exercise  as  practicable  aside  from  his  regular 
occupation.  The  diet  during  the  preliminarv  period  was  practically  the  same  as  during  the 
experiment  proper. 

The  subject  entered  the  respiration  chamber  in  the  evening  of  Februaiy  14,  and  the  experi- 
ment proper  began  at  7  a.  m.  February  15  and  continued  4  days.  The  diet  of  the  experiment, 
which  furnished  123  grams  of  protein  and  2,709  calories  of  energy  per  day,  differed  from  the 
diet  of  experiment  No.  9  in  that  about  37  grams  of  fat  and  4.5  grams  of  carbohydrates,  supplying 
520  calories  of  energy,  were  taken  out  of  the  ordinary  diet  and  were  replaced  by  80  grams  of 
commercial  alcohol  with  90.6  per  cent  or  72.5  grams  of  absolute  alcohol,  having  a  heat  of  combus- 
tion of  512  calories.  Thus,  the  amount  of  alcohol  was  very  nearly  isodynamic  with  the  amounts 
of  fats  and  carbohydrates  which  it  replaced,  and  the  total  amounts  of  protein  and  energy  were 
practically  the  same  in  the  diets  of  both  experiments. 

The  following  table  summarizes  the  results  of  these  two  experiments.  Detailed  data  of  the 
experiments  will  be  found  in  Bulletin  69  of  the  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  of  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture. 


Table  2. — Summary  of  resulln  of  metabolism  experiments  IVos.  9  and  10. 
[Quantities  per  day.] 


Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

Alcoliol. 

Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Energy. 

Experiment  No.  9. 

Grams. 
119.6 
111.7 
115.3 

Grama. 
69.0 
64.9 
46.7 

Grams. 
341.8 
329.7 

(329.  7) 

Grams. 

Qrams. 
19.1 
17.8 
18.4 

Grams. 
261.6 
235.6 
223.6 

Calories. 
2,717 

In  available  food 

2,426 

2,277 

2,309 
+149 

Gain  ( + )  or  loea  ( — )  to  body 

-3.6 

123.5 
114.9 
121.8 

+18.2 

31.6 

27.9 
6.7 

-0.6 

19.8 
18.4 
19.5 

+  12.0 

253. 3 
227.5 
214.9 

E.i:pe)'iment  Xo.  10. 

297.4 
288.4 
(288.  4) 

72.5 
71.4 
71.4 

2,709 

2,427 

2,268 

2,283 

Gain  (+)  or  loss  ( — )  to  body 

-6.9 

+21.2 

( 

-1.1 

+  12.6 

+159 

244  MExMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

GROUr   H.    KXPERIMEXTS   NOS.    24   AND    22,  WITH    NO.    23    FOR    COMPARISON.       REST    EXPERIMENTS 
WITH    ORDINARY    DIET   AND    WITH    ALCOHOL. 

The  experiment.s  of  this  group  are  a  series  of  3  carried  out  with  E.  O.  in  March,  1S99.  The 
purpose  was  to  compare  the  efi'ects  of  alcohol  with  those  of  sugar  upon  the  metabolism  of  nitrogen 
and  especially  of  carbon  and  energy,  when  the  subject  had  little  muscular  or  mental  activity. 
During  this  series  the  subject  remained  in  the  calorimeter  9  days  and  10  nights  without  inter- 
mission, and  each  experiment  continued  3  days  and  nights.  The  plan  of  the  experiments  was  to 
give  the  subject  a  diet  consisting  of  a  so-called  basal  ration  which  was  the  same  in  all  3  experi- 
ments, and  a  supplemental  ration  which  was  different  in  each  experiment.  The  basal  ration  given 
was  as  large  as  the  average  of  the  rations  that  had  been  used  in  the  previous  experiments  with  the 
same  subject.  It  furnished  123  grams  of  protein  and  2,535  calories  of  energy  per  day.  The 
supplemental  ration  consisted  of  alcohol  in  experiment  No.  22  and  sugar  in  experiment  No.  2-i, 
each  in  quantity  sufficient  to  furnish  a  little  over  500  calories  per  day,  as  explained  below.  In 
experiment  No.  23  the  basal  ration  alone  was  given. 

The  preliminary  digestion  experiment  continued  i  daj^s,  beginning  with  breakfast  on  March 
9,  the  lampblack  for  the  separation  of  the  feces  having  been  taken  with  the  supper  the  night 
before.  During  this  preliminaiy  period  the  subject  was  engaged  in  his  usual  occupation  as 
laboratory  assistant,  but  had  as  little  muscular  exercise  as  practicable.  For  3  days  of  this 
preliminary  experiment  the  subject  lived  on  the  basal  ration  alone.  On  the  fourth  day  79.2 
grams  of  commercial  ethyl  alcohol,  with  90.9  per  cent  or  72  grams  of  absolute  alcohol,  were 
added  to  the  diet.  The  alcohol  was  taken  b}-  the  subject  in  coffee  infusion,  the  total  amount 
for  the  day  being  divided  into  6  portions,  one  being  taken  at  each  meal  and  the  other  3  portions 
between  meals. 

The  subject  entered  the  respiration  chamber  on  the  evening  of  March  12,  and  experiment 
No.  22  began  at  7  o'clock  in  the  morning  of  March  13  and  continued  until  7  a.  m.  March  16. 
During  this  experiment  the  diet  consisted  of  the  basal  ration,  supplemented  each  day  by  72  grams 
of  alcohol,  as  stated  above.  This  amount  of  alcohol  added  509  calories  per  day  to  the  energy  of 
the  basal  ration. 

Experiment  No.  23  began  at  7  a.  m.  on  March  16  and  continued  until  7  a.  ni.  March  19.  The 
diet  in  this  experiment  consisted  of  the  basal  ration  alone  without  the  alcohol,  but  at  the  request 
of  the  subject  with  the  addition  of  a  small  amount  of  horseradish  to  add  flavor  to  the  diet. 

Experiment  No.  21  began  at  7  a.  m.  March  19  and  continued  until  7  a.  m.  March  21.  The 
diet  in  this  experiment  consisted  of  the  basal  ration  and  the  horseradish,  supplemented  each  day 
by  130  grams  of  cane  sugar  in  the  form  of  rock  candy.  The  daily  ration  of  candy  was  given  to 
the  subject  each  morning  with  breakfast,  and  he  ate  it  as  he  felt  disposed  during  the  day.  This 
amount  of  sugar  added  515  calories  per  day  to  the  energy  of  the  basal  ration,  a  similar  amount  to 
that  added  by  the  alcohol  in  experiment  No.  22. 

The  following  table  summarizes  the  results  of  experiments  Nos.  22  and  2'±.  The  results  of 
No.  23  are  also  included,  although  they  are  not  strictly  comparable  with  either  22  or  2-1,  because 
removal  of  the  alcohol  without  replacement  by  any  other  material  reduced  the  energy  of  the 
diet  by  about  500  calories.  Detailed  data  of  No.  22  will  be  found  in  the  Appendix,  pp.  330  to 
3i2,  and  those  of  Nos.  23  and  2-4  will  be  found  in  Bulletin  109  of  the  Office  of  Experiment 
Stations. 


ME:\1()IK.S  of  TlIK  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCiENCES. 

Taiii.io  3. — Suiiiiiiiir;i  uf  riKii/lx  af  mel'.iljolisxi  (;.vjM'riiiti'Ht!i  J\'o.<.  :^4,  ~~,  mul  J-i. 
[Quantities  per  day.] 


245 


Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

.\leoliol. 

Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Energy. 

K.rpcr'nneyit  Xo.  ■24- 

Gravis. 
123.  (5 
115.4 
113.7 

Grams. 

68.8 

64.4 

4.7 

Grams. 
408.  ti 
403.7 

(403.7) 

Grams. 

Grams. 
19.8 
18.5 

18.2 

Gram». 
299.7 
277.4 
230.9 

Calories. 
3,061 

2,809 

Actually  uit- tai)olize<l 

2,  238 
0  979 

^1.7 

123.6 
116.6 
118.2 

+59.  7 

68.  8 
65.1 
56.2 

+0.3 

19.8 
18.7 
19.0 

+46.5 

244.9 
234.6 
228.5 

+  571 

In  total  fooil 

278.  6 
272.6 
(272.6) 

2,546 

2,432 

2,216 

2,176 

-1.6 

123.2 
116.2 
114.8 

^8.9 

-0.3 

19.8 
18.7 
18.5 

+6.1 

279.8 
256.5 
207.8 

+75 

E.rp,rin„„t  Xo.    >.'.  _ 
In  total  food 

68.8 

65.1 

2.4 

276.1 
270.1 
(270.1) 

72.0 
69.8 
69.8 

3,044 
2,777 

2,180 

2, 258 

^1.4 

+62.7 

+0.2 

-^48.  7 

^597 

GROUP  C.      EXPERIMENTS  NOS.  26,  28,  AND  27.       REST  EXPERIMENTS  WITH  ORDINARY  DIET  AND  WITH 

ALCOHOL    DIET. 

The  fierios  of  experiments  forming  thi.s  group  was  carried  out  with  J.  F.  S.  in  February, 
190ti.  The  purpose  of  the  experiments  was  to  obtain  data  concerning  the  relative  power  of 
isodynamic  quantities  of  alcohol,  sugar,  and  butter  to  replace  one  another  in  the  diet,  when  the 
subject  was  at  rest.  During  this  series  the  subject  remained  in  the  calorimeter  9  days  and  10 
nights,  and  each  experiment  contiiuied  3  days  and  nights.  The  diet  consisted  of  a  ba.sal  ration 
furnishing  approximately  Idt'  grams  of  protein  and  1.982  calories  of  energy  per  day,  which  was 
uniform  in  all  3  experiments,  and  a  supplemental  ration  which  was  differed  in  the  several  experi- 
ments, being  butter  in  No.  26,  alcohol  in  No.  27,  and  sugar  in  No.  28,  the  amount  of  each  used 
being  sufficient  to  furnish  about  500  calories  of  energy. 

The  preliminary  digestion  experiment  began  with  breakfast  on  February  10,  and  continued 
■i  days.  During  this  preliminaiy  period  the  diet  consisted  of  the  basal  ration  supplemented  by 
63.5  grams  of  liutter,  furnishing  0.1  of  a  gram  of  nitrogen  and  508  calories  of  energy;  thus  making 
a  total  of  100  grams  of  protein  and  2,-190  calories  of  energy  in  the  daily  diet. 

The  subject  entered  the  respiration  chamber  on  the  evening  of  February'  13,  and  experiment 
No.  26  began  at  7  a.  m.  February  11,  and  continued  3  days.  During  this  experiment  the  diet 
consisted  of  the  basal  ration  supplemented  by  fat  in  the  form  of  butter,  as  in  the  preliminary 
digestion  experiment. 

Experiment  No.  27  began  at  7  a.  m.  February  17.  and  contiiuied  3  days.  During  this  experi- 
ment the  diet  consisted  of  the  basal  ration  supplemented  by  79.5  grams  of  commercial  ethyl 
alcohol  with  90.6  per  cent  or  72  grams  of  absolute  alcohol  supplying  509  calories  of  energy  per 
day.  so  that  during  this  experiment  the  daily  diet  furnished  99  grams  of  protein  and  2,491 
calories  of  energy.  The  alcohol  was  administered  in  sweetened  water,  and  the  mixture  was 
consumed  in  6  portions  during  the  day,  3  with  meals  and  3  between  meals. 

Experiment  No.  28  began  at  7  a.  m.  February  20,  and  continued  3  days.  The  diet  during 
this  experiment  consisted  of  the  basal  ration  supplemented  1)\'  28  grams  of  sugar  daily  in  the 
form  of  rock  candy.  The  daily  ration  during  this  experiment  thus  furnished  99  gi-ams  of  protein 
and  2,889  calories  of  energy.  The  total  amount  of  rock  candy  for  the  day  was  supplied  to  the 
subject  with  his  breakfast,  and  he  ate  it  from  time  to  time  during  the  day  according  to  his  ta.ste. 
Vol.  s— No.  6 2 


24b 


.^ie:moiks  of  the  national  academy  of  sciences. 


The  major  portion  of  it  wa.s  consumed  at  about  the  hours  at  which  the  aleoliol  had  been  taken  in 
the  previous  experiment. 

The  following  table  summarizes  the  results  of  these  3  experiments.  Detailed  data  of  experi- 
ment No.  27  will  be  found  in  the  Appendix,  jjages  31:2  to  353,  and  those  of  experiments  Nos.  26 
and  28  in  Bulletin  109  of  the  Office  of  Experiment  Stations. 


Table  4. — f!ummari/  of  results  of  metabolism  experiments  Nos.  26,  2S,  and  27. 
[Quantities  per  day,] 


E.rperiment  No.  36. 

In  total  food 

In  available  food , 

Actually  metabolized 

Heat  measured 

Gain  (  — )  or  loss  (  — )  to  body 


E.rperimenl  No.  28. 

In  total  food 

In  a vailaljle  food 

Actually  metabolized 

Heat  measured 

Gain  ( — )  or  loss  ( — )  to  body 


Arerage  Nos.  26,  28. 

In  total  food 

In  available  food ^ 

Actually  metabolized 

Heat  measured 

Gain  ( — )  or  loss  ( — )  to  body 


E.rprriment  No.  27. 

In  total  fond 

In  available  food 

Actually  metaljolized 

Heat  measured . . 

Gain  (-  )  or  loss  (— )  to  body 


Grams. 
99.6 
92.7 
96.2 


Grams, 
94.8 
92.0 
67.6 


Grams. 
247.2 
240.5 

(240.5) 


15.9 
14.8 
15.4 


-3.5 


98.6 
90.8 
95.3 


-i-24.4 


40.3 
36.3 
14.5 


375.2 
369.9 
(369.9) 


15.8 
14.6 
1.5.3 


99.1 
91.8 
9.5.8 


67.6 
64.2 

41.1 


311.2 
305.2 
(305.2) 


15.9 
14.7 
15.3 


98.6 
91.6 
97.6 


40.3 
38.2 
20.0 


247.2 
240.1 
(240. 1 ) 


72.0 
71.1 
71.1 


15.8 
14.7 
15.7 


Grams. 
233.2 
212.8 
196.1 


-16.7 


245.8 
224.9 
210.7 


239.5 
218.8 
203.4 


-1-15. 4 


229.5 
208.9 
198. 3 


-i-10.6 


Calories. 
2,490 
2,256 
2,043 
2,085 
-1-213 


2,489 
2,249 
2,067 
2,079 
--182 


2,490 
2,253 
2,055 
2,082 

+  198 


2,491 
2,264 
2, 125 
2, 123 

+  139 


GRDIP    D.    EXPERIMENTS    NOS.   11    AND    12.       WORK    EXPERIMENTS  WITH    OKUINAKY    DIET    AND    WITH 

ALCOHOL   DIET. 

The  two  experiments  in  this  group  were  similar  to  those  in  Group  A,  except  that  those  in 
Group  A  were  re.st  experiments,  while  those  in  Group  D  were  work  experiments;  that  is,  they 
were  planned  to  compare  the  effects  of  ordinaiy  diet  and  of  alcohol  diet  when  the  subject  was 
engaged  in  active  muscular  work.  The  sul)ject,  E.  O.,  was  the  same  in  both  groups.  The  work 
in  these  experiments  was  performed  on  the  bicycle  crgoineter  described  on  page  237. 

The  ordinary  diet  in  experiment  No.  11  furnished  12'4  grams  of  protein  and  3,862  calories  of 
energy  per  day.  The  amount  of  protein  was  nearly  the  .same  as  in  No.  9,  but  in  order  to  supply 
energy  for  nm.scular  work  the  amount  of  energy  in  No.  11  was  made  to  exceed  considerably  that 
in  No.  !•  by  an  increase  in  the  amount  of  fats  and  car})ohydrates  in  the  diet. 

The  preliminary  period  of  this  experiment  began  with  breakfast,  March  18,  lSi)8,  and 
continued  4  days.  During  this  time  the  subject  was  engaged  in  his  usual  occupation,  and  took  a 
considerable  amount  of  exercise  each  day  walking  or  riding  a  bicycle.  On  the  evening  of  March 
21  ho  entered  the  respiration  chaml)er,  and  the  experiment  proper  began  at  7  a.  m.  March  22, 
and  continued  until  7  a.  m.  March  2H. 

Experiment  No.  12  was  intended  to  be  as  exact  a  duplicate  as  possible  of  experiment  No.  11, 
except  that  some  of  the  sugar,  starch,  and  fat  was  taken  out  of  the  diet  and  replaced  by  an 
i.-^odynamic  amount  of  alcohol.  The  alcohol  diet  of  this  experiment  furnished  121  grams  of 
protein  and  3,891  calories  of  energy  per  day,  as  compared  with  124  grams  of  protein  and  ?,.x()-2 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADE.MY  OF  SC1EXCE6. 


247 


calories  of  eneiofv  per  day  in  the  ordinary  diet  of  experiment  No.  11.  In  con.sideration  of  tlie 
ditficultic.s  in  planninjf  and  regulating-  the  diet  so  a.s  to  furnish  exactly  a  definite  (juantity  of 
protein  or  energy,  the  agreement  of  the  two  diets  in  regard  to  amount  of  protein  per  day  is  very 
satisfactory. 

In  order  to  obtain  a  palatable  diet  in  experiment  No.  1-2.  considerably  more  fat  was  furnished 
than  in  experiment  No.  11.  consecjuently  the  carboh\-drates  (sugars  and  starches)  had  to  be  reduced 
more  than  would  be  recjuired  for  their  replacement  by  the  amount  of  alcohol  u.sed.  The  fat  was 
increased  b}-  30  grams,  corresponding  to  about  285  calories  of  energy,  and  the  carbohydrates 
were  decreased  by  189  grams,  corresponding  to  about  77o  calories.  In  the  place  of  the  materials 
left  out  of  the  diet  SO  grams  of  commercial  alcohol,  with  'MKb  per  cent  or  72.4r  grams  of  pure 
ethyl  alcohol,  furnishing  512  calories  of  energy,  were  given  each  day.  In  this  way  the  energy 
of  the  alcohol  diet  of  experiment  12  was  made  to  agree  very  satisfactorily  with  that  of  the 
ordinary  diet  of  experiment  No.  11. 

The  preliminary  period  of  this  experiment  began  with  breakfa.st  on  April  8.  1898.  and 
continued  4  days,  during  which  the  subject  took  considerable  exercise  in  addition  to  his  regular 
occupation.  The  diet  during  the  preliminary  period  was  the  same  as  during  the  metabolism 
experiment  proper.  The  subject  entered  the  chamber  on  the  evening  of  April  11:  metabolism 
experiment  No.  12  began  at  7  a.  m.  April  12.  and  continued  until  7  a.  m.  April  Hi. 

The  following  table  summarizes  the  results  of  these  2  experiments.  Detailed  data  of 
experiment  No.  12  will  be  found  in  the  Appendi.x.  pages  291  to  305:  those  of  No.  11  in  Bulletin 
109  of  the  Office  of  Experiment  Stations: 

T.\BLE  rt. — .'Nummary  of  results  of  metabolism  experiments  Xos.  11  mid  12. 
[Quantities  per  day.] 


Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

.\lcohol. 

Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Energy. 

E.vperimenl  Xo.  11. 

Grams. 
124.1 
110.0 
113.0 

Grams. 
129.1 
120.1 
159. 8 

Grams. 
484.6 
472.2 

(472.2) 

Grains. 

Grams. 
19.8 
17.6 
18.1 

Grams. 
373.5 
340.6 
372.6 

Calories. 
3,862 

3,510 

3.901 

3,932 

-3.0 

120.6 
112.8 
113.8 

-39.7 

1.58.  .5 
152. 0 
184.2 

-0.5 

19.3 

18.0 

18.2 



-32.0 

344.8 
319.6 
344.7 

—.391 

E.rperiment  Xo.  12. 

296.1 
290.4 
(290.4) 

72.4 
70.9 
70.9 

3,891 

3, 614 

3,922 

3,927 

-1.0 

-32. 2 

-0.2 

-25. 1 

-308 

GROUP    E.         EXPERIMENTS   XOS.   29.  31.  .AND  30.       WORK    EXPERIMENTS   A^TH    ORDIXART    DIET    .AXD 

WITH    ALCOHOL    DIET. 

The  series  of  experiments  forming  this  group  was  carried  out  in  March,  1900.  They  were 
made  with  the  same  subject.  J.  F.  S..  as  in  Group  C.  and  for  the  same  purpose,  namely,  to  study  the 
relative  replacing  power  of  isodynamic  quantities  of  alcohol,  sugar,  and  fat.  During  this  sei'ies 
the  subject  remained  in  the  calorimeter  !♦  days  and  in  nights  without  intermission,  and  each 
experiment  in  the  series  continued  3  days  and  nights.  The  experiments  in  Group  E  differ  from 
those  in  Group  C,  however,  in  that  the  subject  worked  for  8  hours  each  day  upon  the  bicycle 
ergometer.  described  on  page  237.  As  in  the  previous  series  of  experiments  referred  to.  there  was 
a  basal  ration  which  was  the  same  and  a  supplemental  ration  which  was  different  in  each  of  the 
3  experiments.  The  basal  ration  was  planned  to  furnish  appi-oximately  the  .same  amount  of 
protein  a.s  in  the  series  in  Group  C.  with  the  addition  of  about  1.000  calories  of  energy  per  day 
in  order  to  furnish  the  extra  energy  required  for  the  performance  of  the  external  muscular  work 
and  the  general  increase  of  bodily  activity.  It  furnished  about  100  grams  of  protein  and  from 
2.949  to  2, 984  calories  of  energy  per  day  in  the  different  experiments. 


248 


:\IEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


The  preliminaiy  dige.stion  experiiuent  began  with  breakfast  March  12,  1900,  and  continued 
i  daj'is.  The  diet  during-  thi.s  period  consisted  of  the  basal  ration  supplemented  bj^  cane  sugar, 
as  in  experiment  No.  29. 

The  subject  entei'ed  the  respiration  chamber  on  the  evening  of  March  16,  and  experiment 
No.  29  began  at  7  a.  m.  March  16,  and  continued  3  days.  During  this  expei'iment  the  diet 
consisted  of  the  basal  ration  supplemented  by  128  grams  of  cane  sugar  furnishing  507  calories 
of  energy  per  da,y,  as  in  the  preliminary  digestion  period;  the  whole  diet  furnishing  daily  100 
grams  of  pi'otein  and  3,4:87  calories  of  energy.  The  daily  amount  of  sugar  in  the  form  of  rock 
candj'  was  supplied  to  the  subject  each  morning  at  breakfast,  and  he  ate  it  at  intervals  during 
the  day  accoi'ding  to  his  taste. 

Experiment  No.  30  began  at  7  a.  m.  March  19,  immediately  at  the  close  of  experiment  29. 
The  diet  in  this  experiment  consi.sted  of  the  basal  ration  supplemented  by  79.5  grams  of  com- 
mercial alcohol  containing  90.6  per  cent  or  72  grams  of  pure  ethj'l  alcohol  in  place  of  the  sugar 
of  experiment  No.  29.  The  alcohol  supplied  509  calories  of  energy,  and  the  whole  ration  in  this 
experiment  furnished  99  grams  of  protein  and  3,458  calories  of  energj^  per  day.  The  commer- 
cial alcohol  used  in  this  experiment  was  added  each  day  to  795.5  grams  of  water  sweetened 
with  25  grams  of  sugar  from  the  basal  ration.  The  total  mixture,  900  grams,  was  divided  into 
6  portions  which  were  taken  with  meals  and  between  meals,  as  in  other  alcohol  experiments. 

Experiment  No.  31  began  at  7  a.  m.  on  the  morning  of  March  22,  and  continued  3  days. 
The  diet  in  this  experiment  consisted  of  the  basal  ration  supplemented  by  63.5  grams  of  butter 
in  place  of  the  alcohol  in  the  previous  experiment.  The  butter  furnished  nearly  1  gram  of 
protein  and  511  calories  of  energy,  so  that  the  whole  ration  furnished  101  grams  of  protein 
and  3, -495  calories  of  energy  per  day.  The  butter  was  consumed  at  meals  with  the  rest  of 
the  diet. 

The  following  table  summarizes  the  results  of  these  3  experiments.  Detailed  data  of  experi- 
ment No.  30  will  be  found  in  the  Appendix,  pages  354  to  366,  and  those  of  experiments  Nos.  29 
and  31  will  be  found  in  Bulletin  109  of  the  Office  of  Experiment  Stations. 

Table  6. — Summary  of  results  of  metabolism  eivperiments  Nos.  39,  31,  and  30. 
[Quantities  per  day.] 


Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

Alcohol. 

Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Energy. 

E.cperimeiil  Xo.  29. 
In  total  I'oofl 

Grams. 
100.1 
94.8 
99.8 

Grams. 
106.0 
103.0 
126.8 

Grams.    '    Grams. 

470.7  : 

464.fi    

Grams. 
16.0 
15.2 
16.0 

Grams. 
333.6 
314.1 
334.9 

Calories. 
3,487 

3,260 

(464.6) 



3,515 

Heat  measured 

3,589 

-5.0 

100.  9 
95.8 
98.1 

-23.  8 

160.8 
158.1 
174.0 

-0.8 

16.1 
15.3 
15.6 

-20.8 

321.5 
302.5 
315.8 

—255 

Experiment  No.  31. 
Tn  tntal  fnnfl 

342.7 
336.  7 
(336.  7) 

3,495 

3,275 

3, 439 

Heat  nieasuieil 

3,420 

Gain  (-h)  or  loss  (  — )  to  body 

Aeeraije  .:H  and  31. 
In  total  food 

-2.3 

100.5 
95.3 
99.0 

-15.9 

1.33. 4 
130.6 
1.50.  5 

-0.3 

16.0 
15.2 

15.8 

—13.3 

,327.  6 
308.3 
325.4 

-164 

406.7 
400.7 

3,491 

3,268 

Actually  inetaVK)lized 

(400.7)' 

3,477 

3,505 

Gain  (-f )  or  loss  (—  )  to  body 

-3.7 

99.2 
94.9 
108.0 

-19.9 

104.2 
102.1 
119.1 

-0.-6 

15.9 
15.2 
17.3 

-17.1 

315.5 
296.6 
316.5 

—209 

E.rperriaeiil  No.  30. 
In  total  food 

340.  9         72.  0 

3,458 

In  availaV>le  food 

336.  2 
(336.2) 

71.2 

3,242 

Actually  metabolized 

3,479 

3,470 

Gain  (-r)  or  los.s  (  — )  to  body 

-13.  i 

-17.0 

-2.1 

-19.9 

-237 

MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


249 


GROUr  F.  EXPERIMENTS  X08.  3'2.    34.  AND  33.   WORK  EXPERIMENTS  WITH  ORDINARY  AND  WITH 

ALCOHOL  DIET. 

The  series  of  experiments  forming  this  group  was  made  in  April.  1900.  The  plan  of  the 
experiments  in  this  series  was  as  nearly  as  possible  a  duplieate  of  that  t)f  the  experiments  forming 
(xroup  E.  the  chief  ditlerence  lieing  that  in  the  series  in  Group  E  the  basal  ration  was  supple- 
mented in  the  first  experiment  by  sugar,  in  the  second  by  alcohol,  and  in  the  third  by  butter, 
whereas  in  the  series  in  Group  F  the  butter  was  used  in  the  first  experiment,  alcohol  in  the 
second,  and  sugar  in  the  third.  Both  series  were  work  experiments  in  which  the  same  subject. 
eT.  F.  S.,  spent  8  hours  each  day  working  on  the  bicycle  ergometer.  In  each  series  the  subject 
remained  9  successive  days  within  the  calorimeter,  and  the  whole  investigation  was  divided  into 
3  experiments  of  3  days  each,  the  diflerent  experiments  lieing  distinguished  from  each  other  by 
changes  in  the  supplemental  ration.  The  basal  ration  in  this  series  furnished  100  grams  of  pro- 
tein and  about  2,977  calories  of  energy  per  day.  The  amount  of  energy  in  the  basal  ration 
varied  slightly  in  the  successive  experiments  of  the  series,  because  of  slight  differences  in  the 
composition  of  the  milk. 

The  preliminary  digestion  experiment  began  with  Itreakfast  April  16  and  continued  4  days. 
The  diet  consisted  of  the  basal  ration  supplemented  with  fat  in  the  form  of  butter,  as  in  experi- 
ment No.  32. 

The  subject  entered  the  respiration  chamber  on  the  evening  of  April  19  and  experiment  No. 
32  began  at  7  a.  m.  April  20  and  continued  3  days.  The  diet  consisted  of  the  basal  ration  sup- 
plemented by  63. 5  grams  of  butter,  furnishing  1  gram  of  protein  and  510  calories  of  energy. 
The  butter  was  consumed  at  meals  with  the  rest  of  the  diet.  The  total  diet  in  this  experiment 
supplied  101  grams  of  protein  and  3, -187  calories  of  energv  per  day. 

Experiment  No.  33  began  at  7  a.  m.  April  23  and  continued  3  days.  The  diet  in  this  experi- 
ment consisted  of  the  basal  ration,  supplemented  by  79.5  grams  of  commercial  alcohol  with  iKK6 
per  cent,  or  72  grams,  of  absolute  alcohol,  furnishing  509  calories  of  energy.  The  commercial 
alcohol  was  added  each  day  to  795.5  grams  of  water  sweetened  with  25  grams  of  sugar,  making 
900  grams  of  a  mixture  which  was  divided  into  six  portions  (see  p.  292),  the  larger  of  which 
were  taken  at  meals  and  the  smaller  between  meals  and  before  retiring.  The  total  diet  in  this 
experiment  furnished  100  grams  of  protein  and  3.486  calories  of  energy  per  day. 

Experiment  No.  34  began  at  7  a.  m.  April  26  and  continued  3  days.  The  diet  consisted  of 
the  basal  ration  supplemented  by  128  grams  of  cane  sugar,  furnishing  507  calories  of  energy. 
The  daily  amount  of  sugar  was  supplied  to  the  subject  each  morning  in  the  form  of  rock  candy, 
which  he  ate  at  intervals  during  the  day  according  to  his  taste.  The  total  diet  in  this  experiment 
furnished  100  grams  of  protein  and  3.493  calories  of  energy  per  day. 

The  following  table  summarizes  the  results  of  these  3  experiments.  Detailed  data  of  experi- 
ment No.  33  will  be  found  in  the  Appendix,  pages  366  to  378.  and  those  of  experiments  Nos.  32 
and  34  in  Bulletin  109  of  the  OtEce  of  Experiment  Stations: 

T.\BLE  7. — Summarij  of  remits  of  metabolism  experiments  Xos.  SI,  S4,  end  33. 
[Quantities  per  day.] 


Nitrogen.    Carbon. 


Experiment  Xo.  SJ. 


GraT) 


In  total  food 100.5 

In  available  food 93. 1 

Actually  metabolized f      98. 1 

Heat  measured 

Gain  (— )  or  loss  ( — )  to  body —.5. 0 

Expjeriment  Xo.  34. 

In  total  mod 

In  available  food 

Actually  metabolized 

Heat  measured 

Gain  (-f )  or  loss  (  — )  to  body 


Grains. 
151.6 
147.2 
182.1 


Orams.  \ 
353.9  : 
344.5 

(344.5) 


99.7 
92.4 
104.  3 


-34.9 


99.3 
94.4 
129.4 


477.9  , 
470.1  , 
(470.1). 


Grami. 
16.1 
14.9 
15.7 


-0.8 


16.0 
14.8 
16.7 


Grams. 
320.0 
296.4 
325.6 


-29.2 


3a5.  7 
312. 5 
345.4 


Oitoriee. 
3,487 
3,226 
3,573 
3,565 
-347 


3,493 
3,241 
3,629 
3,587 
-388 


2bi)  AIEMOIKS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIElsCES. 

Table  7. — Suinmari/  of  result.i  of  metabolism  experimenlf!  No.t.  32,  34,  and  S3 — Continued. 


Nitrogen. 


All  rage  Xos.  32  and  34- 


In  total  food 

In  availal  ile  fooil 

Ac-tnally  metabolized 

Heat  ineas'ured 

Gain  (  +  )  or  loss  (— )  to  body. 


Experiment  So.  33. 

In  total  food 

In  available  food 

Actually  metabolized 

Heat  measured 

Gain  ( + )  or  loss  ( — )  to  body 


Grams. 

100.1 

92.8 

101.3 


Ch'ams. 
125.  5 
120.8 
155.8 


-8.5 


99.7 
92.4 
108.2 


-35.0 


99.3 
95.0 
133.  4 


-15.8 


Grams. 
415.9 
407.3 

(407.3) 


Grams. 
16.0 
14.8 
16.2 


355.0 
346.9 

(346.  9) 


72.0 
71.3 
71.3 


-1.4 


16.0 
14.8 
17.3 


327.  8 
304.4 
335.5 


319.6 
295.7 
333.3 


-37.6 


Calories. 
3,490 
3,234 
3,601 
3,576 
-367 


3,486 
3,227 
3,669 
3,632 
-442 


GROUP    G.     EXPEKIMENTS    NOS.    13,    14,    AND   7.       REST    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    ORDINARY    AND    WITH 

ALCOHOL    DIET. 

While  the  3  experiments  in  this  group  are  all  rest  experiments  and  all  with  the  same  subject, 
E.  O.,  the  ordinary  experiments  and  the  alcohol  experiments  were  not  planned  to  be  exact  dupli- 
cates of  each  other,  and  are  therefore  less  exactly  comparable  than  those  in  preceding  groups. 
For  the  sake  of  comparison  with  the  alcohol  experiment,  No.  7,  however,  2  ordinary  experi- 
ments, Nos.  13  and  14,  were  chosen  in  which  the  average  of  the  amoitnts  of  protein  and  energy  in 
the  daily  diet  in  the  3  experiments  was  practically  the  same  as  in  the  alcohol  expeiiment.  Since 
these  experiments  were  made  with  the  same  subject  and  under  conditions  somewhat  similar,  the 
results  may  be  compared  in  studying  the  effect  of  alcohol  on  metabolism. 

Experiment  No.  13  was  intended  to  be  as  nearly  as  po.ssible  a  duplicate  of  experiment  No.  9. 
The  ordinary'  diet  in  experiment  No.  13  furnished  117  grams  of  protein  and  2,596  calories  of 
energ}'  per  da}',  which  was  2  grams  of  protein  and  121  calories  of  energy  less  than  in  No.  9. 
The  preliminary  period  of  No.  13  began  with  breakfast  November  8,  1898,  and  continued  4  days, 
during  which  the  subject  had  as  little  muscular  exercise  as  practicable  outside  of  his  regular 
occupation  as  laborator}^  assistant.  He  entered  the  chamber  on  the  evening  of  November  7,  and 
the  experiment  proper  began  at  7  a.  m.  November  8.  It  was  intended  that  the  experiment 
should  continue  i  davs,  but  on  the  fourth  day  a  leak  occurred  in  the  ventilating  air  pipe  at  such 
a  point  that  the  results  for  that  day  were  destroyed;  consequently  the  experiment  is  recorded  as 
a  3-day  experiment.  While  this  was  a  rest  experiment  in  general  character,  the  subject  was  not 
so  quiet  throughout  the  experimental  period  as  he  had  been  in  earlier  and  was  in  later  similar 
experiments. 

Experiment  No.  14  was  carried  out  under  much  the  same  conditions  as  No.  13,  with  the 
exception  that  in  No.  14  the  amount  of  protein  in  the  diet  was  reduced  from  117  to  94  grams  per 
day.  and  the  energy  from  2,596  to  2,513  calories  per  day.  The  preliminary  digestion  experiment 
began  with  breakfa.st  December  17,  1898,  and  continued  3  days.  The  subject  entered  the  appa- 
ratus on  the  evening  of  December  19,  and  the  experiment  proper  began  at  7.  a.  m.  December  20 
and  continued  4  days. 

The  average  of  the  amounts  of  protein  and  Energy  in  the  daily  diet  of  the  2  ordinary  experi- 
ments, 13  and  14,  was  105  grams  of  protein  and  2,555  calories  of  energy. 

The  alcohol  diet  in  experiment  No.  7  fui'nished  104  grams  of  protein  and  ^,462  calories  of 
energy  per  day.  The  diet  in  this  experiment  included  SO  grams  of  commercial  alcohol,  with  90.6 
per  cent,  or  72.5  grams,  of  pure  ethyl  alcohol,  which  furnished  512  calorics  of  energy  per  day. 
The  pi'eliminary  digestion  experiment  began  with  breakfast  June  4,  1897,  and  continued  4  days.* 
The  subject  entered  the  chamber  on  the  evening  of  June  7,  and  the  experiment  proper  began  at 
7  p.  ni.  June  8  and  continued  4  days. 


MEMOms  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


251 


The  followiug  table  summarizes  the  results  of  the.?e  experiment-*.  Detailed  data  of  e.vperi- 
ment  No.  7  will  be  found  in  Bidletin  60.  and  those  of  Nos.  IH  and  14  in  Bulletin  100  of  the  Office 
of  Experiment  Station.s: 

Table  S. — Summartf  of  renuUx  of  metabolism  experimetUi)  Xof.  13,  14-  and  7. 
[Quantities  per  day.] 


Protein. 

Fat. 

CarbobT- 
ilnite& 

Alcohol. 

Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Enetsy. 

EtperimerU  Xo.  IS. 

Gramg. 
117.1 
110.2 
121.9 

Gram^. 
87.8 
81.6 
54.7 

Gramt. 
270.2 
2^.0 

(265.0) 

Gnm*. 

Gmmt. 
18.7 
17.6 
19.5 

Gramt. 
245.8 
219.6 
205.2 

CkUoria. 
2,596 

2,298 

Actually  metabolized 

2,112 
2,151 

-11.7 

94.4 
89.0 
101.4 

-^26.9 

82.5 
78.8 
54.4 

-1.9 

15.1 
14.2 
16.2 

-14.4 

239.0 
219.4 
207.3 

-^186 

Ei-perimenl  Xo.  14. 

289.8 
286.6 

(286. 6) 

2, 513 

2,289 

Actually  metabolized 

2,131 
2,193 

-12.4 

105.8 
99.6 
111.7 

-24.4 

85.2 
80.2 
54.5 

280.0 
275.8 
(275.  S) 

-2.0 

16.9 
15.9 
17.8 

-12.1 

242.4 
219.5 
206.3 

+158 

Artrage,  experiments!  Xoa.  13-14- 

2,555 

2,294 

•7    l-» 

2,172 

-12.0 

104.4 
98.8 
110.8 

-25.7 

68.2 
65.8 
80.1 

-1.9 

16.7 
15.8 
17.7 

+13.2 

218.6 
197.1 
214.5 

+172 

Experiment  JNo.  ~. 

190.4 
186.6 
(186.6) 

72.5 
69.5 
69.5 

2,462 

2,230 

2,434 

2,394 

-12.0 

^14.3 

-1.9 

—  17.4 

—204 

GROUP   H.     EXPERIMENTS    NOS. 


15-i; 


REST     EXPERIMENTS     ^VITH     ORDINARY    DIET    AND     ^^^TH 
ALCOHOL    DIET. 


The  experiments  in  Group  H  were  all  rest  experiments  with  the  same  subject.  E.  O.  One 
purpose  of  the  3  experiments  with  alcohol  diet  (Nos.  15-17)  was  to  compare  the  effect  of 
alcohol  when  taken  in  different  forms,  as  commercial  alcohol,  whisky,  or  brandy.  The  experi- 
ment with  ordinary  diet  (No.  5)  has  been  chosen  for  comparison  with  the  3  experiments  with 
alcohol  diet  for  the  rea.son  that,  while  the  amount  of  protein  was  somewhat  larger  in  the 
former  thau  in  the  latter,  the  amount  of  energy  was  practically  the  same  in  l)oth  diets.  The 
experiments  in  this  group  are  less  comparaVile  than  those  in  Groups  G  and  I  because  of 
differences  in  the  circumstances  under  which  the  exjjeriments  were  made.  Experiment  No.  5 
was  the  first  of  the  series  of  metabolism  experiments  in  which  the  determinations  of  income  and 
outgo  of  both  iiiMter  and  energy  were  made.  The  diet  in  this  experiment  was  more  varied  than 
I  that  in  .some  of  the  later  experiments,  and  the  methods  of  sampling  were  not  satisfactory,  which 
will  account  in  part  for  the  unusually  wide  discrepancies  between  the  theoretical  values  for  income 
and  those  actually  found  for  outgo  of  energy.  On  the  other  hand,  experiments  Nos.  15-17  wei'e 
made  at  a  later  period  when  the  apparatus  and  the  methods  of  experimenting  were  much  improved. 

The  preliminary  period  of  experiment  No.  5  beg;in  April  -2'.  1S97.  and  continued  8  days,  instead 
of  4  da\s  as  usual,  because  unexpected  circumstances  delayed  the  starting  of  the  experiment 
proper.  The  subject  entered  the  calorimeter  at  about  0  o'clock  on  the  eveiiing  of  May  3  and  the 
experiment  proper  began  at  7  a.  m.  May  4.  and  continued  4  days.  The  diet  in  this  experiment 
furnished  119  grams  of  protein  and  2. (355  calories  of  energy  per  day. 

Eadi  of  the  3  experiment.?.  Nos.  15-17.  was  of  2  days*  duration,  and  one  "followed  the  other 
without  intermission  and  without  the  subject  leaving  the  respiration  chamber,  so  that  in  a  way 


252 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


thi'V  ooii.'stitute  one  long  experiment.  No  attempt  was  made  to  obtain  a  separation  of  tlie  feces 
for  the  diti'erent  experiments.  The  usual  separations,  however,  were  made,  the  tirst  between  the 
preliminary  digestion  experiment  and  the  beginning  of  metabolism  experiment  No.  1.5.  and  the 
second  at  the  close  of  experiment  No.  17.  The  diet  in  these  experiments  consisted  of  a  basal 
ration  which  was  the  .same  in  all  3  experiments,  supplemented  by  alcohol  in  the  form  of  pure 
ethyl  alcohol  in  experiment  No.  15,  by  alcohol  in  the  form  of  whisky  in  experiment  No.  16.  and 
bv  alcohol  in  the  form  of  l)randy  in  experiment  No.  17.  The  total  diet  including  the  alcohol 
furnished  109  grams  of  protein  and  2.(353  calories  of  energy  per  day. 

The  preliminary  digestion  experiment  began  January  12.  1899,  and  continued  4  days  as  usual. 
During  this  preliminary  experiment  the  subject  received  the  basal  ration,  and  in  addition  to  this 
72.5  grams  of  absolute  ethyl  alcohol,  which  was  administered  daily  in  coffee  infusion  sweetened 
with  45  grams  of  sugar. 

The  subject  entered  the  respiration  chamber  on  the  evening  of  January  15  and  exiDeriment 
15  began  at  7  a.  m.  January  16.  During  this  experiment  he  received  the  basal  ration  supple- 
mented by  79.8  grams  of  90.9  per  cent  commercial  alcohol,  or  72.5  grams  of  absolute  ethyl 
alcohol,  in  775.2  grams  of  coffee  infusion,  the  whole  of  which  was  sweetened  with  45  grams  of 
cane  sugar.  There  was  900  grams  of  the  mixture  which  sufficed  for  the  whole  day.  This  was 
taken  at  6  intervals,  the  larger  portions  being  consumed  with  the  meals  and  the  smaller  portions 
between  meals  and  just  before  retiring. 

Experiment  No.  16  began  at  7  a.  in.  January  IS.  and  continued  2  days.  The  diet  in  this 
experiment  consisted  of  the  basal  ration  supplemented  by  158.3  grams  of  whisky,  with  45. S  per 
cent,  or  72.5  grams,  of  absolute  alcohol.  This  was  mixed  with  696.7  grams  of  water  sweetened 
with  54  grams  of  sugar,  and  the  whole  divided  into  6  doses  and  taken  as  before.  The  mixture 
was  made  with  water  rather  than  with  coffee  infusion,  because  it  was  thought  the  objection  might 
be  raised  that  the  coffee  might  perhaps,  to  some  extent,  counteract  the  effect  of  the  alcohol.  The 
whisky,  sugar,  and  water  were  furnished  to  the  subject,  who  mixed  them  at  the  usual  hours  within 
the  apparatus.  The  amount  of  alcohol  found  in  the  air  current  was  larger  during  this  experiment 
than  during  the  one  preceding  it,  suggesting  that  some  alcohol  may  have  been  volatilized  as  the 
whisky  was  poured  into  the  drinking  cup  and  mixed  with  the  water.  The  mixing  was  therefore 
done  outside  the  apparatus  in  the  next  expei-iment.  and  the  alcohol  in  the  air  current  was  again 
less  than  in  No.  16. 

Experiment  No.  17  began  at  7  a.  m.  January  20,  and  continued  2  days,  during  which  the 
subject  received  the  basal  ration  supplemented  by  143.8  grams  of  brandy,  with  50.4  per  cent,  or 
72.5  grams,  of  absolute  alcohol,  per  dav.  This  amount  was  added  to  711.2  grams  of  water  and 
45  grams  of  sugar,  making  a  total  of  900  grams  of  the  mixture,  which  was  administered  in 
6  portions,  as  in  the  previous  experiments. 

The  following  table  summarizes  the  results  of  these  4  experiments.  Detailed  data  of 
experiments  Nos.  15-17  will  be  found  in  the  Appendix,  pages  305  to  317;  those  of  No.  5  will  Ije 
found  in  Bulletin  69  of  the  Office  of  Experiment  Stations: 

Table  fi. — Siuiimary  ofremdls  of  metabolism  e.rperimenln  Nos.  5  and  1,5-17. 
[Quantities  per  day.) 


Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

Alcohol. 

Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Energy-. 

K.rjierime.nt  No.  .5. 

Grams. 
119.1 
108.8 
11.3.  0 

Grams. 
94.7 
89.0 
96.8 

Grams. 
275.5 
269.1 

(269.1) 

Grams. 

Grams. 
19.1 
17.4 
18.1 

Grams. 
248.9 
223.5 
231.7 

Calories. 
2,655 

2,384 

2,482 

2,379 

-4.2 

10S.9 
103.8 
97.8 

-7.8 

39.  9 
.36.9 
33.1 



-0.7 

17.4 

16.6 
1.^.6 

-8.2 

245.7 
226.1 
220.0 

-98 

K.rj)(:r'nii<iil  No.  l.'i. 
In  tfital  foofl                  

276.9 
272.4 

(272.4) 

72.5 
71.1) 
71.0 

2, 653 

2,426 

Actually  iriftalxjliziil 

2,357 
2,362 

Gain  (-|-)  or  loss  (— >  to  hoilv 

+  6.0 

-3.8 



1     +1.0 

+6.1 

+69 

MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  .SCIENCES. 

Table  9. — Saniiiiarii  af  rt:tn/ls  of  inetaliuliini  e.rper'unenlf  Xo.i.  5  iiiul  16-17 — Coiitiiuii'd. 
[Quantities  per  day.] 


253 


Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

Alcohol. 

Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Energy. 

Krprriment  No.  16, 

Grams. 
108.9 
103.8 
96.6 

(rramf. 
39.9 
36.9 
31.9 

Grams. 
276.9 
272.4 

(272.4) 

Grams. 

T2.b 
70.4 
70.4 

Grams. 
17.4 
16.6 
15.5 

Grain*. 
245.  7 
225.  9 
218.3 

Calorics. 
2,653 

2,424 

2,336 

2,332 

+7.2 

lO.S.  9 
ICS.  8 
97.8 

+5.0 

39.9 
36.9 
25.9 

+  1.1 

17.4 
16.6 
15.6 

+7.6 

245.7 
226.1 
214.5 

+88 

Experlmml  X<>.  11. 

276.9 
272.4 

(272.4) 

72.5 
71.0 
71.0 

2, 653 

2,427 

2,289 

2,276 

+6.0 

108.9 
103.8 
97.4 

+  11.0 

39.9 
36.9 
30.3 

+  1.0 

17.4 
16.6 
15.6 

+11.6 

245.7 
226.0 
217.6 

+138 

Arerape,  Xos.  IS,  IG,  and  17. 

276.9 
272.4 

(272.4) 

72.5 
70.8 
70.8 

2, 653 

2,426 

2,327 

2,323 

+6.4 

+6.6 

+  1.0 

+8.4 

+99 

GROUP    I.    EXPERIMENTS    XOS.   21    AND    18-20.      RE.ST    EXPERIMENT.S    MITH    ORDINARY  AND    WITH 

ALCOHOL    DIET. 

The  serie.s  of  experiments  comprising  this  group  was  carried  out  in  February,  1899.  The 
purpose  of  the  experiments  witii  alcohol  diet  in  this  scries  was  the  same  as  that  of  experiments 
15-17,  namel}',  to  determine  whether  there  is  any  difference  in  the  effect  of  alcohol  when  taken 
in  different  forms.  Experiments  Nos.  18-20  were  somewhat  similar  in  plan  to  Nos.  15-17,  but 
were  made  with  a  different  sul)]"ect,  A.  W.  S.  The  subject  remained  in  the  calorimeter  9  day.s 
without  intermission.  During  the  ffrst  6  days  of  this  period  the  3  alcohol  experiments,  Nos. 
18-20,  were  made,  each  of  2  days'  duration,  as  in  experiments  15-17.  These  were  followed  l)y 
one  experiment.  No.  21,  of  3  days,  in  which  the  diet  contained  no  alcohol. 

As  in  the  preceding  .series,  the  diet  in  experiments  18-21  consisted  of  a  ba.sal  ration  which 
was  the  same  in  all  the  experiments,  and  a  supplemental  ration  which  was  different  in  each. 
This  ba.sal  ration  furnished  97  grams  of  protein  and  2,264  calories  of  energy  per  day.  In  experi- 
ments Nos.  18-20  the  basal  ration  was  supplemented  by  commercial  alcohol,  whisky,  and  brandy, 
respectiveh',  the  quantity  of  each  used  being  sufficient  to  furnish  72.5  grams  of  absolute  alcohol 
per  day,  with  a  heat  of  combustion  of  512  calories.  The  total  diet  in  the  alcohol  experiments 
furnished  97  grams  of  protein  and  2,776  calories  of  energy  per  day.  In  experiment  No.  21  the 
alcohol  was  omitted,  and  the  diet  consisted  of  the  basal  ration  alone. 

The  preliminary  digestion  experiment  began  with  breakfast  February  2,  and  continued  4  days. 
During  this  period  the  diet  was  the  s:i.me  as  in  experiment  No.  18,  and  consisted  of  the  basal 
ration  and  the  alcohol  in  the  form  of  commercial  spirits,  which  was  administered  in  coffee  infusion, 
sweetened  with  sugar. 

The  subject  entered  the  respiration  chamber  on  the  evening  of  February  5,  and  experiment 
No.  18  began  at  7  a.  m.  Fel)ruary  6,  and  continued  2  daj's.  In  this  experiment  the  diet  consisted 
of  the  basal  ration,  supplemented  by  79.8  grams  of  commercial  alcohol,  with  90.9  per  cent,  or 
72.5  grams,  of  absolute  alcohol.  The  commercial  spirits  was  mixed  with  7'i'5.2  grams  of  coffee 
infusion,  sweetened  with  -45  grams  of  cane  sugar.  The  whole  mixture  made  900  grams,  which 
was  divided  into  6  portions,  the  larger  of  which  were  taken  with  meals,  and  the  smaller  between 
meals  and  just  before  retiring. 

Experiment  No.  19  began  at  7  a.  m.  February  8,  and  continued  2  days.  The  diet  in  this 
experiment  consisted  of  the  basal  ration,  supplemented  by  158.3  grams  of  whisky,  with  -45.8 
per  cent,  or  72.5  grams,  of  absolute  alcohol.     The  whisky  was  mixed  with  696.7  grams  of  water, 


254 


ME^^IOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


sweetened  with  45  g-raiiis  of  cane  !su<;-:ir,  the  whole  mixture  forming  !X)U  oram.s.  which  was 
administered  as  in  experiment  No.  18. 

Experiment  No.  20  began  at  7  a.  m.  Februar}'  10,  and  continued  2  days,  during  which  the 
diet  consisted  of  the  basal  ration,  supplemented  by  113.8  grams  of  brandy,  with  50.1  per  cent,  or 
72.5  grams,  of  absolute  alcohol.  The  brandy  was  mixed  with  711.2  grams  of  water,  sweetened 
with  15  grams  of  cane  sugar.  The  whole  mixture  amounted  to  900  grams,  which  was  admin- 
istered in  6  portions  as  in  the  previous  experiments. 

Experiment  No.  21  began  at  7  a.  m.  February  12,  and  continued  3  days.  The  diet  in  this 
experiment  consisted  of  the  basal  ration  alone,  without  alcohol.  The  results  of  this  experiment 
are  here  given  in  comparison  with  3  alcohol  experiments  because  it  was  a  part  of  the  same 
series  and  followed  the  alcohol  experiments  without  intermission  and  without  the  subject  leaving 
the  respiration  chamber.  The  results  are  hardh'  comparable  with  those  of  the  alcohol  experi- 
ments, however,  since  by  the  omission  of  the  alcohol  from  the  diet  the  amount  of  energy  per  day 
was  reduced  nearly  one-fifth,  while  the  amounts  of  protein,  fats,  and  carbohydrates  remained 
the  same. 

The  following  table  summarizes  the  results  of  these  4  experiments.  Detailed  data  of  experi- 
ments Nos.  18-20  may  be  found  on  pages  317  to  330  in  the  Appendix.  Those  of  No.  21  may  be 
found  in  Bulletin  109  of  the  Office  of  Experiment  Stations. 

Table  10. — Suiiimari/  of  results  of  metabolism  experiments  Nos.  18,  19,  and  SO. 
[Quantities  per  day.] 


Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

Alcoiiol. 

Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Energj'. 

Experiment  No.  31. 

Grams. 
96.9 
90.4 
96.0 

Grams. 
72.4 
68.4 
93.3 

Grams. 
250. 1 
246.1 

(246. 1) 

Grams. 
........ 

Gravis. 
1.5.5 
14.5 
15.4 

Grams. 
215.2 
195.4 
217.4 

Calories. 
2, 264 

2,038 

Actually  metabolized 

2,304 
2,279 

Gain  (4-)  or  loss  (— )  to  body 

Experiment  No.  IS. 

-5.6 

96.9 
90.4 
102.6 

-24.9 

72.4 
68.4 
43.3 

! 

-0.9 

15.5 
14.4 
16.4 

-22.0 

253.0 
232.0 
219.3 

—266 

250.1 
246.1 
(246.1) 

72.5 
69.5 
69.5 

2,776 

2,532 

2,367 

2,485 

Gain  ( ^ )  or  loss  ( — )  to  body 

Experiment  No.  19. 

In  total  food 

In  available  food 

Actually  metabolized 

-12.2 

96.9 
90.4 
90.4 

-F25. 1 

72.4 
68.4 
33.3 

-2.0 

15.5 
14.5 
14.5 

+12.7 

253.0 
233.  5 
206.6 

+168 

250.1 
246.1 
(246.1) 

72.5 
69.9 
69.  9 

2,776 
2,550 
2,220 
2,279 

-1-35. 1 

72.4 
68.4 
^.3 

+26.9 

253.  0 
233.  5 
216.2 

+330 

E.eperimenl  No.  20. 

96.9 
90.4 

88.2 

250.1 
246.1 
(246.1) 

72.5 
69.7 
69.7 

15.  5 
14.5 
14.1 

2,776 

2,549 

2,339 

2,303 

Gain  (-f )  or  lo.ss  (— )  to  body 

Arenuje  (,f  IS,  19,  nndJO. 
In  total  food 

—2. 2 

96.9 
90.4 
93.7 

+21.1 

72.4 
68.4 
41.3 

+0.4 

15.5 
14.5 
15.0 

+17. 3 

253.0 
233.0 

214.1 

+210 

250.1 
246.1 

(246.1) 

72.5 

■    69.7 

69.7 

2,776 

2,544 

Actually  metabolized 

2,308 
2, 357 

-3.3 

* 

-1-27.1 

-0.5 

+18.9 

+236 

MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES.  2bi) 

DIGESTION    EXPERIMENTS. 

The  data  of  the  metabolism  experiments  above  described  include  statistics  of  the  amounts 
of  nutrients  consumed  in  the  food  and  excreted  in  the  feces.  The  difference  between  these 
amounts  represents  the  so-called  digestible  or  avaihible  nutrients."  The  amount  of  each  nutrient 
thus  made  available  divided  by  the  amount  in  the  corresponding  food  is  here  taken  as  the  coeffi- 
cient of  availability. 

Each  metabolism  experiment,  therefore,  includes  a  digestion  experiment:  furthermore,  each 
metabolism  experiment  or  series  of  experiments  was  preceded  by  a  digestion  ex]5eriment.  gener- 
ally of  4  days"  dui'ation,  during  which  the  subject  was  outside  the  respiration  calorimeter,  but  had 
the  same  diet,  and  as  nearly  as  convenient  the  same  amount  of  muscular  exercise,  as  in  the  metab- 
olism experiment.  We  thus  have  for  each  metabolism  experiment  or  series  of  metabolism 
experiments  two  corresponding  digestion  experiments.  While  the  chief  object  of  the  preliminary- 
experiment  was  to  bring  the  body  into  approximate  nitrogen  equilibrium,  the  results,  as  bearing 
upon  the  availability  of  the  food,  are  of  importance. 

The  portions  of  protein,  fat.  carbohydrates,  and  ash  not  made  available  are  eliminated  in 
the  feces.  The  unavailable  alcohol  is  eliminated  through  the  kidneys,  lungs,  and  skin,  and  was 
determined  in  these  experiments  according  to  the  method  described  beyond  (p.  25.S). 

In  what  has  been  said  about  the  availability  of  the  different  nutrients  in  food  no  reference  has 
been  made  to  the  availability  of  the  energy.  While  it  is  commonly  believed  that  all  of  the  energy 
of  the  available  fats  and  carbohydrates  is  capable  of  use  by  the  liody.  all  of  the  energy  of  the 
protein  can  not  be  so  utilized.  The  nitrogen  of  the  available  protein  is  eliminated  from  the  body 
in  the  form  of  urea,  uric  acid,  and  similar  compounds,  carrying  with  them  a  certain  amount  of 
energy.  From  the  results  of  a  considerable  number  of  determinations  of  the  ratio  of  the  heat  of 
combustion  of  urine  to  the  available  protein  it  has  been  found  that  for  each  gram  of  the  lattei* 
there  is  lost  in  the  urine  an  average  of  1.25  calories  of  energy.  This  amount  must  therefore  be 
deducted  from  the  energy  of  the  available  food  in  order  to  obtain  the  available  energy  of  the 
available  protein.  This  is  done  by  multiplying  the  numl>er  of  grams  of  the  latter  by  1.25.  and 
deducting  the  product  from  the  difference  between  the  total  energy  in  the  food  and  that  in  the 
feces.  The  difference  gives  the  amount  of  available  energy,  which,  divided  by  the  total  energy  in 
the  food  consumed,  gives  the  coefficient  of  availability  of  the  energy.'' 

The  proportions  of  the  different  nutrients  digested  and  made  available  in  any  given  case 
depend  upon  the  diet  and  the  individual.  So  far  as  concerns  the  diet,  the  availability  may  vary 
with  (1)  the  kinds.  (2)  the  amounts  of  food  materials.  (3)  the  method  of  preparation,  and  (i)  the 
accessories,  including  condiments,  beverages,  etc..  and  with  the  rest,  alcoholic  beverages.  The 
same  diet  may  be  differently  digested  by  different  individuals  or  by  the  same  individual  under 
different  conditions  of  health,  ph^'sical  activity,  and  nervous  strain. 

The  details  of  the  digestion  experiments  with  alcohol  diet  are  given  in  Tables  CV  to  CXVIII 
of  the  Appendix. 

Talile  11  compares  the  availability  of  food  in  diets  with  and  without  alcohol  and  the  availal)ility 
of  the  same  diet  with  the  same  persons  outside  and  inside  the  respiration  chamber.  In  the  tirst 
case  the  principal  difference  is  that  of  diet,  the  alcohol  being  the  chief  factor:  in  the  second  case 
the  differences  are  those  of  the  physical  and  mental  condition  of  the  individual.  The  discussion 
of  the  effect  of  alcohol  upon  availability  of  the  nutrients  of  the  diet  is  given  on  pages  256  to 
258.  beyond. 

"For  further  discussion  see  page  256  beyond,  and  Repts.  Ston-s  (Conn.)  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.,  1896,  p.  163,  and 
1897,  p.  154. 

Tor  further  discussion  of  this  subject  see  Atwater  and  Bryant,  Rept.  Storrs  (Conn.)  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.,  1899,  p. 
96.  See  also  discussion  by  \V.  O.  Atwater  in  Bui.  99  of  the  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations,  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Association  of  American  Agricultural  Collies  and  Experiment  Stations,  1900,  p.  112. 


256 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


Table  ll.—Summani  of  coe_(licienls  of  amilability  of  nutrients  and  energy  in  preliminary  and  calorimeter  perio 

ordinary  and  alcohol  diet. 


E.rperimentit  v:itli  E.  0. 

Ordinary  diet,  average  6  experiments 

Alcohol  diet,  average  5  experiments 

Preliminary  period,  average  12  experiments  . . . 
Calorimeter  period,  average  12  experiments 

Experiments  with  J.  F.  S 

Ordinary  diet,  average  6  experiments 

Alcohol  diet,  average  3  experiments 

Preliminary  period,  average  4  experiments 

Calorimeter  period,  average  4  experiments 

Average  12  experiments  -with  ordinary  food 

Average  M  ex]>eriments  Avitli  alcohol 

Average  10  preliminary  periods 

Average  IG  calorimeter  periods 


•  cent. 
92.4 
94.2 
92.5 
93.2 


93.4 
93.8 
92.1 
93.8 


92.9 
94.0 
92.4 
93.3 


Per  cent. 
93.8 
93.5 
93.7 
94.1 


95.8 
96.2 
95.8 
97.2 


Per  cent. 
97.9 
97.9 
97.7 
97.9 


98.1 
97.9 
97.2 
97.7 


94.7 
94.5 
94.2 
94.9 


98.0 
97.9 
97.6 
97.8 


Per  cent. 
90.6 
91.1 


92.7 
93.0 
91.4 
92.4 


91.7 
91.8 
90.9 
91.3 


DISCUSSIOlSr  OF  THE  RESULTS  OF  THE  EXPERIMENTS. 

The  special  purpose  of  the  experiments  summarized  on  the  preceding  pages,  in  so  far  as  thej^ 
have  had  to  do  with  the  nutritive  action  of  alcohol,  has  been  the  study  of  the  metabolism  of  the 
energy  of  alcohol  and  its  consequent  value  for  fuel  as  compared  with  i.sod_ynamic  amounts  of 
carbohydrates  and  fats.  Incidentally,  its  effects  upon  digestion,  the  completeness  of  its  oxida- 
tion, and  its  action  in  protecting  body  fat  and  protein  from  oxidation  have  also  been  observed. 
The  more  important  results  may  be  discussed  under  the  following  topics: 

1.  EU'ect  of  alcohol  upon  the  digestion  of  food. 

•2.  Proportions  of  alcohol  oxidized  and  unoxidized. 

3.  ]Metabolisra  of  the  energy  of  alcohol. 

4.  Protection  of  body  material  by  alcohol. 

a,  Protection  of  bodj'  fat. 

b,  Protection  of  body  protein. 

5.  Effect  of  alcohol  upon  the  radiation  of  heat  from  the  Isody. 
t).  Alcohol  as  a  source  of  heat  in  the  body. 

7.  Alcohol  as  a  source  of  muscular  energy. 


EFFECT   OF    ALCOHOL    UPON   THE    DIGESTION    OF    FOOD.— DIGESTIBILITY  VERSUS    AVAIL- 
ABILITY  OF  NUTRIENTS. 

The  term  digestibility  as  applied  to  food  has  several  meanings,  which  are  not  clearly  distin- 
guished in  popular  u.sage.  It  commonly  refers  to  either  the  ease  with  which  a  given  food 
material  is  digested,  or  the  time  required  for  the  process,  or  the  extent  to  which  the  material 
'"agrees"  or  "disagrees"  with  different  persons,  or  its  effects  upon  bodily  comfort  and  health. 
These  factors  depend  largely  upon  individual  peculiarities,  vary  widely  with  different  persons  and 
with  the  character  of  the  food,  and  are  difficult  to  measure. 

The  term  digestibility  is  also  used  to  designate  the  quantity  or  proportion  of  the  food  or  of 
each  of  its  different  ingredients— protein,  fats,  carbohydrates,  and  mineral  matters — actually 
digested  and  absorbed  in  the  passage  of  the  food  through  the  digestive  tract.  Only  this  lattei  factor 
of  digestibility  is  considered  in  these  experiments.  To  determine  what  amount  of  each  nutrient  is 
actually  digested  it  is  necessary  to  know  the  quantity  that  is  taken  into  the  Ijody  in  food  and  the 
quantity  that  has  escaped  digestion  and  is  excreted  in  the  feces.  The  latter  quantity  is  not  easily 
determini'd.  however,  because  the  feces  contain,  besides  those  portions  of  the  food  that  have 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES.  257 

resisted  the  action  of  the  digestive  juii-es.  other  materials,  the  so-called  metalx)lic  products, 
which  are  mainly  the  residues  of  the  dic^estive  juices,  and  which  are  not  easily  separated  from 
the  undigested  jx)rtion  of  the  food.  For  this  rea.son  it  is  difficult  to  determine  the  actual  digesti- 
bility of  food  or  of  its  several  ingredients. 

The  availability  of  the  food  or  of  the  several  ingredients,  however,  may  be  more  accurately 
determined.  By  availability  is  here  meant  the  quantity  or  proportion  that  can  )>e  used  for  the 
building  and  reptiir  of  tissue  and  the  yielding  of  energy.  The  metabolic  products,  although  derived 
originally  from  the  digested  food,  are  not  used  for  either  liuilding  material  or  fuel,  and  hence 
are  not  available  in  the  sense  in  which  the  word  is  here  employed.  They  may.  therefore,  be 
included  with  the  undigested  residue  of  the  food  and  the  small  quantities  of  intestinal  epitheliiuu 
and  other  materials  which  make  up  the  rest  of  the  feces,  and  the  amounts  of  available  nutrients 
may  be  found  by  subtracting  from  the  total  ingredients  of  the  food  the  total  corresponding 
ingredients  in  the  feces.  These  have  often  V>een  called  the  digestible  rather  than  the  available 
nutrients,  but  the  distinction  here  made  is  quite  important. 

The  avaihibility  of  the  ingredients  as  thus  determined  is  usually  expressed  by  the  percentage 
of  the  total  amount  of  each  in  the  food.  This  percentage  is  called  the  coetiicient  of  availability". 
In  the  following  table,  which  is  a  summary  of  a  more  detailed  table  given  in  the  Appendix,  the 
coefficients  of  availability  of  the  protein,  fat?,  and  airbohydi-ates  of  the  oi-diuaiy  diet  are 
compared  with  those  of  the  alcohol  diet,  as  actually  found  in  the  experiments.  The  average 
coefficients  of  availability  of  the  nutrients  of  food  as  found  in  i^S  experiments  *  with  healthy  men 
with  ordinary  diet  under  various  conditions  of  work  and  rest  are  appended  in  the  table  for 
comparison. 

Table  12. — CoetKcients  of  acailability  of  food  in  the  averages  of  ejcperipier4ti  witfi  and  without  aicohol. 


Coefficients  ot'aTaUability. 


Kind  and  number  o£  expeiimenis. 


Erperimenti  more  <lirectl>/  comparahU.  \  ] 

!■■  r  .fHi.  Per  catt  I  FtT  teal.     I  Per  cent. 

Without  alcohol,  >'os.  9, 11, 26  and  28. 29  and  31. 32  and  34 92.6  W.9  ;  97.9  i            91.8 

With  alcohol.  Xos.  10, 12.27,31,33 93.7  9i.6  ,  97.S'            92.1 

Krptriment.*  few  dirtilly  comparable. 

Without  alcohol,  Xos. 5. and  13  and  14 92.6  94. 1  '  98.1  90.3 

With  alcohol.  Xos.  7  and  1.5  to  17 9.5.0  94.4!  97.3  91.3 

Average  of  other  observations 93.0  9-5.0  98. 0  *92. 3 

*  Availability  of  energy  base^l  upon  average  proportions  and  amounts  of  nutrients  found  in  dietaries  of  38 
families  of  fanners,  mechanics,  and  professional  men  and  15  college  boarding  cIuIjs  in  different  parts  of  the  Tniteii 
States.  See  article  bv  A.  P.  Brtaxt  on  •■Some  Results  of  Dielarv  Studies."'  Yearbook  T.  S.  Dept.  Asriculture, 
1S9S,   p.  439. 

It  thus  appears  that  the  alcohol  had  little  appreciable  effect  upon  the  availability  of  the  other 
ingredients  of  the  diet:  the  coefficients  of  availability  of  the  nutrients  of  the  ordinary  food 
were  practically  the  same  with  and  %vithoiit  alcohol  as  part  of  the  diet.  The  protein  appears  to 
have  been  slightly  more  available  when  the  diet  contained  alcohol.  The  differences,  especially  in 
the  more  comparable  experiments,  are  less  than  might  be  found  with  different  subjects  using  the 
.sjime  ordinary  food,  or  with  the  same  subject  using  the  same  food  at  different  times  and  under 
different  conditions. 

The  conclusion  from  the  results  of  these  experiments  would  be  to  the  effect  that  alcohol  in 
moderate  amounts  tended  to  increase  very  slightly  the  availability  of  the  nutrients  of  the  diet, 
esi)ecially  of  the  protein.  In  view,  however,  of  the  fact  that  there  are  often  marked  differences 
in  the  availability  of  the  same  diet  with  different  persons  and  with  the  same  person  at  different 

*See  Atwateb  and  Bryant,  Availability  and  Fuel  Value  of  Food  Materials,  Kept.  Storrs  (Conn.)  Expt,  Sta., 
1899,  p.  73. 


258  MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

times,  even  this  conclusion  should  he  held  with  a  degree  of  reserve.  While  it  is  statistically 
valid  for  these  experiments,  the  extent  to  which  it  would  be  true  in  general  experience  is  by  no 
means  certain. 

PROPORTIONS   OF   ALCOHOL  OXIDIZED   AND   UNOXIDIZED. 

The  ditference  between  the  amount  of  alcohol  taken  into  the  bodj'  in  food  and  the  amount 
given  oil'  unoxidized  bj'the  kidneys,  lungs,  and  skin  is  taken  as  the  amount  oxidized  in  the  body. 
For  the  determination  of  the  amounts  not  oxidized  in  the  bodj-  quantitative  examination  was 
made  of  the  several  excretory  products  for  the  presence  of  alcohol.  No  similar  examination  of 
the  feces  for  alcohol  was  practicable;  but.  as  it  has  been  found  in  other  experiments''  that  no 
alcohol  was  excreted  through  this  channel,  even  when  considerable  quantities  were  ingested,  it 
was  here  assumed  that  the  feces  would  contain  no  appreciable  amount  of  the  alcohol  taken  with 
the  food. 

The  alcohol  eliminated  by  the  kidneys  would,  of  course,  be  found  in  the  urine;  that  given 
ofl'  by  the  lungs  and  skin  in  the  "'drip"  water  collected  from  the  surface  of  the  sj'stem  of  cool- 
ing tubes,  or  it  might  pass  out  of  the  chamber  as  vapor  in  the  air  current  and  be  condensed  in 
the  ••  freezers."  in  which  a  large  part  of  the  water  is  collected  from  the  outgoing  air,  or  it  might 
even  pass  through  the  freezers  as  vapor  and  be  ultimately  absorbed  in  concentrated  sulphuric  acid 
in  an  apparatus  arranged  for  the  purpose. 

The  determinations  of  the  amounts  of  alcohol  given  off  from  the  body  unoxidized  in  experi- 
ment No.  7  were  made  according  to  the  method  described  bj'  Bodlander."  This  method,  how- 
ever, does  not  give  results  sufficientlj'  accurate  when  the  amounts  of  alcohol  are  as  small  as  were 
found  in  these  experiments.  In  the  latter  experiments  a  modification "  of  this  method  was  used, 
which  has  been  shown  to  give  very  satisfactory  results  in  the  determination  of  extremely  small 
quantities  of  alcohol. 

The  urine,  drip  water,  and  freezer  water  were  distilled  several  times  in  order  to  separate 
the  alcohol  and  other  volatile  and  readily  oxidizable  organic  matters  and  to  obtain  them  in  a 
more  concentrated  form.  The  amount  of  organic  matter  (here  designated  as  reducing  material) 
in  the  distillates  was  then  determined  by  the  method  mentioned  above.  The  amount  of  reducing 
material  in  the  air  current  was  estimated  by  passing  the  outgoing  air  through  bulbs  containing 
concentrated  sulphuric  acid,  and  determining  the  amount  of  reducing  material  in  the  acid.  The 
total  amount  of  reducing  material  thus  determined  in  the  various  excretory  products  was 
calculated  as  alcohol. 

Other  investigators"  have  found  evidence  that  such  reducing  materials  are  excreted  by  the 
body  when  no  alcohol  was  ingested.  In  several  experiments  in  which  alcohol  did  not  form  part 
of  the  diet,  examinations  of  respiratory  and  excretory  products  were  made  the  same  as  when 
alcohol  was  given,  and  reducing  materials  were  found  to  be  present."  The  average  amount  found 
in  these  experiments  without  alcohol  was,  therefore,  deducted  from  the  total  amount  determined 
in  the  experiments  with  alcohol  and  the  ditference  taken  as  alcohol  excreted,  as  shown  below: 

Alcohol  iiif/e.ilfd  and  excreted  uitoxklized. 

Alcohol  iiifre^ted,  average  13  experiments grams. .  72.  3 

Reducing  material  in  excretory  products: 

When  alcohol  was  ingested,  average  13  experiments grams. .  1.  6 

When  no  alcohol  was  ingested,  average  6  experiments do 3 

Alcohol  excreted grams..     1.  3 

Total  alcohol  metal lolized do 71 

Do per  cent . .  98.  2 

•See  BoDLAXDER  in  Arch.  Physiol.,  Pfluger,  32  (1883),  p.  424. 

•"Loc.  cit.  , 

'See  Benedict  and  Xohris  on  "The  Determination  of  Small  Quantities  of  Alcohol,"  Jour.  Am.  Chem.  Soc,  20 
(1898),  p.  299. 

'iHipre,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  (London),  20  (1871-72),  268.  See  also  Billings,  Mitchell,  and  Bergey  on  "The 
comiiosition  of  expired  air  and  its  effect  upon  animal  life."  Suiithsoniau  Contributions  to  Knowledge,  XXIX 
(189.5),  Xo.  989. 

'See  Table  CXXI  in  the  .\ppcndix. 


MEMOIKS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


259 


From  Tiihle  CXXII  in  the  Appendix  it  will  he  observed  that  the  quantities  of  alcohol 
eliminated  l)v  the  lun<fs.  skin,  and  kidneys  varied  fiom  0.7  to  2.7  grams,  and  averaged  1.3  grams 
per  day.  These  tjuantities  eorrespond  to  a  range  of  from  1  per  eent  to  3.7  per  cent  and  an 
average  of  !.!»  per  cent  of  the  total  amount  of  alcohol  ingested.  We  consider,  therefore,  that  in 
general  when  alcohol  is  taken  in  small  doses  not  more  than  2  per  cent  is  given  off  unoxidized. 
and  the  results  of  the  later  experiments  indicate  that  this  figure  is  really  too  large.  Accordingly, 
the  coefficient  of  availability  of  alcohol  is  taken  as  98  per  cent. 

Conipaiing  this  with  the  coefficients  of  availability  of  protein,  fat,  and  carbohydrates  in  the 
diet  with  ak'ohol,  as  given  in  the  Table  12,  p.  2.57,  it  appears  that  the  coefficient  of  availability 
of  alcohol  in  these  experiments  was  practicality  the  same  as  that  of  the  carbohydrates  and 
larger  than  those  of  fats  and  protein  of  ordinary  food.  That  is  to  say,  it  was  found  that  2  per 
cent  or  less  of  the  total  alcohol  ingested  in  these  experiments  was  given  off  unoxidized  b}'  the 
lungs  and  skin,  while  on  the  average  about  2  per  cent  of  the  carbohydrates,  5  per  cent  of  the 
fats,  and  7  per  cent  of  the  protein  of  the  ordinary  diet  appeai'ed  to  be  excreted  unoxidized. 

The  conclusion  is  that  in  these  expei'iments  the  alcohol  was  more  completely  consumed  than 
are  the  nutrients  of  ordinary  mixed  diet. 


METABOLISM    OF   THE   ENERGY   OF   ALCOHOL. 

It  was  Stated  above  that  the  experiments  with  men  in  the  respiration  calorimeter  had  shown  a 
very  close  agreement  between  the  income  and  outgo  of  energy  in  the  body,  and  that  this  was 
regarded  as  practically  a  demonstration  that  the  law  of  the  conservation  of  energy  holds  in  the 
living  organism.  Up  to  April,  1900,  the  results  of  30  such  experiments  had  been  oljtained. 
These  covered,  all  told.  93  days;  they  were  made  with  i  different  subjects,  under  various  con- 
ditions of  diet  and  occupation.  When  the  figures  for  individual  days  or  for  individual  experi- 
ments are  considered,  there  appears  to  Ije  more  or  less  disagreement  between  the  figures  for 
income  and  those  of  outgo  energy,  though  the  differences  are  inside  the  natural  I'ange  of  error  in 
such  physiological  experiments.  When  the  results  of  all  the  experiments  are  averaged  together, 
howe\er.  the  differences  counterbalance  each  other,  and  the  daily  income,  2,718  calories,  is  found 
to  be  practicidly  identical  with  the  daily  outgo,  2,710  calories.  This  agreement  is  in  accordance 
with  the  law  of  the  conservation  of  energy,  and  thus  confirms  the  belief  that  this  law  governs 
the  metabolism  of  energy  in  the  living  organism. 

In  13  of  the  30  experiments  referred  to  alcohol  formed  a  part  of  the  diet.  The  results  of  these 
experiments  compared  with  those  without  alcohol  imply  very  clearly  that  the  law  of  the  conser- 
Tation  of  energy  holds  as  well  with  the  diet  containing  alcohol  as  with  the  ordinary  diet.  This 
may  be  seen  from  Tal>le  13,  which  epitomizes  the  more  detailed  statistics  given  in  Tatile  CXX  in 
the  Appendix,  and  compares  the  averages  of  the  results  of  the  rest  and  the  work  experiments  in 
which  alcohol  formed  part  of  the  diet  with  those  of  similar  experiments  without  alcohol.  Both 
those  experiments  that  are  strictly  comjjarable  and  those  less  comparable,  as  explained  on  a  pre- 
ceding page,  are  here  included. 

Table  13. — M'tabolism  of  cricrtjij.     Averar/ex  of  irsiijts  of  e.rjieriments  iiAth  orrlbiary  am!  n'itli  a/cohol  dift. 


Expfrimems  with  and  without  alcohol. 


Energy  of 
net  income." 


Energy  of  outgo  measured  as— 


MORE    DIRECTLY    COMPARABLE. 
Rest  e-cperburiits. 


Without  alcohol:  Xos.  9,  24,  26,  ami  28. 
With  ak-uliol;  Xos.  10.  22,  27 


Ciilories. 
2,190 
2,191 


Work  exijeruiieiits. 

Without  alcohol:  Xoi?.  11,  29  and  31,  32  ami  34 
AVith  ak'ohol :  Nos.  12,  30,  33 


2,221 
2  221 


I        3,690 

Estimated  energy  of  material  actually  oxidized  in  the  body. 


3,451 
3,461 


220 
215 


Vatmies. 
2,  221 
2,  221 


3,671 
3,676 


260  MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

Table  13. — Mttuholi.im  nf  energi/.    Ari'ra(/cii  of  rc.fults  of  experiments  with  ordiiuirii  and  with  alcohol  diet — Continued. 


Experiments  with  and  witliout  alcohol. 


Energy  of  outgo  measure*!  as — 


MOKE  DIRECTLY  coMP.\KABLE — Continued 

Average  of  rest  and  ivork  experiments. 

Without  alcohol 

■With  alcohol 

LESS   DIRECTLY   COMP.VKABLE. 

Rest  experi^nenis. 

TVithout  alcohol:  jSTos.  13  and  14,  5,  21 , 

^yith  alcohol:  Nos.  7,  15  to  17,  18  to  20 

Average  of  all  above  experiments. 

Without  alcohol 

With  alcohol 


Calories. 
2,925 
2,941 


2,302 
2,356 


2,717 
2,746 


Calories. 
2,836 
2,841 


2  277 
2^358 


2,650 
2,680 


Calories. 
"(110) 
0(108) 


"(73) 
"(72) 


Calories. 
2,946 
2,949 


2  277 
2^358 


2,723 

2,752 


"  Estimated  energy  of  material  actually  oxidized  in  the  body. 

•■In  this  average  the  muscular  work  of  the  work  experiments  is  distributed  over  both  the  work  and  the  rest 
experiments,  which  is  of  course  not  strictly  logical. 

The  energy  of  net  income  given  in  the  table  above  represents  the  energy  of  the  material 
actually  oxidized  in  the  bod}',  as  determined  from  the  energy  of  the  food,  of  the  excretorj^  products, 
and  of  the  body  material  stored  or  lost.  The  energy  of  outgo  is  that  given  off  from  the  hodj  in  the 
form  of  heat  and  external  muscular  work,  as  measured  by  the  apparatus.  According  to  the  law 
of  the  conservation  of  energy,  the  income  and  the  outgo  must  lie  equal.  From  the  comparisons 
given  in  the  table  above  it  will  be  seen  that,  whether  the  diet  did  or  did  not  contain  alcohol,  the 
outgo  was  sometimes  greater  and  sometimes  less  than  the  income,  l>ut  the  difference  in  everj'  case 
was  far  within  the  range  of  variation  to  be  expected  in  phj'siological  experiments  of  such  nature 
as  these,  so  that  the  re.sults  may  be  considered  as  showing  practical  agreement.  If  we  counter- 
balance the  variations  by  averaging  the  experiments  in  which  alcohol  formed  part  of  the  diet  and 
those  without  alcohol,  we  get  the  following  results : 

Daily  income  and  outgo  of  energy  loith  and  without  alcohol. 


Average  13  experiments,  without  alcohol. 
Average  13  experiments,  with  alcohol 


Energy  of  ma- 
terial oxidized 
in  the  body. 


,717 
,746 


Energv  given 

off  by  the 

body. 


Calories. 
2,723 
2,752 


When  the  diet  contained  no  alcohol,  the  energy  of  the  proteids,  fats,  and  carbohydrates  burned 
in  the  body,  averaging  2,717  calories  per  day,  was  practically  identical  with  the  energy  given  off' 
by  the  body  in  the  form  of  heat,  or  heat  and  (the  heat  equivalent  of)  external  muscular  work, 
averaging  2,723  calories  per  day.  When  alcohol  formed  part  of  the  diet  the  total  energy  of  the 
proteids,  fats,  and  carbohydrates  burned  in  the  body,  added  to  the  energy  of  the  alcohol,  averaged 
2,740  calories  per  day,  and  the  enei'gy  given  off  as  heat,  or  heat  and  external  muscular  work, 
averaged  2,752  calories  per  day.  The  total  kinetic  energy  of  outgo  is  equal  to  the  total  potential 
energy  of  income,  whether  it  be  with  ordinary  diet  alone,  or  with  ordinary  food  and  alcohol. 

To  these  results  there  can  be  Ijut  one  interpretation.  The  energy  which  was  latent  or  poten- 
tial in  the  alcohol  was  wholly  transformed  in  the  body,  was  actually  given  off'  from  the  body, 
and  was  exactly  recovered  as  heat  or  heat  and  muscular  work.     Otherwise,  how  did  the  body 


:memoiks  of  the  national  academy  of  sciences.  2(51 

dispose  of  the  eneri;y of  the  alcohol,  and   from  what  other  souive  did   it  oot  an   exactly  eiiual 
amount  to  I'eplaee  iti 

The  conclusions,  therefore,  are: 

1.  The  law  of  the  conservation  of  enero-y  obtained  with  the  alcohol  diet  as  w  ith  the  ordinary 
diet. 

2.  The  potential  enero-y  of  the  alcohol  o.xidized  in  the  l)ody  was  ti'ansformed  completely  into 
kinetic  energy,  and  appeared  either  as  heat,  or  as  muscular  work,  or  l)oth.  To  this  extent,  at 
any  rate,  it  was  used  like  the  energy  of  the  protein,  fats,  and  carbohydrates  of  the  food. 

THE    PROTECTION    OF    BODY    MATERIAL    BY    ALCOHOL. 

General  coHslderationx.  PrtivouJi  experiments  and  their  explanation. — The  belief  was  for- 
merly quite  general  that  alcohol  has  a  specific  pharmacodynamic  action  in  retarding  the  metabolism 
of  body  material,  both  fat  and  proteid.  As  much  of  the  earlier  experimenting  implied  that  alcohol 
in  moderate  quantities  tends  to  "  prevent  waste"  or  "conserve  the  tissues,"  and  its  oxidation  in 
the  body  was  not  understood,  this  eti'ect  was  naturally  attributed  to  its  action  as  a  drug.  Later,, 
as  the  functions  of  the  nonnitrogenous  nutrients  of  food  came  to  be  better  understood,  and  the 
fact  that  alcohol  is  oxidized  as  thej-  are  in  the  body  became  fully  established,  the  view  has 
become  common  that  its  effect  in  retarding  or  protecting  metabolism  is  to  be  explained  by  a 
luitritive  rather  than  a  pharmacodynamic  action — that,  in  other  words,  it  tends,  b}'  its  own  oxida- 
tion, to  prevent  the  o.xidation  of  otlier  materials.  This  latter  function  of  alcohol,  however,  has 
been  denied  on  two  grounds: 

1.  The  increased  circulation  of  the  blood  through  the  peripheral  capillaries  and  the  fall  of 
bodv  temperature  which  follows  the  ingestion  of  alcohol  have  led  to  the  theoretical  inference 
that  the  energy  supplied  to  the  l)ody  by  the  oxidation  of  the  alcohol  is  lost  by  the  extra  I'adiation 
of  heat  it  causes,  so  that  it  can  not  do  the  work  of  the  fats  and  carbohydrates  in  protecting 
food  or  bodj'  material  from  consumption.  This  ground,  however,  is  hardly  tenable  since,  as 
shown  beyond,  the  fall  of  body  temperature  with  ordinary  doses  is  very  small,  and  the  amount 
of  extra  heat  radiated  is  only  a  fraction  of  that  supplied  by  the  alcohol. 

2.  The  other  ground  for  doubting  the  power  of  alcohol  to  protect  bod\-  material  from  con- 
sumption is  that  of  direct  experiment.  That  it  may  protect  fat  is  generally  conceded,  but  there 
are  a  number  of  reliable  experiments  on  record  in  which  the  replacement  of  the  carbohydrates 
and  fats  of  a  ration  by  alcohol  has  been  followed  by  an  increased  elimination  of  nitrogen.  This 
has  been  explained  by  the  assumption  that  alcohol  tends  to  increase  rather  than  diminish  the 
cataboli.sm  of  protein  in  the  body.  On  the  other  hand  there  is  a  considerable  amount  of  exper- 
imental evidence  to  the  efl'ect  that  alcohol  may  and  at  times  does  serve  as  a  protector  of  protein. 

As  explained  in  a  review  of  the  ex)^:.erimenting  upon  this  subject"  it  seems  to  us  that  the 
contiicting  results  may  be  explained  by  the  hypothesis  of  two  opposing  tendencies  of  alcohol,  the 
one  pharmacodynamic  and  the  other  nutritive.  This  view  makes  the  former  a  specific,  and  some- 
times, if  not  alwa3's,  temporary  action  of  alcohol,  by  which  it  increases  the  catabolism  of  protein, 
while  the  latter  action  is  that  resulting  from  its  oxidation.  According  as  the  latter  or  the  former 
action  predominates  the  alcohol  may  protect  protein  or  fail  to  do  so.  In  favor  of  this  theory  is 
the  fact  that  it  explains  and  harmonizes  the  results  of  previous  experimenting  and  those  of  our 
own  experiments  also. 

In  considering  the  ethciency  of  alcohol  for  the  protection  of  body  fat  and  protein  it  is  impor- 
tant to  distinguish  between  two  questions.  Does  alcohol  protect  these  materials  at  all  I  Is  it 
equal  in  protecting  power  to  the  isodynainic  amount  of  fats  or  of  carbohydrates,  or  of  a  mixture 
of  the  two '.  The  comparisons  in  these  experiments  are  between  nearly  isodynamic  amounts  of 
alcohol  and  the  other  ingredients. 

"  Report  of  Physiological  Subcommittee  of  Committee  of  Fifty  for  the  Investigation  of  the  Liquor  Problem, 
Boston,  Houghton,  MifHin  &  Co.  (In  press  at  the  time  of  this  writing. )  See  also  a  more  detailed  review  of  the  sub- 
ject by  Roseniann.  Der  Einfluss  des  Alkohols  auf  den  Eiweissstoffwechsel;  Arch.  f.  d.  ges.  Physiol.,  Bd.  86, 
1901,  pp.  :i07-.503. 

Vol.  S— No.  e 3 


262 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEINIY  OF  SCIENCES. 


The  evidence  of  the  exj)eriments  here  reported. — Although  the  present  expei'iments  were  not 
planned  for  the  stud}'  of  these  particular  questions,  they  throw  some  light  upon  them.  The 
details,  in  their  hearing  upon  the  protection  or  nonprotection  of  hoAj  protein  and  fat.  are  brought 
together  in  Table  CXX  in  the  appendix,  and  the  average  results  are  summarized  in  Table  14  here- 
with, which  shows  the  amounts  of  available  protein  and  energy  of  the  diet  and  the  amounts  of 
protein  and  fat  gained  or  lost  by  the  body  in  the  experiments  with  and  without  alcohol. 

Table  14. — Comparison  of  gains  and  losses  of  protein  and  fat  in  e.rperimentf:  villi  and  vAthout  alcohol. 


Experiments  compared. 


Total 

Serial  numbers  of  num- 

experiments.  |  ber  of 

days. 


Average  per  day. 


.\vailable  food.        Gain  ( + )  orloss  ( - 


Protein.     Energy,  i  Protein.  ,      Fat. 


MORE   DIRECTLY    COMP.IRABLE. 

A  and  B: 

E.O.,  rest- 
Average,  2  experiments  without  alco- 
hol. 
Average,  2  experiments  with  alcohol  .. 
D: 

E.  O. ,  work — 

1  experiment  without  alcohol 

1  experiment  with  alcohol 

A,  B,  and  D; 

E.  0.,  rest  and  work — 

Average,  -3  experiments  without  alco- 
hol. 
Average,  3  experiments  with  alcohol.. 
C: 

J.  F.S.,  rest- 
Average,  2  experiments  without  alco- 
hol.' 

1  experiment  with  alcohol 

E  and  F: 

J.  F.S.,  work- 
Average,  4  experiments  without  alco- 
hol. 
Average,  2  experiments  ^\-ith  alcohol.. 
C,  E,  and  F: 

J.  F.  S.,  rest  and  work — 

Average,  6  experiments  without  alco- 
hol. 
Average,  3  experiments  with  alcohol.. 
A  to  F  { Group  I ) : 

E.  0.  and  J.  F.  S.,  rest  and  work — 

Average,  9  experiments  without  alco- 
hol. 
Average,  6  experiments  with  alcohol.. 

LESS   DIRECTLY   COMPARABLE. 

G,H,  andl  (Group  II): 

E.O.and  A.-W.S.,re.st— 

Average, 4 "experiments  without  alco- 
hol. 
Average,  7"  experiments  with  alcohol  . 

AVERAGE   OF   ALL  THE   ABOVE    E.XPERIJIEST.S. 

A  to  I  (Group  III): 

E.  0. ,  J.  F.  S. ,  and  .■V.  \V.  S. ,  rest  and  work — 
Average,  13  experiments  (3  with  work ) 

without  alcohol . 
Average,  13 experiments  (3with  work) 
with  alcohol. 


9,24. 
10,22 


9,24,11.. 
10,22,12. 

:  (26,28).. 
1  27 


(29,31),  (32,34) 
30,33 


(26,  28), (29,31), (32,  34). j 
27,30,33 ' 


9,24, 11,(26,  28), (29,31), 

(32,34). 
10,22,12,27,30,33 


(13,14),  5,  21 

7,(1.5,  16,  17), (18. 19,20) 


(1.3, 14), (26, 28), (29, 31), 
(32, 34),. 5,  9, 11,21,24. 

7,(1.5, 16, 17), (18, 19,20), 
10, 12, 22, 27, 30, 33. 


114 
116 


Calories.  I    Grartis. 
2,  618     -  1.  0 


2,602 


Grams. 
+39.0 


110 
113 

3, 510 
3,614 

—  3.0 

-  1.0 

112 

2,  915 

-  1.6 

115 

2,939 

-  2.2 

92 

2,253 

-  4.0 

92 

2,264 

-  6.0 

95 

3,  251 

-  6.  1 

94 

3,235 

-14.5 

94 

2,918 

-  5.4 

93 

2,911 

-11.6 

103 

2,917 

-  3.5 

104 

2,925 

-  6.9 

100 

2,239 

-7.3i 

98 

2,400 

-  3.0 

102 

2,691 

-  4.8 

102 

2,  750 

-  5.6 

2.8       +42.0 


-39. 
-32. 


—12.7 
+17.2 

+23.1 

+  18.2 


—10.  6 
-12.4 

-  1.  1 
^2.4 


-  2.3 
-^  6.5 


-  0.1 

+  3.  8 


•When  two  or  more  similar  experiments  are  grouped  together,  the  group  is  counted  as  1  experiment  in  diaw  iiig 
the  average.     Experiments  thus  treated  are  put  in  parenthesis  in  the  second  column;  thus,  (15  to  17). 

The  grouping  in  Table  14  is  on  the  same  basis  as  in  the  corresponding  tables  in  the  preceding 
pages  and  in  the  Appendix. 


MEMOIKS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES.  2(5:3 

When  the  fuel  value  of  the  diet  is  in  excess  of  the  needs  of  the  body,  the  latter  often, 
though  not  always,  increases  its  store  of  material.  Sometimes  this  increase  is  in  the  form  of 
protein,  sometimes  fat,  and  sometimes  both  protein  and  fat.  When  the  body  requires  energy  in 
excess  of  that  supplied  by  the  food,  it  will  draw  upon  its  previously  accumulated  store  of  fat  or 
protein,  or  both,  for  fuel.  Along  with  the  gains  and  losses  of  protein  and  fat  arc  changes  in  the 
carbohydrates  (glycogen),  but  the  total  quantity  of  these  substances  in  the  tissues  is  relatively 
small.  The  present  methods  of  experimenting  do  not  suffice  for  accurate  measurement  of  the 
changes  of  glycogen,  and  it  is  commonly  left  out  of  account  in  discussions  such  as  that  in  which 
we  are  now  engaged. 

PROTECTION   OF  BODY   FAT. 

The  figures  for  the  individual  experiments  in  Table  CXX  of  the  Appendix  show  in  some 
cases  a  larger  gain  or  smaller  loss  of  fat  without  alcohol  than  with  it:  in  other  eases  the  results 
are  reversed.  When,  however,  the  experiments  are  grouped  together  and  the  averages  with 
and  without  alcohol  are  compared,  it  is  clear  that,  except  where  the  differences  in  fuel  value  of 
the  diet  were  considerable,  the  differences  of  fat  balance  are  hardly  large  enough  to  be  of 
consequence.  Taking  the  experiments  altogether,  the  figures  of  the  tables,  and  especially  those 
of  Table  li,  show  slight  gains  in  fat  both  with  and  without  alcohol,  but  the  gain  is  slightlj'  larger 
with  the  alcohol.  Thus  in  Group  I.  in  which  the  experiments  are  more  directly  comparable,  the 
average  gain  in  9  experiments  without  alcohol  is  1.1  grams,  in  6  with  alcohol  2.4  grams,  making 
a  difference  in  favor  of  the  alcohol  of  1.3  grams.  In  the  less  directly  comparable  experiments 
there  is  an  average  difference  of  8.8  grams,  and  in  Group  III  with  all  the  experiments  there  is  an 
average  of  3.9  grams  in  favor  of  the  alcohol.  It  is  also  to  be  noted  that  in  general  the  total 
energy  of  the  rations  with  the  alcohol  average  somewhat  larger  than  in  those  without  alcohol. 
The  figures  for  differences  just  cited  are  brought  out  more  clearly  in  Table  17,  beyond,  in  the 
discussion  of  the  utilization  of  energy  in  the  experiments  with  and  without  alcohol.  The 
comparison  as  there  made  in  detail  shows  on  the  whole  an  advantage  of  the  ordinary  diet  over 
that  with  alcohol,  though  the  difference  is  very  small,  indeed. 

A  direct  indication  of  the  fat-protecting  power  of  alcohol  is  found  in  the  series  of  experi- 
ments with  E.  O. ,  Nos.  22,  23,  24.  These  were  practically  three  successive  periods  of  3  days 
each.  In  all  there  was  a  basal  ration  with  116  grams  available  protein  and  2.290  calories  of 
available  energy.  To  this  ration  was  added — in  the  first  experiment,  alcohol;  in  the  second, 
nothing;  in  the  third,  sugar.  The  alcohol  and  sugar  each  furnished  about  .500  calories  of  energy. 
With  the  alcohol  there  was  a  daily  gain  of  03  grams  of  fat;  with  the  basal  ration  this  was  reduced 
to  9  grams;  with  the  sugar  it  rose  again  to  60  grams  per  dav.  With  the  sugar  there  was  a  gain  of 
1.7  and  with  the  alcohol  a  gain  of  1.4  grams,  while  with  the  basal  ration  alone  there  was  a  loss  of 
1.6  grams  of  protein.  Leaving  this  slight  gain  or  loss  of  protein  out  of  account,  the  net  gain  of 
fat  with  the  alcohol  above  that  in  the  liasal  ration  was  54  grams,  which  would  make  very  nearly 
500  calories.  The  net  gain  of  fat  with  sugar  was  51  grams.  In  this  particular  case,  therefore, 
with  isodynamic  quantities  of  sugar  and  alcohol,  the  gain  of  fat  was  practically  the  same  with 
both. 

An  even  more  striking  illustration  of  the  fat-protecting  power  of  alcohol  is  found  in  experi- 
ments Nos.  18-21.  with  A.  W.  S.  as  summarized  on  page  329  beyond.  When  alcohol  was  added 
to  a  basal  ration  of  ordinary  food,  the  body  gained  fat  at  the  rate  of  21-r35  grams  per  dav;  but 
when  the  giving  of  alcohol  was  stopped  and  the  Ijody  had  only  the  l)asal  ration,  it  lost  25  grams  of 
fat  per  day. 

A  clearer  demonstration  of  the  power  of  alcohol  to  protect  fat  from  consumption  would  be 
hardly  possible  than  that  given  in  the  experiments  with  E.  O.  and  A.  AV,  S.,  just  cited. 

We  thus  have  two  kinds  of  tests  of  the  power  of.alcohol  as  compared  with  that  of  isodynamic 
amounts  of  carbohydrates  and  fats  of  the  food  for  the  protection  of  body  fat.  In  ever}-  indi- 
vidual case  the  protecting  power  of  the  alcohol  is  manifest.  In  some  instances  it  is  slightly 
inferior  and  in  others  it  is  slightly  superior  in  this  respect,  and  on  the  average  it  is  just  about 
equal  to  the  nutrients  which  it  replaced. 


264 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


So  far  as  we  are  aware  these  are  tlie  only  experiments  in  which  the  power  of  alcohol  to  pro- 
tect fats  has  been  determined  by  direct  quantitative  tests.  While  there  are  numerou.s  experi- 
ments on  record  which  have  seemed  to  indicate  that  alcohol  has  this  power,  we  have  found  none 
which  seem  to  us  to  imply  the  opposite.''  Fortunately  this  question,  which  is  one  of  no  little 
importance,  thus  seems  to  be  so  clearly  settled  as  to  require  no  further  discussion.  Such  is  not  the 
case  with  the  similar  question  regarding  the  power  of  alcohol  to  protect  protein  from  consumption. 

PROTECTION   OF  BODY   PROTEIN. 

As  regards  the  protection  of  body  protein  by  alcohol,  the  results  of  the  experiments  are 
variable,  but  on  the  whole  the  cataljolism  of  protein,  as  measured  by  the  amount  of  nitrogen 
excreted  bv  the  kiduevs.  was  slightly  larger  in  the  ex])eriments  with  than  in  those  without 
alcohol.  In  discussing  the  effect  of  alcohol  upon  protein  metabolism,  we  must  consider  the 
A-ariations  from  day  to  day  in  the  amount  of  nitrogen  excreted  in  the  urine  when  alcohol  forms  a 
part  of  the  diet,  and  compare  them  with  the  variations  in  similar  experiments  in  which  alcohol 
is  not  included  in  the  diet.  The  data  of  the  daily  eliminations  of  nitrogen  by  the  different 
subjects  in  experiments  with  and  without  alcohol  are  summarized  in  Table  CXXIII  in  the 
Appendix. 

What  especially  concerns  us  here  is  the  influence  of  the  substitution  of  alcohol  for  a  portion 
of  the  ordinary  food  upon  the  gain  or  loss  of  body  protein.  As  this  seems  to  depend  largely 
upon  the  individual,  it  will  be  well  to  discuss  the  experiments  with  the  three  subjects  separately. 

Erperhnenis  with  E.  0. — With  this  subject  there  was  a  marked  tendency  to  excrete  more 
nitrogen  in  the  urine  on  either  the  day  before  or  the  day  after  he  entered  the  respiration  chamber. 
This  tendency  was  as  noticeable  in  the  experiments  without  as  in  those  with  alcohol.  This  varia- 
tion in  nitrogen  excretion  is  independent  of  either  the  character  of  the  food  or  the  activity  of  the 
subject,  and  appears  to  be  due  to  a  psychic  cause  that  is  little  understood.  Since  this  variation 
was  often  much  larger  than  any  which  could  be  attributed  to  the  alcohol,  we  hesitate  to  assign  to 
the  latter  any  deflnite  and  uniform  effect  upon  the  metabolism  of  nitrogen. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  there  is  no  experiment  with  E.  O.  in  which  an  alcohol  diet  immediately 
preceded  or  followed  a  diet  furnishing  the  same  amount  of  energy  from  ordinary  food  materials 
without  alcohol.  There  are.  however,  a  number  of  separate  experiments  which  may  be  compared, 
as  is  done  in  Table  1.5. 


T.A13I.H;  15. — Exfifi-'initnla  iritli  E.  0. — Gaina  and  losses  of  bodi/  protein  and  fat  wilh  and  without  alcohol. 


MiiltK    DIRECThV   <l).MI'AKABLE. 

liest  experiiiienlK. 


Without  alcohol,  Xos.  ti,  i'4 
With  alcohol,  Xos.  10,  22  . . 


Work  ej:perirne)Us. 


Without  alcohol,  No.    11 
With  alcohol,  Xo.  12  ... 


Uitit  and  \Kork  ijpi'.i 


Average  per  day 


Total     j 
number 
of  (lays.  I 


III  iivailable  food. 


Gain  (  +  )  or  loss  (-). 


114 
116 


110 
113 


il2 
11.5 


Calorics. 
2,(518 
2,  002 


.3,  .510 
;;,614 


2,91,5 
2,  939 


Grams. 
-1.0 
-2.8 


-3.0 
-1.0 


-1.6 


Grams. 
-i-39.0 
-t-42.0 


-39.7 
•32.  2 


-1-12.7 
-M7.? 


Without  alcohol,  Xos.  9,  24,  11 1 

With  alcohol.  Nos.  10,  22,  12 1 

"See  review  nf  experiinent-  on  the  effect.s  of  alcohol  on  the  metabolism  of  carbon  in  the  report  of  the  Committee 
of  Fifty  referred  to  on  jiage  261. 


MEMOIKS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  .SCIENCES.  2B5 

Tadi.e  lo. E.ruerimenls  with  /•-'.  O. — (iitiux  <ni(l  luxwx  of  hody  protein  and  fat  vitli  and  iritltout  alcoliol — Continued. 


LESS   IMKECTl.Y    COMPAHAnLE. 

/.Vs(  (.fpcrimeiitx. 


Without  alooliol,  Xos.  i:!,  14". 
With  alcohol,  No.  7 


WEUACiE    OK    ALL    ABOVE. 


Without  alcohol 
With  alcohol... 


Average  per  <iay. 


Total 
number 
of  days. 


In  iivailable  food. 


Gain  (+)  or  loss  (-). 


Calorics.  Grams. 

2,294  i       -12.0 
2,230  I       —12.0 


+25.  7 
-14.  3 


2,  760  i       -  4. 2  +16. 0 

2,762  I       -  4.6  I         +9.4 


"Nos.  13  and  14  avera.ged  as  one  experiment. 

In  the  less  directly  comparable  experiments  Nos.  13  and  14  are  grouped  together  as  one. 
since  the  average  cpiantities  of  protein  and  energy  are  the  .same  as  in  No.  7.  The  details,  how- 
ever, show  that  while  the  quantities  of  energy  in  the  rations  were  the  same  in  both,  No.  13  had 
110  and  No.  ll  only  89  grams  of  protein.  Nevertheless  the  results  as  regard.s  gain  or  lo.ss  of 
body  material  were  almost  identical.  In  each  there  was  a  lo.ss  of  12  gram.s  of  protein  and  in 
No.  13  there  was  a  gain  of  27  grams  and  in  No.  14  a  gain  of  21:  grams  of  fat.  The  experiments 
were  40  days  apart.  We  laj'  especial  stress  upon  this  circumstance,  because  it  illustrates  the 
futility  of  drawing  final  conclusions  from  a  single  experiment.  In  each  of  these  case.s  the 
metabolism  experiment  was  preceded  l)y  a  period  of  i  days  with  similar  diet  while  the  subject 
was  out.side  the  calorimeter,  but  in  neither  case  was  nitrogen  equilibrium  ol)tained.  Neither  one 
of  these  experiments,  therefore,  could  be  taken  as  a  })asis  for  conclusion  as  to  the  quantity  of 
protein  required  for  either  nitrogen  equilibrium  or  constant  elimination  of  nitrogen.  A  special 
reason  for  citing  them  here  with  No.  7  is  that  they  were  made  with  the  .same  subject  as  the  other 
experiments  of  the  table. 

The  chief  reliance  is  to  be  placed  upon  the  more  directly  comparable  experiments.  In  those 
in  which  the  subject  was  at  rest,  the  alcohol  ration  furnished  2  grams  more  protein  and  16  less 
calories  of  energy  per  dav  than  the  nonalcohol  ration.  There  was  a  larger  loss  of  protein  by  1.8 
grams  and  a  larger  gain  of  fat  by  3  grams  with  the  alcohol.  These  ditterences  are  all  very  small, 
but  in  so  far  as  they  go  they  imply  that  the  alcohol  was  somewhat  less  efficient  as  a  protector  of 
protein  than  the  fats  and  carbohydrates  which  it  replaced.  In  the  work  experiments  the  alcohol 
ration  supplied  3  grams  more  of  protein  and  1<I4  calories  more  of  energy  than  the  other.  With 
both  there  was  a  loss  of  protein,  the  amount  being  3  grams  per  day  without  and  1  gram  per  day 
with  alcohol;  but  since  the  alcohol  ration  furnished  3  grams  of  protein  more  than  the  other, 
there  remains  a  deficit  of  1  gram  of  protein  per  day  against  the  alcohol  ration  as  compared  with 
that  without  alcohol,  and  that  notwithstanding  the  larger  fuel  value  of  the  diet.  Here  again  the 
alcohol  ration  is  slightly  inferior  in  protein  protecting  power. 

Taking  the  rest  and  work  experiments  together,  the  alcohol  rations,  with  an  average  of  3 
grams  of  protein  and  24  calories  of  energy  per  day  more  than  the  nonalcohol  ration,  show  a 
greater  loss  of  protein  by  0.6  gram  per  day.  On  the  other  hand  there  is  a  slightly  larger 
average  gain  of  fat  with  the  alcohol. 

If  we  reckon  the  less  comparable  experiments  in  the  general  average,  we  have  111  grams  of 
protein  with  alcohol  as  against  lOlt  grams  without  it.  while  the  quantities  of  energy  are  the  same 
in  both  rations.  The  average  loss  of  protein  is  0.4  gram  greater  and  the  gain  of  fat  5.6  grams 
less  with  the  alcohol:  but  of  course  much  less  stress  is  to  be  laid  upon  the  less  comparable 
experiments. 

On  the  whole  it  is  clear  that  in  these  experiments  with  this  subject  the  alcohol  was  not  as  efS- 
cient  as  isodynamic  quantities  of  fats  and  carljohydrates  in  protecting  j)rotcin.     Notwithstanding 


2(i6 


:^IEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


the  energy  of  the  alcohol  was  actually  larger  than  that  of  the  fats  and  carbohydrates  which  it 
replaced,  it  did  not  equal  them  in  protecting  power.  The  diii'erence  is  the  more  striking  because 
of  the  slightly  larger  average  quantities  of  protein  in  the  alcohol  rations.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  diflerences  between  the  amounts  of  protein  and  energy  in  the  alcohol  as  compared  with  the 
nonalcohol  experiments  are  so  slight  as  to  imply  only  a  slight  inferiority  of  the  alcohol  in  the 
protection  of  protein. 

While  the  alcohol  was  not  isodynamically  equal  to  the  carbohydrates  and  fats  in  protecting 
power,  it  would  be  going  vevy  far  to  deny  that  the  experiments  impl3'  a  positive  protecting 
action.  Not  only  were  the  differences  in  favor  of  the  protecting  power  of  the  carbohydrates  and 
fats  as  compared  with  the  alcohol  very  small,  but  the  ([uantity  of  energy  supplied  by  the  alcohol 
was  large.  To  claim  that  the  alcohol  has  no  protecting  power  would  be  to  assume  that  the  same 
reduction  of  fats  and  carbohydrates  in  the  rations  without  any  replacement  by  alcohol  would 
have  resulted  in  no  greater  differences  in  protein  protection.  This  is  in  the  highest  degree 
improbable. 

In  this  connection  the  results  of  experiments  Nos.  22,  23,  2-i  above  referred  to  are  worthy 
of  consideration.  \Yith  the  normal  ration,  plus  alcohol,  there  was  a  gain  of  1.4  grams  of  protein 
and  63  grams  of  fat  per  daj^;  but  when,  in  the  period  immediately  following,  the  alcohol  was 
removed,  there  was  a  loss  of  1.6  grams  of  protein  and  a  gain  of  onh'  9  grams  of  fatl 

Experiments  vnth  A.  W.  S. — With  this  subject  we  have  but  one  series  of  rest  experiments. 
This  consisted  of  a  preliminary  period  of  -i  days,  followed  by  four  experimental  iDeriods,  during 
which  the  subject  was  in  the  respiration  chamber.  Throughout  the  preliminary  and  experi- 
mental periods  there  was  a  uniform  basal  ration  of  ordinary  food,  supplying  about  90  grams  of 
protein  and  2,0-10  calories  of  energy.  To  this  was  added,  in  the  preliminary  period  of  1  days, 
commercial  alcohol,  furnishing  about  500  calories  of  energy.  The  nitrogen  in  the  urine  during 
the  successive  days  was  12.2,  16,  19,  16.1  grams;  that  is  to  saj",  there  was  a  marked  increase  of 
protein  catabolism  during  the  whole  period.  The  first  three  experiments  proper  were  of  2  days 
each.  In  the  first  of  these  periods  commercial  alcohol,  in  the  second  whisky,  and  in  the  third 
brandj'  was  added  to  the  basal  rations,  the  quantities  being  sufficient  to  furnish  the  same  amount, 
about  500  calories,  of  energy.  The  daily  quantities  of  nitrogen  in  the  urine  were  17.1,  15.4, 
14.7,  14.2,  13.8,  and  14.4  grams;  that  is  to  saj^,  the  rise  in  nitrogen  excretion  continued  through 
the  first  day  of  the  first  period;  thereafter  it  fell.  During  the  fourth  period  of  3  days  the  basal 
ration  was  given  without  the  alcohol.  The  nitrogen  excretion  was  14.5,  16.2,  15.4  grams,  thus 
showing  an  increase  again.  The  natural  inference  is  that  with  this  subject,  who  had  always  been 
an  abstainer,  the  rise  in  nitrogen  excretion  at  first  was  due  to  the  alcohol.  The  very  evident  fall 
after  the  fifth  day  implies  that  the  action  of  alcohol  in  increasing  the  nitrogen  was  transitory, 
and  that  it  had  passed  away  at  the  end  of  the  third  period.  The  increase  of  nitrogen  excretion 
in  the  fourth  period  was  apparently  due  to  the  reduction  of  the  ration  by  the  removal  of  the 
alcohol. 

The  average  gains  and  losses  of  protein  and  fat  for  the  separate  periods  may  be  tabulated  as 
follows: 


Period. 

Days. 

Alcohol  addeci  to  basal  ration. 

Gain  (  +  )  or  loss  (— ) 
grains  per  day. 

Firit 

2 
2 
2 
.3 

Protein. 
-12 

-  0 
+  2 

-  3 

Fat. 
+25 

Wlii,-kv     

+35 

Thinl 

+21 

Fourth 

-25 

We  thus  have  a  gradual  change  from  a  loss  of  nitrogen  to  equilibrium  and  positive  gain 
with  the  alcohol,  and  on  its  removal  a  positive  loss.  With  the  fat  there  is  a  constant  gain  with 
the  alcohol  and  marked  loss  on  its  removal. 

While  it  would  be  unwise  to  generalize  from  a  single  series  of  experiments,  the  indications 
here  point  clearly  toward  three  conclusions:    (1)  The  alcohol  at   first   caused  an    increase   of 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


267 


iiitroo'en  niotaholi.sm  aiul  lo.s.s  of  l)ocly  protein,  l)ut  thi.s  ctfeot  was  temporary;  (2)  thereafter 
the  alcohol  protected  body  protein;  (3)  the  alcohol  protected  fat  throughout. 

E.TjM-riments  ir/'f/i  J.  F.  S. — With  the  third  .subject  there  was  opportunity  to  observe  the 
immediate  effect  produced  upon  nitrogen  metabolism  by  the  .substitution  of  alcohol  for  a  part  of 
the  ordinary  nutrients  of  the  diet.  Three  series  of  experiments  were  made.  Each  included  three 
periods  of  3  days  each.  In  each  series  the  subject  received  the  .same  basal  ration  throughout, 
))ut  in  addition  thereto  enough  of  either  butter,  sugar,  or  alcohol  to  furnish  about  500  calories. 
In  the  tirst  series  the  subject  was  at  rest,  and  the  order  of  addition  wa.s  butter,  alcohol,  sugar. 
In  the  .second  series  the  subject  was  at  work  and  received  a  larger  diet,  the  order  being  sugar, 
alcohol,  butter.  The  third  series  was  similar  in  all  respects  to  the  second  except  that  the  order 
was  butter,  alcohol,  sugar. 

These  experiuients  were  thus  better  adapted  than  any  of  those  previously  discussed  to  show 
the  immediate  effect  of  the  substitution  of  alcohol  for  other  nutrients  in  the  diet,  and  in  each  case 
it  will  be  seen  that  this  substitution  resulted  in  a  loss  (or  an  increased  loss)  of  bodj'  protein, 
which  loss  continued  through  the  3  days  of  the  alcohol  period.  The  subject  was  unused  to 
alcoholic  beverages,  and  from  what  has  already  been  said  such  a  loss  of  protein  during  the  first 
few  days  of  the  alcohol  diet  was  to  be  expected  from  the  results  of  other  similar  experiments. 
Whether  this  loss  would  have  ceased  on  continuing  the  alcohol  diet,  as  seems  to  have  been  the  case 
with  A.  W.  S.,  the  experiments  do  not  show. 


Experiments  w'dli  J.  F.  S. — Gaing  and  lossen  of  body  protein  and  fat  with  and  without  alcohol. 


Total 
days. 

Average 

per  day. 

Experiments. 

In  available  food. 

Gain  (+)  or  loss  (— ). 

Protein. 

Energy. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Rest  e.cperirtients. 
Without  alcohol,  Nos.  26, 28 

6 
3 

12 
6 

18 
9 

'"""92 
92 

95 
94 

94 
93 

Calories. 
2,253 
2,264 

3, 251 
3,255 

2,918 
2,911 

Grams. 

-  4.0 

-  6.0 

-  6.1 
-14.  5 

-  5.4 
-11.6 

Grams.  ■ 
-L23. 1 

With  alcohol.  No.  27 

+  18.2 

Work  e.rperimentf. 
AVithout  alcohol,  Noa.  29, 31, 32, 34 

With  alcohol.  No?.  30,  .33   

27  7 

.1  teraije  of  all  abore. 

-10.6 

With  alcohol 

—12.4 

Thus  all  of  the  experiments  with  this  subject  would  indicate  clearly  that  for  periods  of  3  days 
the  alcohol  was  inferior  to  either  fat  or  carbohydrates  as  a  protector  of  protein.  It  should  be 
stated,  also,  that  the  loss  of  body  protein  with  the  alcohol  was  greater  than  the  figures  in  the  table 
would  indicate,  for  the  nitrogen  elimination  of  the  period  preceding  the  alcohol  was  in  each  case 
slightly  increased  by  the  entrance  of  the  subject  into  the  respiration  chamber,  while  that  of  the 
period  following  the  alcohol  is  increased  bj-  the  lag  in  the  excretion  of  the  extra  nitrogen 
metabolized  under  the  influence  of  the  alcohol.  The  lag  would,  of  course,  likewise  prevent  the 
effect  of  the  alcohol  from  l)ecoming  fully  apparent  in  the  first  day  of  the  alcohol  period.  Hence 
a  better  idea  of  the  actual  effect  of  the  alcohol  would  probably  be  obtained  by  omitting  from 
consideration  the  first  day  of  each  period.  The  average  elimination  of  nitrogen  thus  becomes, 
in  the  fore  periods,  15. .5  grams,  in  the  alcohol  periods,  17.1  grams,  and  in  the  after  period,  15.5 
grams  per  da}*,  showing  a  difference  in  favor  of  the  ordinary  nutrients  of  1.6  grams  of  nitrogen, 
or  10  grams  of  protein  instead  of  6.2  grams,  as  shown  in  the  preceding  table. 

It  is  also  noticeable  that  the  loss  of  body  protein  under  the  influence  of  alcohol  was  larger 
with  this  subject  when  at  work  than  when  at  rest.     The  difference  is  not  great  and  may  be 


268  MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADExMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

simply  iiccidental.  It  inig-bt.  however,  be  interpreted  as  indicating-  tliat  the  subject  worlved  to 
better  advantage  on  the  ordinary  diet  than  on  the  diet  of  which  a  part  was  alcohol.  This  would 
accord  with  the  conclusions  drawn  by  Chauveau  from  experiments  on  dogs"  and  by  Parkes  from 
extended  observations  on  marching  soldiers  and  working-men." 

Si/mmart/.^-ln  interpreting  these  experiments  two  things  are  to  be  considered.  One  is  that 
the  difl'ercnccs  between  the  amounts  of  nitrogen  excreted  with  and  without  alcohol  are  generallj^ 
very  small.  The  other  is  that  there  is  good  ground  for  the  belief  that  with  persons  little 
accustomed  to  the  use  of  alcohol  it  may  have  a  tendency  to  increase  nitrogen  metabolism,  which 
may  counteract,  to  greater  or  less  extent,  the  tendency  to  protect  protein,  though,  with  some 
persons  at  least,  this  action  ajipears  to  be  temporary.  The  results  with  the  individual  sulijects 
may  be  briefly  recapitulated  as  follows: 

With  E.  O. ,  who  was  accustomed  to  the  use  of  moderate  quantities  of  alcoholic  beverages,  the 
pi'otein  protecting  power  of  the  alcohol  was  apparent,  but  seemed  to  be  somewhat  inferior  to 
that  of  fats  and  carbohydrates. 

With  A.  W.  S..  an  abstainer,  there  was  an  increase  of  nitrogen  excretion  during  the  first 
days  after  the  beginning-  of  the  alcohol  diet,  with  a  resulting  loss  of  body  protein,  but  this  action 
ceased  after  5  or  6  days,  and  thereafter  the  alcohol  apparently  protected  protein,  though  the 
experiments  do  not  show  how  its  eSiciency  in  this  respect  compared  with  that  of  the  carboh  vdrates 
and  fats. 

With  J.  F.  S.,  who  was  also  an  abstainer,  there  was,  in  each  case,  an  increase  of  nitrogen 
excretion  and  loss  of  body  protein  during  the  3-day  periods  in  which  the  alcohol  replaced  fat  or 
sugar.  There  was  thus  a  marked  inferiority  of  alcohol  in  protecting  power.  The  result  is 
similar  to  that  observed  with  A.  W.  S.  during  the  first  days  with  alcohol,  but  the  experiments 
do  not  show  what  the  effect  of  continuing  the  alcohol  diet  would  have  l)een,  and  thej'  are, 
therefore,  not  decisive. 

Taking  the  results  of  all  the  experiments  together,  it  may  be  said  that — 

1.  The}'  offer  no  evidence  to  imply  that  alcohol  can  not  protect  protein,  though  the}-  impl}' 
in  some  case.s  it  may,  at  least  for  a  time,  fail  to  do  so. 

2.  On  the  other  hand,  they  give  yevy  marked  indications  of  its  protein  protecting  power. 

3.  They  imply  clearly  that  in  this  respect  it  was  in  some  cases  nearlv  or  quite  equal  and 
in  others  decidedly  inferior  to  the  isodynamic  amounts  of  carbohydrates  and  fats  which  it 
replaced. 

Other  expeniiwnU  upon  the  protection  of prrotein  hy  alcohol. — It  is  clear  that  the  experiments 
above  described  are  not  conclusive  regarding  the  action  of  alcohol  in  protecting  protein  from 
consumption.  The}'  were  not  planned  for  the  study  of  this  subject.  To  make  the  results  decisive 
the  alcohol  periods  should  be  long  enough  to  eliminate  the  more  or  less  temporary  action  of 
alcohol  as  a  drug:  the  available  energy  of  the  ration  of  the  nonalcohol  periods  should  equal  in 
some  cases  the  total  available  energy  of  the  alcohol  ration,  while  in  other  cases  it  should  equal 
only  that  of  the  ordinary  food  of  the  alcohol  ration,  and  finally,  the  experiments  should  be 
repeated  with  different  persons  and  under  different  conditions.  These  facts  we  did  not  fully 
understand  when  the  experiments  were  begun,  nor  would  it  have  been  practicable  with  the  means 
at  our  disj)osal  to  make  such  experiments  with  men  in  the  respiration  calorimeter  as  would  be 
needed  for  the  comprehensive  study  of  the  question.  Experiments  of  from  twenty  to  thirty  con- 
secutive days  seem  necessary  for  the  most  satisfactory  results.  For  a  man  to  spend  so  long-  a 
time  in  the  respiration  chamber  of  our  apparatus  would  be,  to  say  the  least,  very  tedious,  and  the 
cost  of  such  experiments,  in  labor  and  mone}%  would  have  exceeded  our  available  resoui'ces. 
Fortunately,  the;  results  obtained  l)y  a  iuunl)er  of  other  investigators,  while  our  experiments  were 
being  made  and  since,  have  ddni-  nuich  to  claiify  the  situation  as  regards  the  effects  of  alcohol 
upon  protein  metabolism. 

"Compt.  rend.  Acad.  d.  Sc.     Par.  1.32,  pp.  65  and  110. 

'■  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  20  (1871-72),  402.  and  monograph  "On  the  issue  of  a  spirit  ration  durinjr  the  Ashanteecanijiaign, 
1874,"  etc.     London,  1875. 


ME.MUIKS  ( )F  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES.  269 

Rofcrrintr  to  the  :it)uvo-iiiinu'd  reviews  of  the  subject."  and  espeeitilly  to  that  of  Koseniaiin 
for  details  and  references  to  the  original  memoirs,  it  will  suffice  here  to  summarize  the  results. 
It  appears  that: 

1.  A  larg-e  number  of  early  experiments  have  brought  conflicting  results,  some  implying 
the  protection  of  protein  by  alcohol;  others  the  opposite.  Of  the  former  class  those  of  ]\Iogili- 
anski  are  of  especial  interest.  Of  the  latter  those  of  Miura.  made  under  the  direction  of  Van 
Noorden.  and  those  of  Schmidt  and  of  Schoeneseifl'en.  under  the  direction  of  Rosemann.  have 
been  much  quoted.  The  general  plan  of  experimenting  followed  l)y  these  three  investigators 
consisted  in  giving  the  subject  an  ordinary  diet  for  a  time  and  observing  the  nitrogen  lialance. 
Thereafter,  during  a  period  of  four  to  six  days,  alcohol  was  used.  In  ^liura's  case  the  alcohol 
was  substituted  for  carbohydrates  in  a  diet  which  had  been  adequate  for  maintaining  nitrogen 
equilibrium:  but  with  the  alcoiiol  the  excretion  of  nitrogen  increased  and  the  body  lost  nitrogen. 
With  Schnudt.  alcohol  was  added  to  a  diet  with  which  nitrogen  equilibrium  had  been  maintained; 
the  alcohol  did  not  diminish  the  excretion  of  the  nitrogen  and  the  equililirium  continued.  With 
Schoeneseitfen.  alcohol  was  added  to  an  inadeciuate  diet  with  which  there  was  loss  of  nitrogen; 
the  loss  continued  with  the  alcohol. 

These  experiments  have  furnished  the  chief  basis  for  the  contention  that  alcohol  can  not 
protect  protein.  In  Miura's  case  the  increase  of  nitrogen  excretion  with  the  alcohol  was  as  large, 
and.  indeed,  in  one  instance  very  slightly  larger,  than  when  the  carliohydrates  were  removed  and 
no  alcohol  was  used  in  their  place.  Miura.  and  after  him  Rosemann  and  others,  inferred  that 
alcohol  was  unable  to  protect  protein  from  disintegration,  and  went  so  far  as  to  ascribe  to  it 
a  positive  disintegnxting  action  and  to  apply  to  it  the  term  "proteid  poison." 

2.  Neumann,  in  18!*y.  made  experiments  on  a  similar  plan,  save  that  the  alcohol  period  was 
continued  for  sixteen  days,  during  which  part  of  the  fat  of  the  normal  diet  was  replaced  by 
alcohol.  He  found  that  during  the  tirst  four  days  of  the  alcohol  period  there  was  no  evidence  of 
protein  protection;  the  nitrogen  excretion  was  increased  and  was  as  large  as  during  another 
period  when  the  ordinary  ration  was  reduced  and  no  alcohol  was  used  in  its  place.  Thereafter 
the  nitrogen  excretion  diminished,  and  during  the  remaining  twelve  days  of  the  alcohol  period  it 
was  the  same  as  with  the  normal  ration.  When  the  alcohol  was  removed  and  nothing  substituted 
the  excretion  of  nitrogen  increased  as  before.  Neumann  concludes  that  in  his  own  case  the 
failure  of  the  alcohol  to  protect  protein  at  tirst  was  probably  due  to  a  specific  though  temporary 
action  by  which  it  tended  to  increase  the  disintegration  of  protein  so  that  the  tendency  to  protein 
protection  was  counteracted.  Later  this  special  action  disappeared  and  the  protecting  action 
came  into  full  play. 

Neumann's  interpretation  of  his  experiments  was  questioned  by  Rosemann.  who  has  been  a  most 
vigorous  opponent  of  the  theory  that  alcohol  can  protect  protein,  and  a  keen  critic  of  the  experi- 
ments which  have  seemed  to  favor  this  view.  He  maintained  the  disintegrating,  but  questioned 
the  protecting  action  of  the  alcohol,  alleging  defects  in  the  plans  of  Neumann's  experiments. 
Neumann,  without  replying,  repeated  his  experiments  in  such  ways  as  to  meet  Rosemann's  objec- 
tions, and  found  conclusive  evidence  of  the  protecting  power  of  the  alcohol,  these  later  results 
being  published  early  in  1900.  In  1901.  Chotzen.  working  under  the  direction  of  Rosenfeld.  and 
in  19nl.  Clopatt.  each  published  results  of  inquiries  which  agreed  with  Neuuiann's.  Meantime 
Rosemann  made  several  series  of  experiments  of  his  own.  the  outcome  of  which,  to  his  surprise, 
clearly  demonstrated  the  protecting  power  of  alcohol,  and  confirmed  the  views  maintained  by 
Neumann.  He  has  taken  the  pains  to  prepare  an  extensive  summary  of  the  experimenting  in 
this  field. ''  in  which  he  assents  fully  to  the  interpretation  placed  by  Neumami.  Rosenfeld.  Chotzen. 
and  Clopatt  upon  their  experiments;  believes  that  the  protection  of  protein  is  shown  by  other 
experiments,  as  those  of  ilogilianski;  considers  it  fully  demonstrated  by  his  own  experiments;  and 

'Rosemann  inteqirets  two  of  our  experiments.  Xos.  7  and  10,  the  only  ones  then  published,  as  not  showing  the 
protection  of  protein:  an  interpretation  from  which  we  should  not  dissent,  since  Xo.  7  was  exceptional,  and  two 
experiments  couM  hanfly  suffice  for  the  establishment  of  the  principle. 
*■  See  page  261. 


270  MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

comes  to  the  definite  conclusion  tlnat  alcohol  has  a  twofold  influence  upon  the  metabolism  of  pro- 
tein, as  previously  sug-gested  by  Neumann.  He  is  inclined  to  believe,  with  Neumann,  that  the 
disintegrating  action  is  most  apt  to  occur  with  persons  little  accustomed  to  the  use  of  alcohol,  and 
is  of  short  duration,  while  in  its  action  as  a  protector  of  protein  it  is  analogous  to  the  carbohy- 
drates and  fats,  its  influence  being  due  to  the  utilization  of  its  energy  b}^  the  bodj'.  According  to 
this  view,  the  results  obtained  bj'  Miura  and  others,  in  whose  experiments  the  alcohol  pei'iods 
continued  only  from  four  to  six  daj'S,  are  explained  by  the  disintegrating  action  of  the  alcohol, 
which  counteracted  the  protecting  action,  so  that  the  resultant  effect  was  an  apparent  failure  of 
the  alcohol  to  protect  protein.  With  Neumann  the  alcohol  pei'iods  continued  after  this  disin- 
tegrating action  ceased,  and  showed  the  more  permanent  protecting  influence.  The  fact  that  in  a 
number  of  the  experiments  the  protecting  influence  was  manifested  from  the  start  is  explained 
by  the  absence  or  only  partial  action  of  the  disintegrating  tendency. 

We  have,  then,  a  clearly  defined  theory  regarding  the  influence  of  alcohol  upon  proteid 
metabolism.  This  theory  assumes  two  different  kinds  of  action  of  alcohol.  In  the  one  it  is  a  direct 
protector  of  protein,  and  serves  the  body  as  food;  in  the  other  it  tends  to  disintegrate  protein, 
and  acts  as  a  drug.  The  belief  in  the  first  action  follows  as  a  corollary  from  the  oxidation  of 
alcohol  in  the  body  and  the  transformation  of  its  energ}'.  In  undergoing  these  changes  alcohol 
is  similar  to  sugar,  starch,  and  fat,  which,  by  their  own  oxidation  and  consequent  supply  of 
energy  to  the  body  are  able  to  protect  the  constituents  of  the  food  and  of  the  body,  including 
protein,  from  oxidation.  That  alcohol  may  and  does  protect  protein  is  abundantly  demonstrated 
by  the  experiments  above  cited. 

The  disintegrating  influence  of  alcohol  upon  protein  is  less  definitely  proven.  The  theoiy 
is  little  more  than  a  convenient  hypothesis  for  explaining  the  failure  of  alcohol,  under  some 
circumstances,  to  protect  protein.  It  is  the  only  satisfactory  hypothesis  which  has  thus  far 
been  suggested.  It  is  all  the  easier  to  accept  because  of  the  considerations  that  the  breaking 
up  of  protein  compounds  in  the  body  seems  to  be  influenced,  in  some  unexplained  way  or  ways, 
by  the  nervous  system,  and  this  latter  in  turn  is  influenced  b}' alcohol.  In  our  own  experiments, 
for  instance,  the  excretion  of  nitrogen  is  apparently  affected  at  times  by  the  mental  condition  of 
the  subject. 

In  large  enough  doses  alcohol  has  a  paralyzing  effect,  and  maj"^  thus  reduce  general  metabolism 
to  a  minimum  and  cause  coma  or  even  death.  There  is  no  proof  that  it  can  not,  on  the  other 
hand,  increase  proteid  metabolism. 

The  positive  proof  of  the  disintegrating  action  of  alcohol  upon  pi'otein  is  limited  in  amount. 
The  experimental  demonstration  must  be  sought  in  cases  in  which  more  protein  is  broken  down 
with  alcohol  than  without  it,  the  ration  of  ordinary  food  being  otherwise  the  same  in  both 
cases.  We  have  been  able  to  find  only  three  cases  on  record  in  which  the  amount  of  protein 
thus  broken  down  with  alcohol  apparently  exceeded  hy  more  than  0.1  gram  of  nitrogen  per  day 
the  amount  broken  down  without  alcohol.  They  are  discussed  in  the  review  above  referred  to. 
The  first  was  in  one  of  Miura's  experiments,  in  which  the  excess  with  alcohol  amounted  to 
0..5  gram  of  nitrogen  (3.2  grams  of  protein)  per  day  during  an  alcohol  period  of  four  days. 
The  second  was  in  one  of  Neumann's  experiments,  in  which  the  excess  during  the  first  four 
days  of  an  alcohol  period  of  ten  days  was  0.9  gram  of  nitrogen  per  day.  During  the  remaining 
six  days  of  the  same  period  the  nitrogen  excretion  was  less  by  1.5  grams  per  da}^  than  in  the 
corresponding  period  without  alcohol.  The  third  was  in  an  experiment  bj'  Clopatt.  During 
the  first  six  days  of  an  alcohol  period  of  twelve  days  the  nitrogen  excretion  exceeded  that  of 
a  corresponding  period  without  alcohol  by  2  grams  per  day.  During  the  remaining  six  days 
of  the  same  alcohol  period  the  nitrogen  excretion  was  less  by  l.-t  grams  per  day  than  it  was 
without  alcohol. 

It  seems  to  the  writers  that  in  view  of  the  unavoidable  irregularities  in  the  nitrogen  balance  in 
such  experimenting  these  data  arc  insufficient  to  demonstrate  the  disintegrating  action  of  alcohol, 
but,  taken  in  connection  with  the  need  of  an  explanation  for  the  occasional  failure  of  alcohol  to 
protect  protein,  they  make  the  theory  plausible. 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  tjCIENCES.  271 

Sources  of  uncertainty  In  this  kind  of  experimenting . — One  point  wnich  has  hardly  received 
the  attention  it  deserves  in  discussions  of  this  kind  is  the  uncertainty  of  the  nitro<;en  balance  in 
any  given  case  as  a  measure  of  the  actual  inHuence  of  a  given  condition  upon  nitrogen  metab- 
olism. This  has  been  emphasized  elsewhere  in  the  present  memoir  (see  pp.  3'.*H  and  394).  Differ- 
ences which  look  large  in  a  table  of  figures  are  often  far  inside  the  unavoidable  variations  in 
actual  ex'ijerimenting. 

Even  when  the  diti'ei'ences  are  significant  the  interpretation  may  be  erroneous.  A  striking 
illustration  of  the  danger  of  such  error  is  found  in  the  current  discussion  of  the  question  we  are 
now  considering.  For  a  number  of  years  past  writers  upon  this  subject  have  insisted  most 
positively  that  alcohol,  instead  of  being  a  protector  of  protein,  is  a  protein  poison.  This  theory 
is  based  almost  wholly  upon  the  experiments  of  Miura,  Schmidt,  and  Schoeneseifi'en.  The  experi- 
ments of  Neumann,  Rosenfeld-Chotzen,  Clopatt,  and  Rosemann,  not  to  speak  of  others,  including 
our  own,  have  shown  that  this  theory  was  wrong  and  have  given  us  a  very  plausible  hypothesis 
to  explain  why  it  was  wrong. 

We  can  not  insist  too  strongly  upon  the  danger  of  drawing  positive  conclusions  from  figures 
for  nitrogen  balance  as  a  measure  of  protein  protection  by  either  alcohol  or  sugar  or  starch  or 
fat.  Certainty  comes  only  with  careful  planning  and  execution  and  manifold  repetition  of 
experiments. 

Incidentall}',  it  is  to  be  noted  that  the  excretion  of  nitrogen  in  the  urine  is  not  necessarily  an 
exact  measure  of  the  amount  of  proteid  broken  down  in  short  periods,  since  the  time  between  the 
disintegration  of  the  protein  and  the  appearance  of  the  nitrogen  in  the  urine,  the  so-called 
nitrogen  lag,  varies  widely.  The  longer  the  experimental  period  the  less  the  error  from  this 
source. 

Finally,  there  is  the  unsettled  question  as  to  how  much  of  the  protein  metabolized  is  that  of 
food  and  how  much  comes  from  organized  tissue. 

Final  conclusions  regarding  the  influence  of  alcohol  ujxm  protein  metaholisnx. — The 
experiments  and  considerations  above  cited  seem  to  us  to  wari'ant  the  following  conclusions: 

1.  The  power  of  alcohol  to  protect  the  protein  of  food  or  bod}'  tissue,  or  both,  from 
consumption  is  clearly  demonstrated.  Its  action  in  this  respect  appears  to  be  similar  to  that  of 
the  carboh3'drates  and  fats;  that  is  to  say,  in  its  oxidation  it  3'ields  energy  needed  by  the  body, 
and  thus  saves  other  substances  from  oxidation.  In  this  way  alcohol  serves  the  body  as  food. 
Just  how  moderate  quantities  of  alcohol  compare  with  isodynamic  amounts  of  sugar,  starch,  and 
fat  in  the  power  to  protect  protein  from  catabolism  is  not  yet  settled.  Apparently  it  is  in  some 
cases  equal,  in  others  inferior,  to  these  substances.  It  is  by  no  means  certain  that  the  fats  and 
carbohydrates  are  always  equal  to  each  other  in  this  power. 

2.  Alcohol  appears  also  to  exert  at  times  a  special  action  as  a  drug.  In  large  quantities  it  is 
positively  toxic,  and  may  retard  or  even  prevent  metabolism  in  general  and  pi'oteid  metabolism 
in  particular.  In  small  doses  it  seems  at  times  to  have  an  opposite  influence,  tending  to  increase 
the  disintegration  of  protein.  This  action,  though  not  conclusively  demonstrated,  is  very 
probable.  It  offers  a  satisfactory  explanation  for  the  occasional  failure  of  alcohol  to  protect 
protein,  the  assumption  being  that  the  two  tendencies  counteract  each  other.  The  only 
justification  for  calling  alcohol  a  proteid  poison  is  found  in  this  disintegrating  tendeuc\-.  This 
pharmacodynamic  action  of  alcohol  appears  to  be  temporary  and  most  apt  to  occur  with  people 
little  accustomed  to  its  use.  The  circumstances  under  which  such  action  occurs  can  not  now  be 
full}-  defined. 

Influence  of  cqfee  upon,  jyrotein  metaholisni  in.  these  e.iperiments. — In  some  of  these  experi- 
ments alcohol  was  administered  with  coffee,  in  others  with  water.  It  might  be  thought  that  the 
presence  of  the  cofl'ee  would  interfere  with  the  action  of  the  alcohol.''  The  figures  give  no 
support  for  this  view,  as  is  shown  in  the  following  tabular  statement. 

"See  Woodbury  and  Egbert,  A  Physiologic  Consideration  of  the  Food  Value  of  Alcohol,  Jour.  Am.  Med.  Assc, 
Mar.  31,  1900. 


272  MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

Elimination  <if  nitruyrn  in  presence  and  absence  of  cuffee. 
[Qiiautities  per  day.] 


Day.s. 

Nitrogen. 

Kind  and  inimber  of  e.\periments. 

In  food. 

In  feces. 

In  urine. 

Gain(  +  ) 
or  loss  ( -  ) 
to  body. 

I.  "With  coffee: 

13 
14 

Grams. 
18.6 
18.6 

Grama. 
1.2 
1.5 

Grams. 
18.2 

17.  5 

Grams. 
0  8 

Average  4  experiments  without  alcohol  [9,  11,  21,  24] 

-0.4 

Increase  ( 4- )  or  decrease  ( — )  with  alcohol 

0 

-0.3 

+0.7 

0  4 

II.   Without  coffee: 

Averajre  5  experiments  with  alcohol  [(19,  20),  27,  30,  33] 

Average  7  experiments  without  alcohol  [21,  (26,  28),  (29,  31), 
(32,34)] ■ 

13 
21 

1.5.8 
15.9 

1.0 

1.0 

16.1 
15.7 

-1.3 

0  8 

-0.1 
+0.1 

0 
-0.3 

+0.4 
+0.3 

■  0  5 

Increase  ( -r )  or  decrease-  ( — )  in  presence  of  coffee 

+0.1 

III.  Direct  comparison,  alcohol  with  and  without  coffee: 

6 
6 

16.5 
16.5 

0.9 
1.0 

16.0 
14.9 

0  4 

Experiments  16,  19,  20,  alcohol  given  without  coffee  . . 

-1-0  6 

0 

—0.1 

+1.1 

1  0 

This  table  comprises  all  of  the  experiments  that  are  directly  comparable.  The  experiments 
in  which  the  alcohol  was  given  with  coffee  are  averaged  together  and  compared  with  the  corre- 
sponding nonalcohol  exi^eriments,  and  the  figures  in  the  third  line  of  category  I  show  the  effects 
of  alcohol  in  presence  of  coffee.  Under  II  a  similar  comparison  is  made  of  the  experiments  in 
which  no  coffee  was  given,  the  third  line  of  figures  here  showing  the  effects  of  alcohol  when 
taken  alone.  B}-  subtracting  the  third  line  of  figures  under  II  from  the  corresponding  figures 
under  I  we  obtain  values  which  maj'  be  taken  as  .showing  the  influence  of  the  coffee.  A  more 
direct  comparison  of  results  with  and  without  coffee  is  given  under  III,  but  the  number  of 
experiments  compared  is  necessarily  smaller,  and  therefore  individual  variations  have  relatively 
much  greater  weight.  While  the  differences  M'hich  could  be  attributed  to  the  coffee  are  probably 
within  the  limits  of  experimental  error,  it  would  seem  that  if  there  is  any  effect  it  is  to  increase 
rather  than  to  retard  proteid  motabolism. 


EFFECT  OF  ALCOHOL  UPON  THE  RADIATION  OF  HEAT  FROM  THE  BODY. 

A  current  theory  maintains  that  although  alcohol  supplies  heat  to  the  bodj'  it  also  increases 
the  radiation  of  heat  from  the  body,  so  that  much  or  all  the  energj'  it  supplies  is  wasted. 

This  theory  is  l)ased  upon  two  kinds  of  evidence,  which  are  well  attested  and  make  it  very- 
plausible.  One  is  the  di.stension  of  the  blood  ve.ssels  which  cause  the  flush  of  the  skin  when 
alcohol  is  taken.  The  other  is  the  lowering  of  the  temperature  of  the  body  after  the  ingestion 
of  alcohol,  which  is  shown  by  many  of  experiments  and  is  explained  l)y  the  loss  of  heat. 

Some  writers  even  go  .so  far  as  to  claim  that  the  extra  heat  radiation  due  to  the  distension 
of  the  peripheral  vessels  is  greater  than  the  heat  supply  from  the  oxidation  of  the  alcohol. 
According  to  this  view,  alcohol,  in.stead  of  being  a  source  of  energy,  is  a  cause  of  its  loss  to  the 
body. 

The  difficulty  with  the  theory  is  the  exaggeration  of  the  influence  of  small  quantities  of  alcohol 
in  increasing  heat  radiation.  While  the  temperature  of  the  body  has  been  found  to  fall  consid- 
erably after  the  ingestion  of  large  doses  of  alcohol,  and  especially  under  exposure  to  great  cold, 
the  effect  of  ordinary  doses  is  slight  and  often  imperceptible. 

In  the  experiments  here  described  the  determinations  of  bodj'  temperature  were  made  with 
an  ordinary  clinical  thermometer  in  the  mouth  and  axilla,  as  elsewhere  stated.     Thi.-;  method, 


MEMOIKS  UF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES.  273 

which  is  the  one  ordinarily  followed,  docs  not  yivc  results  as  accurate  as  are  to  be  desired.  In 
some  of  the  earlier  experiments,  especially  with  E.  O.,  the  observations  are  of  doubtful  value. 
Steps  have  been  taken  in  this  laboratory  to  devise  a  thermometer  and  method  of  ol)servation 
which  will  show  more  accurately  the  variations  of  internal  temperature  of  the  body."  Meanwhile, 
as  may  be  seen  from  the  detailed  figures,  it  is  clear  that  the  observations  do  not  imply  that  the 
bodily  temperatures  with  and  without  alcohol  were  greatly  ditl'eivnt.  This  agrees  with  the 
results  of  other  observations.'' 

The  alcohol  used  in  these  experiments  was  eijuivalent  to  about  72  grams  of  absolute  alcohol 
per  day  taken  in  6  doses.  This  is  about  the  amount  contained  in  an  ordinary  bottle  of  wine  with 
10  per  cent  alcohol  or  3or  -t  glasses  (6  or  8  ounces)  of  whisky. 

If  wc  use  our  own  observations  and  the  others  just  referred  to  as  a  basis,  it  would  seem  that 
the  fall  of  body  temperature  produced  by  such  amounts  of  alcohol  might  ordinarily  range  from 
nothing  to  one-half  of  a  degree  centigrade.  The  heat  which  the  body  of  an  average  man  would 
have  to  lose  in  order  to  reduce  the  temperature  one-half  of  a  degree  might  be  roughly  calculated 
as  follows: 

We  may  take  the  weight  of  the  body  of  the  average  man  at  1-1:8  pounds,  or  67  kilos.  '  The 
specific  heat  of  the  body  is  not  exactly  known,  but  may  be  estimated  at  0.83.  On  this  base  a  fall 
of  temperature  of  one-half  of  a  degree  centigrade  would  correspond  to  i  (67  x  0.83),  or  about 
28  calories.  Of  the  72  grams  of  alcohol,  !t8  or  91*  per  cent,  or  between  70  and  71  grams,  would 
be  burned  in  the  body,  and  would  yield  at  7.1  calories  per  gram  about  500  calories  of  heat.  By 
this  estimate,  if  the  72  grams  of  alcohol  were  taken  in  one  dose  and  caused  a  lowering  of  the 
body  temperature  by  one-half  of  a  degree,  the  28  calories  of  heat  wasted  in  the  extra  radiation 
due  to  the  alcohol  would  be  one-eighteenth  the  amount  supplied  by  its  combustion. 

This  method  of  calculating  the  amount  of  heat  which  the  body  must  lose  in  order  to  produce 
a  given  fall  of  temperature  is  hardly  correct.  It  would  be  so  if  we  had  to  do  only  with  a  fixed 
amount  of  heat  at  the  outset  and  a  fixed  amount  of  loss.  But,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  the  body  is 
constantly  gaining  heat  from  the  oxidation  of  material  from  within  and  constantly  losing  not 
only  by  outward  radiation,  but  in  other  ways,  as  in  the  exhalation  of  air  and  water,  vapor  in 
respiration,  in  the  excretions  of  the  kidneys  and  intestine,  and  in  the  evaporation  of  water  from 
the  skin.  The  actual  temperature  depends  upon  the  income  and  outgo  of  heat.  The  income 
depends  upon  the  material  oxidized  in  the  body.  The  outgo  is  regulated  to  a  greater  or  le,ss 
extent  by  processes  which  are  not  fully  understood,  but  in  which  the  nervous  system  is  the 
important  agencj'. 

Experimental  inqidrie.i. — Meanwhile  we  may  consider  the  experimental  evidence  bearing 
directlv  upon  the  question  of  the  radiation  of  heat  with  and  without  alcohol. 

In  a  series  of  experiments  by  Reichert  with  dogs  the  efiect  of  alcohol  on  the  radiation  of  heat 
was  tested. ''  The  experimental  periods  were,  however,  only  5  or  6  hours  each,  and  there  was  no 
complete  comparison  of  the  efi'ects  of  diti'erent  diets.  The  rate  of  heat  radiation  and  the  change 
of  body  temperature  were  carefully  observed.  The  results  implied  a  probable  but  at  most  very 
small  increase  of  heat  radiation  as  the  result  of  administering  alcohol. 

T.  G.  Benedict  and  J.  F.  Snell,  Eine  neue  Methode  um  Kijrperteraperaturen  v.n  messen.     Archiv.  f.  il  jres. 
Physiologie  88,  p.  492  (1901). 

I"  The  results  of  the  most  relialjle  observations  are  well  summarized  l>y  Pemishky  (Scliaefer's  Physiolo};y,  I,  820) 
in  the  following  statements: 

' '  Various  observers  have  found  that  alcohol  taken  in  ordinary  quantities  as  a  beverage  causes  a  slight  ilepression, 
generally  less  than  half  a  degree,  in  the  temperature  of  healthy  men.  On  the  other  hand,  poisonous  doses  may 
cause  a  fall  of  5°  or  6°— in  fact,  many  of  the  lowest  temperatures  recorded  in  man  have  been  observed  in  drunken 
persons  exposed  to  cold.  See  Daw,  Pliil.  Tninf.,  London,  1850,  p.  444;  Lichtexfels  and  Fkohlich,  I>ei>l;.^chr!j'(en 
d.  k:  Akad.  d.  Wissemch.,  Wien,  1852,  Bd.  iii,  Abth.  2,  S.  131;  Lalle.mand,  Perri.v,  and  Duroy,  'Du  role  de  I'alcool 
et  des  anesthesiques  dans  I'organisme,'  Paris,  1860;  Ogle,  St.  Geoi-r/c's  Hasp.  Hep.,  London,  1866,  vol.  i,  p.  23.3; 
RiXGER  and  RiCKARDS,  Lancet,  Loudon,  1866,  vol.  ii,  p.  208;  Cd,\y  Bouvier,  .Irch.  f.  d.  ges.  Phi/siol,  Bonn,  1869, 
Bd.  ii,  S.  370;  Goderin,  'Del'alcool,  son  action  physiologique,  ses  applications  therapeutiques,'  1869;  Weckeri.i.ng, 
Deutsches  Arch.  f.  kliii.  Med.,  Leipzig,  1877,  Bd.  xix,  S.  317;  Zuntz,  Fwtschr.  d.  Med.,  Berlin,  1887;  (:;e!'PERT,  Arch, 
f.  exper.  Path.  u.  PharmakoL,  Leipzig,  Bd.  xxii,  36;  Parkes  and  Wollowicz,  Pror:  Po;/.  Soc.  London,  1870,  vol.  xviii, 
p.  362,  found  that  alcohol  in  ordinary  quantities  had  no  effect  on  the  temperature  of  a  healthy  man." 
"Therapeutic  Gazette,  February,  1S90. 


274 


me:^ioirs  of  the  national  academy  of  sciences. 


The  experiments  with  meu  in  the  respiration  calorimeter  here  described  give  extended  data 
regarding-  both  the  consumption  of  fuel  and  the  radiation  of  heat.  The  details  are  summarized 
iu  Table  CXX  in  the  appendix.  The  final  outcome  is  simple  and  maj'  be  illustrated  by  two  cases, 
Groups  A  and  D.  In  each  there  were  two  exiseriments,  practicallj^  alike,  save  that  one  was  with 
ordinary  diet  and  the  other  with  a  diet  in  which  part  of  the  fats  and  carbohydrates  were  replaced 
by  alcohol  as  above  described.  In  Group  A  the  subject  was  at  rest,  i.  e.,  doing  no  external 
muscular  work.  The  potential  energy  of  the  material  burned  in  the  body  and  the  amounts 
of  heat  given  off  in  calories  were  practically  the  same,  as  is  shown  by  the  figures  herewith.  The 
differences  In  the  results  without  and  with  alcohol  are  entirely  within  the  limits  of  ordinary 
variation : 

Comparison  of  energy  of  material  metabolized  and  heat  given  off  per  day  in  rest  experiments  with  and  without  alcohol. 


TTnpTe-v  of  mn      Energy  giTen 
Sit'fhnr.'^rt.    Off  by  the  body 
as  neat. 


Without  alcohol,  experiment  No.  9. 
With  alcohol,  experiment  No.  10... 


Calories. 
2,277 
2,268 


Calories. 
2,309 
2,283 


If  the  alcohol  had  caused  increased  radiation  of  heat,  more  heat  would  have  been  given  off 
from  the  body  and  more  fuel  would  have  been  required,  and  naturally  more  would  have  been 
burned  in  the  alcohol  experiment  than  in  the  other.     Such,  however,  was  not  the  case. 

In  the  experiments  of  Group  B  the  man  was  engaged  for  eight  hours  a  day  in  active  muscular 
work,  driving  a  stationary  bic3'cle.  The  amount  of  work  was  such  that  he  burned  enough  fuel  to 
yield  iu  all  3,900  calories,  and,  as  the  food  did  not  supply  enough,  he  used  up  some  of  his  store  of 
body  fat.  The  results  of  such  experimenting  imply  that  when  the  body  has  not  enough  food  for 
its  support  and  is  forced  to  draw  upon  its  reserve  capital,  it  uses  the  materials  economically. 
The  energy  given  off  from  the  bodj'  was  in  two  forms — heat  and  external  work.  This  work  was 
practically  the  same  in  both  experiments  and  is  reckoned  with  the  heat  in  the  energy  given  off. 

Comparison  of  energy  of  material  metabolized  and  heat  given  off  per  day  in  work  experiments  with  and  without  alcohol. 


Without  alcohol,  experiment  No.  11 
Witli  alcohol,  experiment  No.  12  . .. 


Energy  of 
material 
burned. 


3,901 
3,932 


Energy  given 

off  by  the 

body  as  heat 

and  muscular 

work. 


Calories. 
3,922 
3,927 


Here  again  there  was  slightly  more  fuel  burned  per  day  with  alcohol  than  without,  though  the 
difference  was  small,  while  the  amount  of  heat  given  off'  was  practically  the  same  in  the  one  case 
as  the  other.  So  far  as  the  disposal  of  the  energy  is  concerned,  the  figures  imply  that  alcohol  was 
used  as  economically  as  the  fat,  sugar,  and  starch  which  it  replaced,  and  that  it  caused  no  increased 
radiation  of  heat. 

We  have,  all  told,  13  experiments  with  alcohol,  covering  36  days.  For  purposes  of  com- 
parison these  have  Ijccn  grouped,  as  already  explained  (p.  241),  with  13  experiments  without 
alcohol,  covering  43  days. 

The  subject  in  o  of  these  groups,  E.  O.,  was  a  man  who  had  been  long  accustomed  to  the 
moderate  use  of  alcoholic  beverages.  The  subjects  in  the  other  four  groups,  A.  W.  S.  and 
J.  F.  S.,  were  two  men  who  had  always  been  total  abstainers. 

The  results  are  summarized  in  the  table  herewith,  which  is  condensed  from  Table  CXX  of 
the  appendix.  The  first  column  gives  the  figures  for  energy  for  material  actually  oxidized.  The 
figures  in  the  second  colunui  show  the  relation  between  the  averages  of  experiments  with  alcohol 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEIMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


275 


and  those  without  alcohol,  the  latter  })eiii.^  taken  an  a  basis  (KK)  per  cent).  The  corresponding 
values  for  total  and  proportional  energy  measured  as  heat  in  the  two  classes  of  experiments  are 
shown  in  the  last  two  colunms  of  the  table.  Thus,  in  the  average  of  all  the  experiments  without 
alcohol  the  energy  of  the  material  actually  oxidized  was  ^,717  calories.  In  the  average  of  all  the 
experiments  with  alcohol  it  was  2,7I:t)  calories.     The  latter  was  101.1  per  cent  of  the  former." 

T.VBLE  111. — C'omiiariMw  nf  fiirrijii  of  miilirial  n.ridizeil  ami  Jiciit  ijiivii  off  in  experiments  villi  and  vilhont  alcohol. 

(Averages  per  day.] 


Heat  given  off.i» 


EXPEUIMEN'TS     MORE    DIRECTLY    COMP.IRABLE 

Avercuje  of  work  (Did  rest  e.qierimenls. 

Without  alcohol  (9  experiments) 

With  alcohol  (6  experiments ) 

EXPERIMENTS    LESS    DIRECTLY    COMP.iR.ABLE. 

Arenuje  of  rexl  e.rperiiiietils. 

Without  alcohol  ( 4  experiments ) 

With  alcohol  ( 7  experiments ) 

.WERAGE   OF   ALL    ABOVE    EXPERI.MEXTS. 

Groupx  A- 1. 

Without  alcohol  ( 13  experiments) 

With  alcohol  ( 13  experiments ) 


Calnrks. 
2,  925 
2,941 


2,302 
2,  356 


2,717 
2,746 


There  was  slightly  more  fuel  burned  and  more  heat  given  off  from  the  bodies  of  the  men  when 
they  had  alcohol  in  their  diet  than  when  they  had  the  same  amount  of  protein  and  energy  in  a 
diet  without  alcohol,  but  with  conditions  otherwise  similar.  The  differences,  however,  were  very 
small;  in  the  more  directly  comparable  experiments  the  excess  of  fuel  burned  with  the  alcohol 
diet,  as  measured  in  calories,  was  only  five  parts  and  that  of  heat  given  off'  only  one  part  in  1,000. 
In  the  less  directly  comparable  experiments  the  differences  were  larger,  but  still  small. 

The  quantities  of  total  food  were  generally  below  rather  than  above  the  requirements  of  the 
body,  especially  in  the  work  experiments,  as  may  be  seen  from  Table  CXX  of  the  Appendix. 
The  general  results  of  experiment  imply  that  under  .such  circumstances  the  body  makes  economical 
use  of  its  food  and  its  reserve  supply  of  material.  The  fact,  therefore,  that  under  these  conditi9ns 
the  oxidation  of  material  and  radiation  of  heat  were  so  nearly  the  same  with  the  rations  with  and 
without  alcohol  add  still  greater  force  to  the  comparison. 

The  conclusion  is  that  in  these  experiments,  with  three  different  men  at  rest  and  at  work, 
when  72  grams  of  alcohol  per  day  taken  in  six  doses  and  furnishing  500  calories  of  energ}- 
replaced  the  isodynamic  amounts  of  fats  and  carbohydrates,  the  alcohol  caused  no  considerable 
increase  in  the  amount  of  heat  radiated  from  the  body. 

If  the  alcohol  in  these  experiments  had  all  been  taken  at  one  dose,  it  might  have  caused  the 
cutaneous  vessels  to  dilate,  stinuilatcd  the  sweat  glands  (0,  and  increa.sed  the  circulation,  and 
thus  increased  the  heat  radiation.  If  there  had  been  enough  to  cause  the  ordinary  symptoms  of 
intoxication,  and  especially  if  it  had  sufficed  to  induce  the  comatose  condition  for  which  the 
expression  "dead  drunk"  is  used,  and  if  the  men  had  at  the  same  time  been  exposed  to  .severe 

"A  difference  so  small  as  this  is  well  inside  the  range  of  unavoidable  error  in  single  experiments.  It  is  only 
where  a  large  number  of  such  exiwriments  are  averaged  that  differences  of  one  or  two  parts  in  one  hundred  could 
probably  be  regaixled  as  significaut. 

''Including  heat  equivalent  of  external  muscular  work  in  the  work  experiments. 

°0f  amount  oxidized  without  alcohol. 


276  ME3I0IES  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

cold,  the  production  oi  heut  in  the  Ijody  might  have  been  retarded,  and  the  radiation  increased 
so  as  to  lower  the  body  temperature  by  several  deg-rees. 

RAPIDITY   OF  COMBUSTION   OF  ALCOHOL   IN   THE  BODY. 

There  is  a  popular  impression  that  alcohol  is  burned  in  the  body  much  more  rapidly  than 
ordinary  food,  and  that  in  consequence  not  only  is  the  energy  resulting  from  its  oxidation  wasted, 
but  derangements  of  bodih-  functions  may  result  from  the  rapid  combustion  of  the  alcohol.  The 
exact  grounds  for  the  belief  or  nature  of  the  supposed  disturbances  we  have  not  seen  distinctly 
stated.  Nevertheless,  as  the  impression  prevails  to  some  extent,  at  least  among  physicians  and 
physiologists,  it  seems  to  demand  consideration. 

Leaving  out  of  account  the  unsettled  cjuestion  as  to  how  soon  after  the  ingestion  of  the  alcohol 
its  oxidation  begins,  the  main  problem  is  the  rate  of  oxidation.  If  it  is  especially  rapid,  either 
one  of  two  results  may  follow.  The  oxidation  of  other  materials  may  go  on  as  usual,  in  which 
case  the  total  production  of  carbon  dioxid  and  heat  will  be  abnormalh*  large:  or  the  oxidation 
of  other  substances  may  be  diminished  so  as  to  compensate  for  more  or  less  of  the  oxidation  of 
the  alcohol,  in  which  case  the  rate  of  production  of  carbon  dioxid  and  heat  may  be  little,  if  any, 
larger  than  without  the  alcohol.  The  natural  test  will  be  found  in  the  measurement  of  these 
rates  of  production.  So  far  as  we  are  aware  no  adequate  tests  of  this  character  have  thus  far 
been  made. 

In  examining  the  literature  of  the  subject  we  have  not  succeeded  in  finding  any  experimental 
proof  that  the  rate  of  elimination  of  carbon  dioxid  or  heat  from  the  body  is  materially  increased 
or  decreased  by  moderate  quantities  of  alcohol.  Satisfactory  tests  would  involve  the  measurement 
by  short  periods,  as,  for  instance,  hour  Ijy  hour.  Our  own  experiments  were  not  planned  for 
this  purpose,  and  the  measurements  were  made  generalh'  in  six-hour  periods.  There  was  noth- 
ing in  the  observations  to  imph'  that  the  rate  of  production  of  either  carbon  dioxid  or  heat  was 
materiall}'  increased  either  immediatelj'  after  the  ingestion  of  the  alcohol  or  later. 

Part  of  the  heat  given  off  from  the  body  is  carried  awa}'  in  water  vapor  given  off  from  the 
lungs  and  skin,  but  the  larger  portion  finds  its  way  to  the  water  current,  b}^  which  it  is  carried 
out  of  the  chamber.  The  rate  of  flow  of  this  current  and  its  rise  of  temperature  in  passing 
through  the  chamber  thus  measure  the  rate  of  evolution  of  heat  from  the  body  other  than  that 
carried  away  by  water  vapor. 

The  observations  of  rate  of  flow  and  rise  in  temperature  are  made  every  few  minutes,  and 
thus  show  the  rate  of  evolution  of  the  larger  portion  of  the  heat. 

We  have  taken  the  pains  to  calculate  the  evolution  of  heat  for  hourly  periods  for  three  series 
of  experiments,  in  which  the  alcohol  diet  and  ordinary  diet  were  compared,  viz,  Nos.  22-24, 
26-28,  29-31.  The  calculations,  however,  have  been  limited  to  the  night  periods  between  7  p.  m. 
and  7  a.  m.,  because  the  evolution  of  both  carbon  dioxid  and  heat  is  much  more  regular  by  night 
than  l>y  day,  and  an}'  disturbance,  such  as  might  be  caused  by  the  rapid  oxidation  of  alcohol, 
would  be  more  easily  detected  in  comparing  the  figures  for  the  experiments  with  and  without 
alcohol  during  the  night  periods. 

The  results  of  these  comparisons  are  negative.  There  are  practically  no  more  irregularities 
or  indications  of  disturbance  in  the  alcohol  than  in  the  nonalcohol  experiments.  There  is  nothing 
in  the  figures  which  seems  to  us  to  indicate  anA*  appreciable  tendency  toward  inci'ease  of  heat 
production  during  the  first,  second,  or  third  hour  after  the  ingestion  of  the  alcohol.  The  figures 
are,  indeed,  so  destitute  of  such  indications  as  to  hardly  warrant  their  printing. 

We  are  therefore  led  to  the  conclusion  that  in  these  experiments  either  the  alcohol  was  not 
suddenly  or  rapidly  oxidized,  or  if  there  was  such  rapid  oxidation,  there  was  a  corresponding 
decrease  in  the  oxidation  of  carbohydi'ates,  fats,  or  protein. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  this  conclusion  accords  with  the  other  observations,  viz,  those  of 
the  total  heat  production  and  the  economy  of  the  use  of  energ}-  in  the  rations  with  or  without 
alcohol.  All  of  these  imply  that  the  alcohol,  carbohydrates,  and  fats  simply  replaced  one  another 
as  sources  of  energv;  that  as  either  was  oxidized  the  othei's  were  proportionately  spared. 


MEMOIKS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES.  277 


ALCOHOL  AS  A  SOURCE  OF  HEAT  IN  THE  BODY. 

In  the  rest  experiments  the  heat  ofiven  oti  from  the  l)ody  was  equivalent  to  the  total  potential 
energy  of  the  materials  oxidized.  This  was  as  true  in  the  experiments  in  which  aleohol  made 
part  of  the  diet  as  in  those  with  ordinary  food  exclusively.  The  aleohol  must  therefore  have 
eontrihuted  its  full  quota  of  heat  as  truly  as  did  the  starch  or  fat.  and  all  its  potential  enersfy  was 
converted  into  heat  within  the  body. 

In  the  work  experiments  the  same  principle  applies,  and  it  follows  that  unless  all  the 
potential  energy  of  the  alcohol  was  converted  directly  into  that  of  external  muscular  work  part 
must  have  been  converted  into  heat  within  the  body.  But  the  total  energy  of  external  muscular 
work  was  at  most  the  equivalent  of  280  calories,  while  the  energy  of  the  alcohol  was  about  500. 
Even  if  all  the  external  work  was  done  at  the  expense  of  the  alcohol,  there  would  remain  '220  calories 
which  must  have  been  transformed  into  heat  within  the  body.  But  it  is  extremely  improbable 
that  the  alcohol  supplied  all  and  the  ordinary  food  none  of  the  energy'  of  external  work.  In  so  far, 
therefore,  as  the  latter  came  from  the  ordinary  food,  more  than  220  of  the  o<n»  calories  of  the 
alcohol  nuist  have  reached  the  form  of  heat  within  the  body. 

"We  have  to  do  here  with  the  question:  Of  the  total  energy  which  was  potential  in  the  alcohol 
and  was  made  kinetic  by  its  oxidation,  how  much  was  transformed  directly  into  heat  and  how 
much  was  first  changed  to  the  energy  of  muscular  and  other  bodily  work,  internal  and  external, 
and  was  afterwards  transformed  into  heat?  This  involves  two  fundamental  problems.  One  is 
the  still  unsettled  physiological  question  as  to  whether  the  production  of  muscular  energy  in 
general  is  or  is  not  a  direct  transformation  of  potential  into  mechanical  energy.  The  other  is  the 
more  specific  question  as  to  whether  the  energy  of  alcohol  is  like  that  of  the  ordinary  nutrients 
of  food  in  its  transformation  into  muscular  energy.  Both  will  be  referred  to  be^^ond  in  the 
discussion  of  alcohol  as  a  source  of  muscular  energy.     Meanwhile  it  is  safe  to  say  that: 

1.  Unless  all  the  potential  energy  of  the  alcohol  was  transformed  directly  into  the  energy  of 
internal  work  in  the  rest  experiments  or  into  that  of  internal  and  external  work  in  the  work 
experiments,  a  supposition  that  seems  highly  improbable,  part  must  have  been  transformed 
directh-  into  heat  in  the  body. 

2.  Whether  the  potential  energv  was  first  transformed  into  muscular  energy  or  not.  the  whole 
in  the  rest  experiments  and  part  at  any  rate  in  the  work  experiments  reached  the  form  of  heat 
within  the  body. 

The  conclusion  is  that  in  all  these  experiments  alcohol  was  a  source  of  heat  for  the  body. 

ALCOHOL  AS  A   SOURCE  OF   MUSCULAR   ENERGY. 

General  considerations. — The  question  whether  or  not  the  energy  of  alcohol  is  used  for 
muscular  work  is  not  yet  definitely  answered.  The  experiments  thus  far  made  do  not  provide 
means  for  tracing  the  energv  of  the  alcohol  through  the  changes  it  undergoes  in  the  bodv.  and 
finding  how  much  of  it  becomes  muscular  energy.  Nor  is  it  easy  to  devi.se  such  experiments. 
The  difiicidty  is  that  the  potential  energy  of  the  alcohol  is  transformed  along  with  that  of  other 
materials  oxidized,  and  there  is  no  known  way  of  separating  the  kinetic  energy  which  comes 
from  the  alcohol  from  that  which  is  supplied  by  the  carbohvdrates  or  fats  or  protein.  While 
there  is  no  evidence  of  any  ditterences  between  the  energy  from  the  several  .sources,  the  absolute 
proof  that  no  such  difierences  exist  is  not  yet  at  hand. 

Back  of  this  is  the  more  fundamental  question  as  to  how  muscular  energy  is  produced. 
Concerning  this  two  theories  are  held.  One  is  that  part  of  the  potential  energy  of  the  food 
and  body  material  oxidized  is  converted  directly  into  the  mechanical  energy  exerted  bv  the 
muscle.  The  other  is  that  the  contraction  of  the  muscle,  by  which  its  work  is  done,  is  due  to 
heat.  According  to  this  view,  practically  ail  of  the  potential  energy  is  first  transformed  into  heat 
and  a  part  afterwards  appears  as  muscidar  energy.  If  the  second  view  is  correct,  it  is  hard  to 
see  how  the  heat  derived  from  the  oxidation  of  the  alcohol  should  Ije  in  any  way  different  from 
Vol.  s— No.  •; 4 


278  :HEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

the  rest  of  the  heat.  If  the  uuiscukr  energy  is  the  tirst  produet  of  the  transformation  of 
potential  energy,  it  is  conceivable  that  there  might  l)e  some  attribute  of  alcohol  which  would 
prevent  its  potential  energy  from  being  changed  into  mechanical  energy.  But  there  is  nothing 
in  the  results  of  experiment  to  imply  any  such  difference  between  alcohol  on  the  one  hand,  and 
sugar,  starch,  or  fat  on  the  other.  The  case  regarding  the  transformation  of  energy  is  like  that 
just  referred  to  regarding  the  use  of  the  energy  after  it  is  transformed.  There  is  no  evidence 
of  any  difference  between  alcohol  and  other  nutrients  in  either  respect,  but  there  is  no  proof  that 
the  difference  does  not  exist. 

The  most  satisfactory  method  of  study  of  this  question  as  to  whether  alcohol  can  be  a  source 
of  the  mechanical  energy  exerted  by  the  muscles  is  by  measuring  the  amounts  of  different 
substances  metabolized  and  the  amounts  of  muscular  work  done,  and  thus  getting  light  upon  the 
comparative  efficiency  of  the  several  substances  as  parts  of  a  diet  for  muscular  work. 

If  the  experiment  could  be  made  with  lean  meat  and  alcohol  in  such  a  way  that  the  body 
could  obtain  no  other  fuel  than  alcohol  and  protein,  and  the  energy  of  the  internal  and 
external  muscular  work  should  be  found  to  exceed  that  of  the  protein,  it  would  be  clear  that 
the  rest  of  the  muscular  energy  must  come  from  the  alcohol.  But  as  yet  we  have  no  means  for 
measuring  the  internal  work,  and  it  would  probably  l)e  diiEcult  to  find  a  man  who  could  do 
much  external  work  day  after  day  on  such  a  diet  without  drawing  upon  the  store  of  material 
in  his  bod}'. 

For  the  present,  therefore,  we  are  limited  to  experiments  in  which  other  fuel  is  burned  with 
the  alcohol,  and  our  conclusions  must  depend  upon  measurements  of  (1)  the  energy  supplied  bj^ 
each  kind  of  fuel,  (2)  the  energy  given  off  from  the  body,  and  (3)  the  amount  of  muscular  work 
performed. 

Here  again  we  meet  a  difficulty,  nameh'.  that  of  measuring  the  muscular  work.  \Ye  have 
to  do  with  two  kinds  of  work,  external  and  internal.  The  external  work  is  that  which  is 
performed  outside  of  the  bodv,  as,  for  instance,  the  power  which  a  man  riding  a  bicycle  applies 
to  the  pedals.  This  is  capable  of  cjuite  accurate  measurement.  Such  measurements  were  made  in 
the  experiments  here  described.  By  internal  work  is  meant  that  of  circulation,  respiration, 
digestion,  etc.  Thus  a  not  inconsiderable  amount  of  energy  must  be  used  for  the  muscular 
contractions  of  the  heart  by  which  the  blood  is  pumped  out  through  the  arteries  and  back  from 
the  veins.  It  is  held  by  some  physiologists  that  a  large  portion  of  the  total  energy  supplied  by 
the  food  is  used  for  this  internal  physiological  work.  At  present  no  exact  method  is  known  for 
measuring  the  internal  work  of  the  body.  It  is  transformed  into  heat  before  it  leaves  the  body 
and  in  the  experiments  with  the  respiration  calorimeter  it  is  collected  and  measured  as  part  of 
the  total  heat  given  off.  But  this  total  heat  includes  also  the  heat  which  was  produced  in  the 
body  and  not  used  for  muscular  work,  and  no  way  has  yet  been  found  to  distinguish  between  the 
heat  which  has  and  that  which  has  not  been  used,  and  to  measure  the  two  quantities  of  heat 
separately. 

We  know  from  measurements  of  the  external  muscular  work  that  it  represents  at  most  a 
fraction,  and  generally  a  small  fraction  of  the  total  energy  transformed.  It  may  be  that  in  the 
case  of  a  man  doing  a  large  amount  of  muscular  labor  this  external  work  added  to  the  internal 
work  would  account  for  the  larger  part  of  the  total  energy  transformed  in  the  bodv. 

The  measurements  of  income  of  energy  from  the  oxidation  of  ordinary  nutrients  and  alcohol 
and  of  outgo  of  energy  in  the  different  forms  of  heat  and  external  muscular  work  therefore  do 
not  answer  the  specific  question  as  to  how  much  of  the  energy  provided  1)v  the  alcohol  is  used 
for  either  internal  or  external  muscular  work,  or  both. 

Economy  of  ut'dizntlon  of  the.  eneri/y  of  the  nitlonx  loitJi  and  loithout  alcohol.  —  We  may 
nevertheless  get  some  light  on  the  question  by  putting  it  in  another  waj"  Is  the  total  energ\- 
of  the  ration  used  as  economically  when  part  of  it  is  supplied  by  alcohol  as  when  the  whole  comes 
from  ordinaiy  food?  The  question  may  be  approached  in  two  ways,  (1)  by  considering  the 
differences  in  the  amounts  of  available  energy  in  the  diets  with  and  without  alcohol,  and  compar- 
ing these  with  the  energy  in  the  Ijod}'  protein  and  fat  gained  or  lost  in  the  two  cases,  and  {•!)  b}' 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES.  279 

comparing  the  energy  of  material  actually  oxidized  in  parallel  experiments  with  and  without 
alcohol.     The  principles  here  involved  may  ho  explained  as  follows: 

The  energy  needed  and  used  hy  the  hody. — The  body  requires  and  uses  a  certain  amount  of 
energy.  This  amount  is  larger  when  the  man  is  at  work  and  smaller  when  ho  is  at  rest.  The 
larger  the  amount  of  energy  used,  the  more  material  will  be  metabolized  to  furnish  it.  If  the 
available  nutrients  of  the  food  exceed  the  amounts  metabolized,  the  excess  will  be  stored  in  the 
l)ody.  Assuming  the  store  of  carbohydrates  to  remain  constant,  the  body  will  gain  protein  or 
fat  or  both.  Translating  this  last  statement  from  terms  of  material  to  terms  of  energy,  if  the 
available  energy  of  the  food  exceeds  the  energy  metabolized,  the  amount  of  energy  in  the  body 
will  be  increased  bj'  the  storage  of  energy  in  protein  or  fat.  On  the  other  hand,  if  the  available 
energy  of  the  food  does  not  supply  the  demand,  the  lack  will  be  made  up  by  drafts  upon  body 
protein  or  fat.  We  thus  have  two  measures  of  the  energy  used  by  the  body.  One  is  the  gain  or 
loss  of  body  protein  and  fat  with  a  given  amount  of  available  energy  in  the  food.  The  other  is 
the  total  energy  metabolized  whether  it  be  more  or  less  than  the  available  energy  of  the  food. 

Economy  of  idllhat'wn.  of  energy. — We  have  distinguished  between  the  energy  needed  and 
that  actually  metabolized.  If  the  body  uses  the  energy  economically  it  does  not  metabolize  more 
than  it  needs.  But  it  does  not  always  make  the  most  economical  use  of  either  material  or  energy. 
If  it  has  more  food  than  it  needs,  it  may  use  this  wastcfully.  Part  of  the  excess  of  material,  at 
times  perhaps  the  whole,  may  be  stored  for  future  use,  but  often  more  or  less  of  the  excess  is 
smiply  consumed  and  the  energy  wasted.  On  the  other  hand,  if  the  food  only  equals  the  demand, 
and  especially  if  it  falls  short  and  body  material  has  to  be  drawn  upon,  the  body  will  probably 
make  economical  use  of  the  energy  of  both  food  and  body  material.  This  was  the  case  in  the 
experiments  now  under  discussion.  When  the  men  were  at  rest  the  food  supplied  but  little  more, 
and  when  the,y  were  at  work  it  supplied  less,  than  was  actually  needed.  In  these  experiments, 
therefore,  the  two  measures  just  referred  to,  namely,  the  energy  of  body  material  gained  or  lost 
and  the  total  energy  metabolized,  show  how  much  the  body  uses  when  the  energy  is  economically 
utilized. 

To  state  the  case  in  another  way,  either  the  energy  of  material  gained  or  lost  with  the  given 
diet,  or  the  energy  of  the  total  material  oxidized,  gives  a  measure  of  the  energy  actually  employed 
for  economical  use.     These  quantities  can  be  expressed  in  calories. 

Comparative  eccmmny  of  energy  ofdiferent  materials. — This  brings  us  to  the  question  at  issue. 
Is  the  energj'  of  alcohol  equal,  superior,  or  inferior  in  value  to  that  of  carbohydrates  or  fats  or 
other  nutrients  of  ordinary  food  as  part  of  a  diet  for  rest  or  for  muscular  work?  Will  a  calorie 
of  energy  from  alcohol  go  as  far,  farther,  oi  not  as  far  as  a  calorie  from  sugar,  starch,  fat,  or 
protein  in  meeting  the  actual  needs  of  the  l)ody?  The  answer  is  to  be  sought  in  the  experiments 
in  which  a  diet  of  ordinary  food  is  compared  with  a  diet  containing  alcohol,  the  total  available 
protein  and  energy  of  the  food  and  the  other  conditions  being  the  same  in  both  experiments. 
The  test  will  be  found  in  the  gains  or  losses  of  body  protein  and  fat,  and  in  the  total  energy 
metabolized  in  the  two  experiments.  Any  ditierences  in  either  of  these  factors,  to  wit,  (1)  gains 
or  losses  of  body  material,  or  (2)  energy  metabolized,  provided  they  are  outside  the  limits 
of  experimental  error,  must  be  attributed  to  the  diet;  that  is  to  say,  the  alcohol  in  the  diet.  If 
the  body  gains  or  loses  the  same  amount  of  material,  or  if  it  metabolizes  the  same  amount  of 
energy  with  both  diets,  a  calorie  of  energy  from  one  is  equal  to  a  calorie  of  energy  from  the 
other,  and  as  a  source  of  energy  the  alcohol  is  equal  to  the  isodynaraic  amount  of  the  carbohy- 
drates or  fats  which  it  replaces.  If  the  gain  of  material  is  less  or  the  l6ss  more,  or  if  the  total 
energj'  metabolized  is  larger  with  the  alcohol,  the  latter  is  inferior  as  a  source  of  energy,  and 
vice  versa. 

Experimenial  remits. — Table  17  shows  the  differences  between  the  available  energy  of  the 
food  in  experiments  with  and  without  alcohol  and  the  corresponding  differences  between  the 
energj'  of  body  material  gained  or  lost  in  the  same  experiments.  The  tigures  in  the  fourth  and 
sixth  columns  are  computed  from  those  in  the  third  and  fifth,  respectively,  using  the  factor  5.65 
for  the  energy  of  one  gram  of  protein,  and  9.54  for  that  of  one  gram  of  fat. 


280 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


Tahi.e  17. — CrDnpiiriaoii  of  gains  and  lo/sen  of  body  protein  and  fat,  and  transformation  of  energy  in  experiments  with 

and  without  alcohol. 

[Quantities  per  day.] 


Available  in  food. 

Gain  (  + 

or  loss  ( - 

)  in  body  material. 

(ff) 

Groups,  kind,  and  number  of  experiments. 

(«) 
Protein. 

Energy. 

(0 
Protein. 

Energy 

of 
protein, 
ex  5.65 

.(0 
Fat. 

(/) 

Energy, 
of  fat. 
ex  9.54 

Energy 

of 
material 
oxidized. 

b-{d+f). 

I.  More  directly  comparable: 

(iranu. 
103 
104 

Cnlori£». 
2,917 
2,925 

Grams. 

-  3.5 

-  6.9 

Calories. 
-19 
-39 

Grams. 
+   1.1 

+  2.4 

Caiories. 
+  11 
+  23 

Calories. 
2,925 

2,941 

Increase  (  +  )  or  decrease  (— )  with  alcoliol 

+  1 

-^     8 

-   3.4 

-20 

+   1.3 

+  12 

+16 

II.  Less  directly  com paralile: 

100 
98 

2,239 
2,400 

-  7.3 
-.3.0 

-41 
—17 

—  2.3 

+  6.5 

22 

+  61 

2,302 

2,  356 

Increase  (-j-)  or  decrease  (  — )  witli  alcoliol 

-2 

+161 

+   4.3 

+24 

+    8.8 

+  83 

+54 

III.  Average  of  I  and  II: 

102 
102 

2,691 
2,750 

-  4.8 

-  7.1 

-25 
-40 

—     .1 
+  3.8 

-     1 
+  36 

2,717 

2,746 

Increase  (  +  )  or  decrease  (— )  witli  alcohol 

0 

+  59 

-   2.3 

-15 

+   3.9 

+  37 

-33 

Work  and  rest  experiments  of  Group  I : 
Work  experiments  compared — 

5  experiments  without  alcoliol 

100 
100 

3,337 
3,361 

—  5.1 
-10.0 

—56 

-31.5 

-29.2 

-301 
-278 

3,660 
3,690 

Increase  (  +  )  or  decrease  (  — )  witli  alcohol 

0 

-r  24 

-   4.9 

-29 

+    2.3 

+  23 

+30 

Rest  experiments  compared — 

4  experiments  without  alcohol 

106 
108 

2,496 
2,489 

-  2.0 

-  3.8 

-11 
-21 

+33.7 
+34.1 

+317 
+319 

2,190 
2,191 

Increase  (  +  )  or  decrease  (  — )  with  alcohol 

+2 

-     7 

—    1.8 

—  10 

+      .4 

-+■     2 

-^     1 

The  bold-face  figures  in  the  last  line  of  each  group  in  the  columns  for  protein  and  fat  give 
the  gain  or  lo.ss  of  material  and  energj'  in  the  alcohol  experiments  as  compared  with  tbo.se  without 
alcohol.  The  plus  sign  indicates  greater  gain  and  the  minus  sign  greater  loss  with  the  alcohol 
than  without  it. 

So  far  as  the  available  (digestible)  nutrients  of  the  food  are  concerned,  the  quantities  of 
pi'otein  are  about  the  same  and  the  quantities  of  energy  slightly  larger  with  alcohol  than  without 
it.  but  with  the  body  material,  on  the  other  hand,  there  was  generally  a  little  larger  lo.ss  of 
protein  and  a  little  larger  gain  or  smaller  loss  of  fat  in  the  experiments  with  alcohol. 

The  figures  in  the  last  column  represent  the  energy  of  material  actuallj^  oxidized;  that  is,  the 
total  energy  metabolized  in  the  two  classes  of  experiments.  The  full-face  figure.'^  show  bj-  the  -f 
sign  the  excess  of  energy  metabolized  with  the  alcohol  diet.  The  values  are  found  b}-  deducting 
the  algebraic  sum  of  the  calories  of  energ}'^  gained  or  lost  in  protein  and  fat  from  the  total 
available  energy  of  the  food  as  indicated  by  the  letters  and  fonnuUe  in  the  column  headings. 
Thus  in  the  first  group  we  have  an  excess  of  +  S  —  (—  2U  +  12)  =  16  calories  of  total  energy 
metabolized  in  the  alcohol  as  compared  with  the  nonalcohol  experiments.  The  same  result  is 
found  by  comparing  the  total  quantities  of  energy  metabolized,  nameh',  2,925  without  and  2,941 
with  alcohol.  The  variations  in  the  amounts  of  bod}^  material  gained  or  lost  and  in  the  amounts 
of  energ}'  meUibolized  in  the  two  classes  of  experiments  may  Ijc  due  to  cither  of  three  causes: 

1.  Such  experimental  errors  as  irregularities  in  the  daily  absorption  of  the  food  from  the 
alimentary  canal,  or  variations  in  the  amounts  of  carbohydrates  in  the  l)ody  which  are  here 
a-ssumed  to  be  constant  from  morning  to  morning,  or  from  experiment  to  experiment,  or  small 
errors  in  the  estimates  of  gains  or  losses  of  protein  and  fat  from  the  gains  or  losses  of  nitrogen 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES.  281 

and  carhoii.     These  errors  are  hardly  avoidable.  l)Ut  on  the  whole  the_v  appear  to  counterlialance  one 
another  so  that  their  effect  is  eliminated  in  the  averages  of  a  con.siderable  number  of  experiments. 

2.  Differences  in  the  activity  of  the  subject.s  in  the  two  classes  of  experiments.  These  differ- 
rnces  are  not  easy  to  avoid.  The  man  in  the  chamber  may  make  more  nmscular  effort  on  one 
day  than  on  another  in  taking  down  his  bed  in  the  morning  and  in  setting  it  up  at  night,  or  he 
may  move  about  more  in  caring  for  the  food  and  excretory  products  and  weighing  himself  and 
t  e  absoi'bers.  In  the  work  experiments  there  may  be  differences  in  the  external  muscular  work 
despite  the  best  efforts  to  make  the  amounts  constant  from  day  to  da}'.  These  differences  in 
muscular  activity,  though  small,  may  affect  the  metabolism  of  matter  and  energy. 

3.  The  energy  furnished  by  the  alcohol  may  not  be  as  efficient,  calorie  for  calorie,  in  meeting 
the  demands  of  the  body  as  the  energy  from  the  materials  which  it  replaces.  It  is  hardly  to  be 
supposed  that  the  experimental  errors  in  categories  (1)  and  (2)  will  be  consideral)le.  It  is  still  less 
probable  that  they  will  be  so  concentrated  in  either  the  alcohol  or  nonalcohol  experiments  as  to 
mat nialh'  affect  the  average  results.  If.  therefore,  the  differences  between  the  figures  for  the 
experiments  of  the  two  classes  are  large  and  reasonably  constant,  it  would  seem  fair  to  attribute 
them  to  diffei'ences  in  the  actual  value  of  the  alcohol  as  I'ompared  with  isodynamic  amounts  of 
fats  and  carbohydrates. 

The  figures  of  Table  17  show  differences  to  the  disadvantage  of  the  alcohol.  The  differ- 
ences are,  however,  mainly  within  the  range  of  experimental  error." 

In  the  more  directly  comparable  experiments  (Group  I)  the  conditions  with  and  without 
alcohol  were  closely  similar.  In  Group  II  there  were  not  inconsiderable  differences  between  the 
amounts  of  protein  and  energy  in  the  diet,  in  the  number  of  subjects,  in  the  number  of  experi- 
ments, and  in  the  amounts  of  muscular  exercise.  These  differences  do  not.  in  our  judgment, 
destroy  the  value  of  the  comparisons  in  Group  II.  though  they  do  make  the  differences  in  result 
less  decisive.     The  results  of  Group  II  are,  therefore,  valuable  as  confirming  those  of  Group  I. 

Gains  and  Io»ses  of  hodtj  material  as  indicative  of  the  relative  effectiveness  of  alcohol. — The 
differences  in  the  gains  or  losses  of  protein  and  fat  in  the  experiments  with  alcohol  as  compared 
with  the  others  are  slightly  to  the  disadvantage  of  the  alcohol.  They  thus  imply  that,  calorie 
for  calorie,  the  energy  furnished  to  the  body  by  the  alcohol  was  less  effective  than  that  furnished 
by  the  carbohydrates  and  fats.  These  differences  may  be  due  to  experimental  errors,  but  even 
if  they  are  wholly  charged  to  the  alcohol  they  make  it  only  slightly  inferior  to  the  nutrients 
which  it  replaces.  The  inferiority  is  found  only  in  the  work  experiments;  in  the  rest  experi- 
ments there  is  practically  no  difference  between  the  alcohol  and  the  ordinary  nutrients  in 
effectiveness. 

Amounts  of  enei'(jy  metahoUzed  as  indicative  <f  the  relative  effectiveness  of  alcohol. — The 
results  here  are  similar  to  those  found  in  the  comparison  of  gains  or  losses  of  material.  This  is 
to  be  expected,  since  the  two  measures  are  really  different  expressions  of  the  same  fundamental 
fact.  In  the  rest  experiments  the  results  with  and  without  alcohol  are  practically  identical.  The 
inferiority  of  the  alcohol  is  limited  to  the  work  experiments. 

Enerfjy  cf  material  metaholized  in  v:orL-  t.vperiments  v:ith  and  without  alcohol. — In  the  work 
experiments  more  material  was  oxidized  than  the  food  supplied,  and  the  deficiency  was  made  up 
by  drafts  upon  the  previously  accumulated  store  of  body  protein  and  fat.  Under  these  circum- 
stances the  bodv  may  be  supposed  to  use  the  enei'gy  economically  so  as  to  make  the  drafts  upon 

'The  differences  Ijetween  the  results  .vith  ami  without  alcohol  are  in  all  cases  small.  Considering  them  from 
the  ordinary  mathematical  standpoint,  they  are,  of  course,  noticeable;  but  in  such  physiolojjical  experimenting  as 
this  the  unavoidable  errors  of  individual  experiments  are  consiilerable,  and  it  is  only  when  a  large  number  of 
such  experiments  are  average*!  that  differences  of  one  or  two  parts  in  one  hundred  could  properly  be  regarded  as 
significant.  Indeed,  in  this  whole  discussion  there  is  danger  of  being  misled  by  the  figures  in  the  tables  unless  one 
constantly  recalls  the  fact  that  the  range  of  unavoidable  variation  is  wide.  When,  however,  the  averages  of  large 
numbers  of  experiments  show  a  constant  difference  on  one  side  or  the  other,  it  may  be  permissible  to  use  such 
differences  for  conclusions  and  generalizations.  On  the  whole,  it  might  seem  that  in  these  experiments  the  results 
were  sufficiently  nmnerous  to  imply  a  slight  inferiority  of  the  alcohol  in  resjiect  to  the  economy  of  the  use  of  energy; 
but  this  inference  rests  upon  the  rather  questionable  assumption  of  the  absolute  equality  of  all  conditions  other  than 
the  presence  or  absence  of  alcohol  in  the  diet. 


282 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


its  capital  as  small  as  practicable.  It  would  therefore  seem  that  the  amounts  of  material 
oxidized  in  the  experiments  with  the  two  kinds  of  diet  would  give  a  somewhat  critical  test  of  the 
power  of  the  bodv  to  utilize  the  energy  of  alcohol,  either  directly  for  muscular  work  or  indirectly 
to  save  the  energy  of  other  materials  for  that  work.  We  may.  then,  determine  the  relative 
efficiency  of  the  alcohol  in  supplying  energy  in  these  experiments  by  comparing  the  amounts  of 
enero-y  in  material  oxidized.  If  the  amounts  are  the  same  with  and  without  alcohol  the  inference 
is  that  the  energy  of  the  alcohol  was  utilized  as  effectively,  so  far  as  simply  the  economy  of 
energy  is  concerned,  as  that  of  the  fats  and  carbohydrates;  but  if  more  energy  is  metabolized 
with  the  alcohol  we  must  conclude  that  it  is  inferior  as  a  source  of  energy  in  a  diet  for  muscular 
work.  We  may  take,  for  instance,  the  pair  of  experiments  Nos.  11  and  12,  in  which  the  man 
was  at  hard  work.  (See  Table  CXX,  p.  390.)  His  body  used,  in  No.  11,  with  ordinary  diet, 
3,901  calories  of  energy  per  day.  The  food  digested  and  absorbed  from  the  diet  supplied  3,510 
calories,  and  the  body  burned  enough  of  its  previously  accumulated  material,  protein  and  fat,  to 
supply  the  lacking  391  calories. 

In  the  corresponding  alcohol  experiment.  No.  12,  enough  of  the  fats,  sugar,  and  starch  of  the 
previous  diet  to  furnish  about  500  calories  of  energy  was  taken  out  and  replaced  by  sufficient 
alcohol  to  furnish  approximately  the  same  amount,  600  calories.  It  happened  that  the  total 
energy  in  the  alcohol  ration  was  about  30  calories  the  larger.  Furthermore,  the  availability  of 
the  food  proved  to  be  slightly  larger,  so  that  the  whole  available  energy  of  the  alcohol  ration  was 
3,614  calories.  The  amount  of  work  done  and  the  other  conditions  were  practically  the  same  as 
in  the  previous  experiment.  The  body  transformed  3,922  calories  and  in  order  to  do  so  drew 
enough  from  its  own  store  to  furnish  308  calories. 

According  to  these  figures  the  body  burned  a  trifle  more  material  in  the  alcohol  experiments 
than  in  the  others— enough  to  furnish  3,922  instead  of  3,901  calories  of  energy.  But  the  alcohol 
diet  furnished,  with  the  alcohol,  a  somewhat  larger  amount  of  total  energy,  and  furthermore  a 
somewhat  larger  proportion  of  the  nutrients  of  the  ordinary  food  was  digested,  so  that  the  body 
had  104  calories  more  of  available  energy.  The  fact  that  it  drew  S3  calories  less  from  its  previously 
stored  material  in  this  experiment  than  in  No.  11  indicates  that  it  used  its  energy  economically. 
In  each  of  these  two  cases  the  daily  amount  of  external  muscular  work  measured  was  equiv- 
alent to  not  far  from  200  calories.  In  the  first  experiment  all  of  this  came  from  ordinary 
food.  It  may  be  that  in  the  second  experiment  likewise  it  all  came  from  the  reduced  supply  of 
the  ordinary  food,  and  that  none  of  the  energy  actually  transformed  into  muscular  work  came 
from  the  alcohol.  There  is,  however,  no  reason  to  suppose  that  the  body  made  any  distinction 
between  the  energy  from  the  alcohol  and  that  from  the  other  fuel,  and  even  if  it  did  so  it  made 
just  as  good  use  of  the  energy  of  the  alcohol  to  meet  its  other  needs  as  it  did  of  the  energy  of  the 
ordinary  nutrients. 

The  test  of  the  comparative  economy  of  the  two  diets  so  far  as  concerns  the  supply  of  energy 
is  found  in  the  amount  of  energy  of  material  oxidized.  This  was  20  calories,  or  about  0.6  per 
cent  the  larger  in  the  alcohol  diet.  This  is  far  inside  the  limit  of  experimental  error.  Indeed, 
the  quantity  of  energy  given  oft'  from  the  body  as  measured  by  the  respiration  calorimeter  was 
5  calories  larger  with  the  ordinary  than  with  the  alcohol  diet.  (See  Table  CXX  of  the  Appendix.) 
Of  course  such  differences  have  practically  no  significance  in  physiological  experimenting. 

The  results  of  the  experiments  in  their  bearing  upon  the  subject  are  summarized  herewith: 

Average  amounts  of  energy  in  material  oxidized. 
[Calories  per  day.] 


iA-C-.|  More 'lirectly  fomparable,  rest. 
D-F..|  More  directly  fOii]]iarable,  work 
A-F..|  ^More  ilirectly  comparable,  all .. 
II,  G-I  --    Lesy  directly  coiuparable,  rest.. 
Ill,  A-I  ..    All  above 


2,191 
3,694 
2,942 
2,356 

2,747 


^klEMOIKS  OF  THP:  NATIONAL  ACADKIMY  OF  SCIENCES.  283 

It  appears  tluit  in  the  more  direetly  eoiiipuralile  experiineiits  the  eiieryv  of  material  oxidized 
averao-ed  the  same  where  the  subjects  were  at  rest,  but  was  about  1  per  eeiit  iar<i:er  with  the 
alcohol  when  they  were  at  work.  In  the  less  directly  comparable  experiments,  in  all  of  which 
the  subjects  were  at  rest,  the  average  was  larger  by  about  2  per  cent  with  the  alcohol  diet.  ThLs 
is  perhaps  no  more  than  was  to  be  expected  with  the  slight  differences  in  the  conditions  of  the 
experiments. 

In  this  method  of  comparison  by  tuiiounts  of  material  and  energy  oxidized,  as  in  the  previous 
method,  the  ditlerences  were  too  small  to  be  taken  into  account  in  individual  experiments,  but 
appearing  as  they  do  in  the  average  of  a  number  of  experiments  they  are  not  without  significance. 
The  conclusion  is  that  the  energy  of  the  alcohol  diet  was  slightly  less  economically  used  than  that 
of  the  ordinary  diet,  especially  in  the  work  experiments.  This  implies  that  the  iMiergy  of  the 
alcohol  itself  was  less  economically  utilized  than  that  of  the  fats  and  carbohydrates,  but  the 
differences  are  so  small  as  to  be  of  little  or  no  practical  consequence. 

Btliifire  ejfi'ctiveni'sx  i>f  iilfuJioI  rj-pi'txxtd  In  pt-ixx'ntagen. — In  the  work  experiments  of  Group  I 
3.064  calories  wei-e  metabolized  with  the  ordinary,  and  3.694  with  the  alcohol  ration.  The 
relative  costs  of  maintaining  the  bodv  with  the  two  rations  were  thus  3.664  :  3.694  =  100  :  100.8 
or  99.2  :  100;  the  difference  of  30  calories  being  0.8  percent.  Assuming  the  difference  to  be  due 
wholly  to  the  inferiority  of  the  alcohol  ration,  its  effectiveness,  calorie  for  calorie,  would  ])e  99.2 
per  cent  of  that  of  the  ordinary  ration,  so  far  as  the  energy  is  concerned. 

The  alcohol  supplied  .50(i  calories  of  energy,  of  which  the  30  calories  would  represent  6  per 
cent.  If  we  charge  the  deficit  wholly  to  the  alcohol,  the  latter  would  be,  calorie  for  calorie, 
6  per  cent  less  effective  than  the  fats  and  carbohydrates  it  replaced.  In  other  words,  the  effect- 
iveness of  the  alcohol  as  a  source  of  energy  in  the  i-ation  for  muscular  work  in  this  case  would 
be  94  per  cent  of  that  of  the  isodynamic  amounts  of  carbohydrates  and  fats. 

Calculated  in  these  ways  the  effectiveness  of  the  alcohol  ration  as  compared  with  the  ordinary 
ration,  and  that  of  the  alcohol  as  compared  with  carbohydrates  and  fats  in  the  experiments  of 
Groups  I- III.  would  be  as  follows : 

Percentages  of  effectiveness  of  energy. 

Experiments.  ^^  ^,^^ ,  Energy  of  a^eo- 

~ 1   *>o'  ™"o"  "■''     Dared  within 

1  compared  «ith!  P" v  of  "  rbT 
energy  of  ordi-    t'?^^.?L';'^™5^ 


Classification,  I '^^rtf.-V^;,':^^""    hydrates  and 


nary  ration. 


Per  cent.  Per  cait. 

I  I  More  directly  comparable 99. 5  i               97. 0 

II  I  Less  direotiv  comparable i             97.7  !               89.2 

III     Avera^'e  of  I  and  II i             99.0  94.4 

I  I  Rest  experiments i            100.0  99.8 

I  I  Work  experiments 99.  2  94. 0 

Sin/u/ai/'i/. — The  conditions  and  results  of  these  experiments  and  the  inferences  here  drawn 
from  them  regarding  alcohol  as  a  source  of  muscular  energy  may  be  brieffy  summarized: 

1.  AVe  have  here  experiments  with  ordinary  diet  compared  with  other  experiments  in  which 
the  conditions  were  similar  except  that  carbohydrates  and  fats  sufficient  to  supply  500  calories 
of  energy  of  the  2.20ii-3.6(iO  calories  in  the  daily  ration  were  replaced  by  the  isodynamic  amount 
(about  72  grauLs)  of  alcohol,  the  latter  being  taken  in  six  doses.  The  conditions  of  work  and 
i-est  were  very  nearly  the  same  in  the  corresponding  experiments-,  with  and  without  alcohol. 

2.  The  amounts  of  material  and  energv  transformed  in  the  experiments  with  alcohol  were 
very  nearly  the  same  as  in  the  corresponding  ones  without  alcohol.  Where  the  ration  was 
insufficient  to  meet  the  needs  of  the  body,  and  it  had  to  draw  upon  its  store  of  fat  and  proteiii  to 
supply  the  lacking  energy,  the  drafts  were  practically  the  .same  with  the  ordinary  as  with  the 
alcohol  diet,  so  far  as  concerns  the  energy  of  the  body  material  drawn  upon. 

3.  The  utilization  of  the  energy  of  the  whole  ration  was  slightlv  less  economical  with  the 
alcohol  than  with  the  ordinary  diet,  especially  when  the  subjects  were  at  hai-d  muscular  work. 


284  ME]»IOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

but  the  difl'erenee  in  favor  of  the  ordintiry  food  was  very  small  indeed,  hardly  enough  to  be  of 
praetical  consequence.  From  thi.s  it  follows  that  the  energy  of  the  alcohol  was  utilized  very 
nearly  or  quite  as  well  as  that  of  the  other  fuel  ingredients  which  it  replaced. 

i.  That  the  alcohol  contributed  its  share  of  energy  for  muscular  work  is  a  natural  hypoth- 
esis and  very  probable,  but  not  absolutely  proven.  The  hypothesis  that  the  energy  of  the 
alcohol  was  not  so  used,  is  not  called  for  as  an  explanation  of  any  fact  observed  in  these 
experiments. 

It  should  not  be  forgotten  that  the  desirability  of  alcohol  as  part  of  a  diet  for  muscular  work 
is  not  decided  by  the  narrower  questions  here  discussed.  There  is  a  very  essential  difference 
between  the  transformation  of  the  potential  energy  of  alcohol  into  the  mechanical  energy  of 
muscular  work  and  the  advantage  or  disadvantage  of  alcohol  in  the  diet  of  people  engaged  in 
muscular  labor.  Even  with  the  small  doses  in  these  experiments  there  were  indications  that  the 
subjects  worked  to  slightly  better  advantage  with  the  ordinary  rations  than  with  the  alcohol. 
The  results  of  practical  tests  on  a  large  scale  elsewhere  coincide  with  those  of  general  observation 
in  implying  that  the  use  of  any  considerable  quantity  of  alcoholic  beverages  as  part  of  the  diet 
for  muscular  labor  is  generally  of  doubtful  value  and  often  positively  injurious."  Aside  from 
the  question  of  the  power  of  alcohol  to  protect  protein  and  fat  and  supply  energj^  to  the  bodj^  for 
various  useful  purposes,  there  are  the  far  weightier  considerations  of  the  general  effect  of  alcohol 
iipon  the  muscular  and  especially  the  nervous  sj^stem  and  upon  health  and  welfare.  Upon  these 
most  serious  hygienic,  economical,  and  ethical  problems  the  experiments  here  reported  throw  no 
special  light. 

"  For  a  summary  of  results  of  experiments  upon  various  piiases  of  thiis  subject  by  different  investigators,  see 
article  by  Prof.  J.  H.  Abel  in  the  Report  of  the  Physiological  Subcijmmittee  of  the  Committee  of  Fifty  for  the 
Investigation  of  the  Drink  Problem.     (See  page  261  of  this  memoir.) 


Sf^IMARV  OF  PT.AX  AXU  RESULTS  OF  THK  P:XP?:RIMKXTS. 

Piirj'OSf.  xxf/jtctx.  iiiid  lueth'xl. — The  purpose  of  the  experimeut.s.  ro  far  a?  the  physiologk-al 
action  of  alcohol  is  concerned,  was  primarily  to  get  light  upon  the  ways  by  which  its  iwtential 
energy  is  transformed  and  utilized  in  the  body,  but  attention  was  al>o  given  to  the  effects  of 
alcohol  upon  the  digestion  of  the  food  taken  with  it.  the  proportions  of  alcohol  that  were  oxidized 
and  escaped  oxidation,  and  its  effect-  upon  the  metabolism  of  carbon  and  nitrogen  and  the  gain 
and  loss  of  fat  and  protein  in  the  body. 

The  subjects  were  three  young,  healthy,  active  men  who  were  ordinarily  engaged  in  rather 
light  work:  one  was  a  laboratory  assistant,  one  a  physicist,  and  one  a  cheiuist  in  the  chemical 
lalwratoiT  of  Wesleyan  University,  where  the  experiments  were  made.  The  first.  E.  O..  a 
Swede  b_v  birth,  had  been  accustomed  from  his  youth  to  drink  small  quantities  of  alcoholic 
beverages:  the  other  two.  A.  W.  S.  and  J.  F.  .S. .  had  always  been  abstainers. 

The  results  of  experiments  with  ordinary  diet  were  compared  with  those  of  experiments  in 
which  part  of  the  fats  and  carbohydrates  of  the  ordinary  food  were  replaced  by  the  isodynamic 
amount,  about  1-Jt  grams  (ii  ounces)  of  absolute  alcohol,  generally  in  the  form  of  commercial 
alcohol,  though  in  one  experiment  brandy  and  in  another  whisky  was  used.  The  amount  of  alcohol 
was  about  as  much  as  would  be  supplied  in  a  bottle  of  claret,  or  6  ounces  of  whisky,  or  5  ounces 
of  brandy. 

The  ordinary  diet  consisted  of  meat.  milk,  bread,  cereals,  butter,  sugar,  and  the  like.  with, 
in  some  cases,  coffee.  The  quantities  wei'e  such  as  had  been  found  to  be  sufficient,  or  nearly  so. 
for  meeting  the  demands  of  the  body  under  the  conditions  of  the  experiments,  whether  of  rest  or 
muscular  work.  The  methods  of  preparation  were  such  as  to  make  the  food  palatable  to  the 
subject. 

During  the  metabolism  experiments  proper  the  subjects  were  in  the  chamljer  of  the  respira- 
tion calorimeter,  where  they  remained  during  periods  varying  from  i  to  9  days.  The  sojourn 
was  made  comfortable  and  the  conditions  seemed  to  be  normal.  Each  metabolism  experiment 
or  series  of  experiments  in  the  respiration  chamber  was  preceded  by  a  period  during  which 
the  subject  had  essentially  the  same  diet  and  nearly  the  same  amount  of  muscular  exercise 
outside  the  chamber.  In  these  preliminary  experiments  the  amounts,  composition,  and  heats  of 
combustion  of  the  food,  feces,  and  urine  were  determined.  In  the  metabolism  experiment* 
the  determinations  include  besides  these  the  water  and  carbon  dioxide  of  the  incoming  and 
outgoing  air  current  by  which  the  chamber  was  ventilated,  the  heat  given  off  fi'om  the  t>ody, 
and.  in  the  work  experiments,  the  heat  equivalent  of  the  muscular  work  done.  In  the  alcohol 
experiments  the  determinations  were  made  of  the  small  amounts  of  alcohol  excreted  by  the 
kidneys,  lungs,  and  skin. 

Accordingly  the  data  of  the  metabolism  experiments  show  the  income  and  outgo  of  the 
body  as  expressed  in  terms  of  (a)  nitrogen,  carlwn.  and  hydrogen:  (b)  water,  protein,  fats,  car- 
bohydrates, and  mineral  matters:  (c)  potential  energy  of  food  and  unoxldized  excreta,  and  (d) 
kinetic  energy  of  heat  given  off'  from  the  bodv  and  external  muscular  work  performed.  The 
accuracy  of  the  apparatus  and  method  were  assured  by  burning  alcohol  within  the  chamber 
measuring  the  amounts  of  cai'bon  dioxide,  water,  and  heat  produced.  Such  tests  were  made 
generally  between  each  two  experiments  or  experimental  series.  Taking  the  theoretical  amounts 
at  loo.  the  average  amounts  found  were  carl>on  dioxid.  99.6:  water.  liX).6;  heat.  99.9. 

In  the  so-called  •"rest"  experiments  the  subject  had  no  more  muscular  exercise  than  was 
involved  in  dressing  and  undressing,  weighing  himself,  arranging  his  folding  l>ed.  chair,  and  table, 

2S.5 


286  MEMOIES  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADE:MY  OF  SCIENCES. 

and  caving  for  the-  food  and  solid  and  liquid  excreta.  His  diversion  was  found  m  reading, 
writing,  and  occasional  conversation  by  telephone  with  persons  outside.  lu  the  "work"  experi- 
ments the  subject  engaged  in  the  active  muscular  exercise  of  riding  a  stationary-  bicycle  for  eight 
hours  or  thereabouts  per  day.  The  wheel  of  the  bicycle  was  belted  to  a  dynamo  connected  with 
an  electric  lamp,  so  that  the  muscular  power  which  was  applied  to  the  pedals  was  converted 
partlv  into  heat  by  friction  but  mainly  into  electrical  energy  and  then  into  heat.  The  apparatus 
was  calibrated  so  as  to  serve  as  an  ergometer  for  measuring  the  external  muscular  work. 

In  interpreting  the  results  in  their  bearing  upon  the  physiological  action  of  alcohol,  it  should 
be  particularly  noted  that  the  whole  amount  of  alcohol  ingested  per  day  was  small  and  that 
furthermore  it  was  taken  in  6  doses,  3  with  meals  and  3  between  meals.  The  object  of  the 
experiments  was  to  studv  the  action  of  alcohol  under  conditions  calculated  to  secure  the 
minimum  of  influence  upon  the  nervous  system.  With  such  small  doses,  the  equivalent  of  a 
glass  of  wine  each,  and  thus  distributed,  two  of  the  subjects  were  able  to  detect  practically  no 
sensible  effect  of  the  alcohol,  while  the  third,  J.  F.  S.,  felt  nothing  more  than  at  times  a  slight 
••tingling"  in  the  ears.  There  was  in  some  cases  an  apparent  though  slight  quickening  of  pulse 
rate,  but  practically  no  lowering  of  bod}^  temperature  was  observed.  In  such  freedom  from 
nervous  disturljance  it  was  believed  that  the  normal  nutritive  action  would  be  best  observed. 

There  is  the  more  reason  for  emphasizing  this  last  point,  because  in  the  majority  of  the 
published  experiments  with  men  and  animals  for  the  studj-  of  the  effects  of  alcohol  the  quantities 
of  the  latter  have  been  much  larger.  Doses  of  1  to  1^  grams  per  kilogram  of  body  have  commonl}^ 
been  considered  small,  and  those  of  2  to  3  grams  per  kilogram  have  been  common  and  generally 
taken  on  an  empty  stomach.  Often  the  amounts  have  been  such  as  to  cause  the  symptoms  of 
drunkenness.  In  our  experiments,  on  the  other  hand,  the  whole  amount  per  day  was  only 
about  1  gram  per  kilogram  bodv  weight;  the  individual  doses  were  only  about  one-sixth  of  a 
"•ram  per  kilogram,  and  half  of  them  were  taken  with  meals.  This  fact  doubtless  accounts  for 
a  not  inconsiderable  share  of  the  difference  between  the  results  of  our  experiments  and  those 
found  by  a  number  of  other  investigators. 

While  the  quantities  of  alcohol  were  small,  the  energj-  sufficed  to  make  about  one-fifth  of  the 
total  energy  of  the  diet  in  the  "rest,"  and  one-seventh  of  the  total  energy  of  the  diet  in  the 
"woi'k"  experiments. 

It  is  to  be  especially  noted  that  these  experiments  were  not  made  to  test  the  effects  of  alcohol 
upon  muscular  or  nervous  activitj-  or  power,  nor  do  they  lead  to  anj-  conclusions  regarding  the 
effects  of  alcohol  when  taken  habitually  or  in  large  quantities. 

I7ie  ohxervc'd  results. — The  results,  as  shown  by  the  statistics  of  the  experiments,  mav  be 
briefly  stated  as  follows: 

1.  The  quantities  of  alcohol  eliminated  by  the  lungs,  skin,  and  kidneys  varied  from  0.7  to 
2.7  grams,  and  averaged  1.3  grams  per  day  (see  p.  258).  This  corresponds  to  an  average  of  1.9 
per  cent  of  the  whole  alcohol  ingested.  Accordingly  over  98  per  cent  of  the  ingested  alcohol 
was  oxidized  in  the  body.  There  is,  however,  reason  to  believe  that  99  per  cent  would  more 
nearly  represent  the  proportion  actually  oxidized. 

2.  The  experiments  give  data  for  comparing  the  availability  and  fuel  value  of  alcohol  with 
those  of  the  nutrients  of  ordinary  food.  The  word  "availability "'  as  here  applied  to  the  ordinary 
nutrients,  expresses  the  proportion  which  is  digested  and  made  available  for  the  building  and 
repair  of  tissue  and  the  j'ielding  of  energy.  This  proportion  is  the  difference  between  the  total 
amount  and  that  excreted  b\'  the  intestine.  In  like  manner  the  available  alcohol  would  be  the 
difference  between  the  total  amount  ingested  and  the  amount  excreted  by  the  lungs,  skin,  and 
kidncA's,  practically  none  being  excreted  by  the  intestine.  The  available  energy  of  the  ordinary 
nutrients  is  the  total  energy  (heat  of  oxidation)  less  that  of  the  material  unoxidized.  For  fats, 
carliohydrates.  and  alcohol  it  is  the  heat  of  oxidation  of  the  total  available  material.  For  the 
protein  it  is  the  same,  less  the  heat  of  oxidation  of  the  unoxidized  residue  excreted  l>y  the  kidneys. 
The  available  enoi-gy  is  taken  as  the  measure  of  the  fuel  value.  The  following  table  compares  the 
coefficients  of  availability  and  the  fuel  values  of  the  protein,  fats,  and  carbohydrates  of  ordinary 


MEMOIKS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


287 


diet,  as  found  by  a  considerable  niiml)er  of  experiments."  with  those  of  the  aleohol  as  shown  l)y 
the  experiments  here  reported. 

Table  IS. — Comparison  of  aiailabUUy  (digeitibility)  and  fad  values  of  nutrients  of  food  in  ordinary  diet  with  those  of 

tdcohol. 


Heat  01 
combustion 
per  gram. 

Coefficients  of  availabil- 
ity- 

Fuel  values. 

Of  material.     Of  energy. 

Referre<i  to  available  ma-    Referred  to  total  mate- 
terial.                                    rial. 

Per  gram. 

Pet  pound. 

Per  gram. 

Perp<iund. 

Protein 

Fats 

Caloriet. 
5.65 
9.40 
4.10 
7.07 

Per  cent.          Per  cent. 
92                   70 
95                 95 

97  ,             97 

98  !             98 

Oitories. 
4.4 
9.4 
4.1 
7.1 

Caloriei. 
2,000 
4,260 
1,860 
3.210 

OilM-ies. 
4.0 
8.9 
4.0 
6.9 

0dU>rU4. 
1,820 
4,010 

1,820 

Alcohol" 

S,140 

The  isodynamie  values  of  alcohol,  carbohydi-ates,  and  fats  are  thus  in  the  ratios  of  ^.9  : 4 :  S.9. 
and  1  gram  of  alcohol  would  be  isodynamie  with  1.73  grams  carbohydrate  or  U.7S  gram  of  fats 
of  ordinary  food  materials. 

3.  The  proportions  of  food  and  of  the  several  kinds  of  nutrients  digested  and  made  available 
for  use  in  the  body  were  practically  the  same  in  the  experiments  with  and  those  without  alcohol  in 
the  diet.  The  only  difference  worthy  of  mention  was  in  the  proportions  of  protein  made  available. 
These  were  very  slightly  larger  with  the  alcohol,  but  the  difference  was  too  small  to  be  of 
practical  consequence.  In  all  the  experiments,  both  those  with  and  those  without  alcohol,  the 
i-esults  agree  very  closely  with  those  commonly  found  in  digestion  of  food  in  ordinary  mixed  diet 
by  healthy  men. 

i.  The  potential  energy  of  the  alcohol  was  transformed  into  kinetic  energy  in  the  body  as 
coinpletch"  a^  that  of  the  ordinary  nutiieuts.  The  income  and  oiatgo  of  energy  were  equal  in  the 
experiments  without  alcohol:  the  same  was  true  in  the  experiments  with  alcohol.  In  all  the 
experiments  the  body  obeyed  the  law  of  conservation  of  energy. 

5.  With  the  exception  of  the  energy  of  the  external  muscular  work  in  the  work  experiments, 
all  of  the  energy  of  the  food,  including  that  of  the  alcohol,  left  the  body  as  heat,  and  must 
therefore  have  been  transformed  into  heat  within  the  body.  Part  of  this  total  energy  must  have 
been  used  for  the  internal  mechanical  (mu.scular)  work:  the  energy  thus  used  was  therefore  trans- 
formed into  heat  before  leaving  the  body. 

6.  The  radiation  of  heat  from  the  body  was  very  slightly  greater  with  the  alcohol  diet  than 
with  the  ordinary  diet,  but  the  difference  was  extremeh"  small — enough  to  make  only  about  1 
per  cent  of  the  whole  energy  metabolized  and  not  over  6  per  cent  of  the  energy  of  the  alcohol. 

7.  The  efficiency  of  alcohol  in  the  protection  of  hod}'  fat  from  consumption  was  very 
evident.  The  losses  of  fat  were  no  larger  and  the  gains  no  smaller  with  the  alcohol  diet  than 
with  the  corresponding  diet  without  alcohol.  In  this  respect  there  was;  no  indication  of  any 
considerable  difference  between  the  alcohol  and  the  nearly  isodynamie  amounts  of  fats  and 
carbohydrates  which  it  replaced.     This  was  the  case  in  all  the  experiments. 

S.  The  efficiency  of  the  alcohol  in  protecting  body  protein  was  evident,  but  it  was  not  fully 
equal  in  this  respect  to  the  isodynamie  amounts  of  the  ordinary  nutrients.  The  results,  however, 
were  not  the  same  with  the  different  subjects.  With  E.  O..  who  had  been  accustomed  to  use 
alcoholic  beveiuges.  the  differences  between  the  alcohol  diet  and  the  ordinarv  diet  in  their 
apparent  effects  upon  nitrogen  metabolism  were  small.  The  tigures  showed  a  slightly  larger 
output  of  nitrogen  with  the  alcohol,  but  the  differences  were  not  large  enough  to  be  of  especial 
significance.     With  A.  W.  S..  who  was  unaccustomed  to  alcohol,  its  use  in  the  place  of  other 

'  See  JiscQssion  of  this  subject  by  W.  O.  Atwatek  and  A.  P.  Bry.vxt  in  the  Rejxirt  ot  the  Storrs  (Conn. ) 
Experiment  Station  for  1899.  from  which  the  tifiures  for  ordinary  nutrients  iu  the  table  are  taken. 


288  MEMOIKS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

nutrients  resulted,  at  tirst.  in  an  increased  excretion  of  nitrogen  in  tlie  urine  and  infereutiallj- 
a  greater  catabolisni  of  protein,  but  after  5  or  6  days  the  output  of  nitrogen  fell  to  what  seemed 
to  be  the  amount  with  ordinary-  diet,  and  when  the  alcohol  was  removed  and  diet  thus  reduced 
there  was  an  increase  in  the  output.  These  residts  implied  that  the  alcohol  at  iirst  failed  to  protect 
protein  but  was  afterwards  able  to  do  so.  There  was,  however,  but  one  series  of  experiments 
with  this  subject.  AVith  J.  F.  S..  also  an  abstainer,  the  alcohol  periods  covered  only  3  days,  duriHg 
which  there  was  in  each  case  an  increased  nitrogen  catabolism.  On  the  whole  these  experiments 
accord  with  the  belief  that  with  some  persons,  especially  those  who  are  not  accustomed  to  the  use 
of  alcohol,  it  may  fail  to  protect  protein:  but  this  action  is  temporary  and  the  more  permanent 
influence  is  to  protect  protein. 

9.  That  a  part  of  the  potential  energy  of  the  alcohol  was  transformed  into  the  kinetic  energy 
of  muscular  work  these  experiments  do  not  prove,  though  they  make  it  highh'  probable.  They 
imply  that,  so  far  as  the  utilization  of  the  total  energy  of  the  diet  was  concerned,  there  was  a 
slight  advantage  in  eeonom}-  in  favor  of  the  ordinary  as  compared  with  the  alcohol  diet,  especiallj' 
when  the  subjects  were  at  hard  muscular  work,  but  the  difference  was  inside  the  limits  of  experi- 
mental error  and  too  small  to  be  of  practical  consequence.  On  the  average  it  was  less  than  1  per 
cent  of  the  total  energy  and  hardly  reached  5  per  cent  of  the  energy  of  the  alcohol.  From  this 
it  follows  that  the  energy  of  the  alcohol  was  utilized  nearly  if  not  quite  as  well  as  that  of  the  fats, 
sugar,  and  starch  which  it  replaced. 

10.  We  repeat  that  there  is  a  very  essential  difference  between  the  transformation  of  the 
potential  energy  of  alcohol  into  the  kinetic  energy  of  heat,  or  of  either  internal  or  external 
muscular  work,  and  the  usefulness  or  harmfulness  of  alcohol  as  a  part  of  ordinarj-  diet.  Eegarding 
this  latter  question  the  experiments  bring  no  moi'e  evidence  than  thej'  do  regarding  the  influence 
of  alcohol  upon  the  nervous  system  or  its  general  effect  upon  health  and  welfare. 


APPENDIX. 


The  details  of  the  experiments  described  above  are  set  forth  in  the  following  pages,  and 
include: 

1.  Kinds  of  experimental  data  and  methods  for  obtaining  them. 

2.  Statistical  details  of  metabolism  experiments  with  alcohol. 

3.  Statistical  details  of  digestion  experiments  with  alcohol. 
i.  Tabular  summaries. 

A  list  of  the  experiments,  with  groupings  for  comparison,  may  lie  found  in  Table  1.  on 
page  241  of  the  lirst  part  of  this  report.  As  there  explained,  the  metabolism  experiments  here 
described  in  detail  were  made  with  alcohol  as  a  part  of  the  diet.  They  are  compared  with  similar 
experiments  without  alcohol,  which  have  lieen  described  in  detail  elsewhere.  Each  metabolism 
experiment  or  series  of  metabolism  experiments  with  or  without  alcohol  not  only  included  a 
digestion  experiment,  but  was  also  preceded  by  such  an  experiment.  The  data  of  these  digestion 
experiments  are  also  given  beyond.  The  experiments  without  alcohol  and  two  of  those  with 
alcohol  have  been  described  in  detail  elsewhere.  In  several  instances  the  results  are  here 
summarized  with  the  details  of  the  alcohol  experiments. 

DATA.— F.XPF.KIMKXTAIi  METHODS. 

METABOLISM    EXPERIMENTS. 

The  larger  part  of  the  statistics  of  the  metabolism  experiments  have  to  do  with  the  income 
and  outgo  of  material  and  energ}-. 

E-rp'-riiiiintol  datii.  <if  Incoinv. — These  include  statistics  of  the  kinds,  amounts,  composition, 
and  potential  energy  of  food  and  drink,  the  volume  of  the  ventilating  current  of  air  entering 
the  chamber  and  the  amount  of  carbon  dioxide  and  water  in  that  air.  The  food  for  each 
experiment  was  selected  before  the  experiment  began  and  the  desired  amounts  for  diiferent 
meals  were  placed  in  suitable  jars,  as  described  on  page  239.  Such  of  the  analytical  determi- 
nations as  were  necessary  for  the  control  of  the  diet,  in  order  to  insure  the  desired  amount  of 
protein  and  energy,  were  made  previous  to  the  beginning  of  the  experiment. 

E.iper'nnental  data  of  outgo. — These  include  statistics  of  the  amount,  composition,  and  heat 
of  combustion  of  the  unoxidized  materials  of  feces  and  urine,  the  quantity  of  carbon  dioxid 
and  water  in  the  air  leaving  the  chamber,  and  the  total  energy  given  oil'  by  the  body  in  the  form 
of  heat  and  external  muscular  work. 

Apparatus  a  ad  general  methods  of  irapiirij. — The  respiration  calorimeter  and  method  of  its 
use  have  been  described  in  detail  in  publications  referred  to  on  page  236."  The  methods  of 
analysis  of  food,  feces,  and  urine  were,  in  the  main,  those  adopted  b\'  the  Association  of  Official 
Agricultural  Chemists.''  but  with  certain  modifications  which  have  been  developed  in  this 
laborator}-.*^    The   heats  of   combustion    were  determined  bj"  use  of    the  bomb  calorimeter.'' 

•Bulletins  44,  63,  69,  and  109  of  the  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  of  the  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr. 

''See  Bulletin  46,  revised,  of  the  Division  of  Chemistry,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr. 

'See  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations,  Bui.  44,  p.  22;  Bui.  69,  p.  IS,  and  Report  of  Storra 
(Conn. )  Expt.  Sta.,  1891,  p.  47.  The  methods  for  the  determination  of  carbon  and  hydrogen  in  use  in  this  laboratory 
are  des^'ribed  in  detail  by  F.  G.  Bexedict  in  Elementary  Organic  Analysis,  The  Chemical  Publishing  Co.,  on  page  51 
of  which  the  apparatus  is  pictured. 

■"The  bomb  calorimeter  and  accessory  apparatus  used  have  been  described  by  W.  O.  Atw.\ter  and  associates  in 
Bulletin  21  of  the  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  of  the  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  p.  123,  and  in  the  Reports  of  the  Storrs 
(Conn.)  Expt.  Sta.,  1894,  p.  133,  and  1897,  p.  199. 

289 


290 


MEMOmS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


Further  descriptions  of  experiuaental  methods  are  given  in  connection  with  the  descriptions  of 
experiment  1:^.  beyond. 

Composition  of  food  matericds  and  feces. — The  figures  for  the  analyses  of  the  food  materials 
and  feces  of  the  alcoholic  experiments  here  described  are  given  in  Tables  I  and  11. 

Table  I. — Composition  of  food  materials  nsed  in  7netabolism  e.rperiments  Kos.  13,  IS,  16,  17,  IS,  19,  20,  22,  21,  SO,  and  33. 


Labo- 
ratory 
No. 

Food  material. 

Experi- 
ment 
Xo. 

Nitro- 
gen. 

Carbon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Water. 

Protein 
(X  X 
6.25). 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

Ash. 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion per 
gram  de- 
termined. 

2860 

12 

15-17 

18-20 
22 
27 
30 
33 
12 
12 

15-17 

18-20 
22 
27 
30 
33 
12 

18-20 
30 
33 

15-17 
22 
27 
12 

15-22 
27 

30-33 
12 

15-20 
22 
27 
.30 
33 

27,30 
33 
17 

8 

Per  ct. 

4.38 

4.17 

4.46 

5.59 

5.41 

5.72 

5.13 

2.93 

.08 

.19 

.21 

.17 

.26 

.20 

.20 

.49 

.51 

.64 

.66 

.65 

.58 

.67 

1.88 

1.82 

1.87 

1.92 

1.51 

1.27 

1.27 

1.42 

1.50 

1.38 

1.00 

.88 

.20 

Per  ct. 

■   17.85 

15.24 

16.57 

23.57 

19.55 

20.89 

18.  55 

36.10 

63.81 

61.90 

66.23 

69.16 

65.02 

65.11 

65.58 

6.57 

7.03 

8.00 

8.22 

4.61 

4.11 

4.63 

44.39 

41.39 

42.20 

42.72 

27.27 

27.33 

28. 05 

27.76 

29.14 

28.27 

44.32 

43.87 

4.50 

42.10 

52. 17 

Per  ct. 
2.61 
2.29 
2.54 
3.37 
2.70 
2.9S 
2.66 
5.45 

Per  ct. 
65.3 
69.2 
66.7 
56.6 
62.5 
60.3 
64.5 
41.4 

Per  ct. 

27.4 

26.1 

27.9 

34.9 

33.8 

35.7 

32.1 

18.3 

.  5 

1.2 

1.3 

1.1 

1.6 

1.3 

1.3 

3.1 

3.2 

4.0 

4.1 

4.1 

3.6 

4.2 

11.8 

11.4 

11.7 

12.0 

9.4 

7.9 

7.9 

8.9 

9.4 

8.6 

6.2 

5.5 

1.3 

Perct. 

5.6 

2.6 

2.6 

6.1 

2.8 

3.0 

2.8 

36.4 

86.4 

86.0 

87.5 

86.8 

85.9 

86.3 

87.6 

4.5 

4.4 

5.4 

5.2 

.1 

.1 

.3 

8.2 

.6 

1.7 

1.4 

1.0 

2.8 

3.4 

1.6 

2.0 

2.5 

8.3 

7.2 

.2 

Per  ct. 

........ 

5.0 

4.8 

4.8 

5.5 

4.8 

4.7 

73.4 

80.4 

79.1 

80.5 

48.1 

46.3 

47.0 

48.9 

50.8 

49.8 

79.8 

81.6 

8.3 

100.0 

Perct. 

2.5 

2.2 

2.1 

1.0 

.9 

1.0 

1.0 

4.0 

2.2 

2.5 

2.5 

2.6 

2.6 

3.2 

2.7 

..7 

.8 

.8 

.8 

.8 

.8 

.8 

1.7 

1.5 

1.9 

2.0 

1.1 

1.3 

1.3 

1.3 

1.3 

1.3 

1.6 

2.0 

.9 

Calories. 
2.000 

3009 
3022 
3027 
3176 

do 

do 

do 

...do  

1.682 
1.827 
2.633 
2.198 

3186 

do                             

2.327 

3205 

do    

2.075 

2858 

4. 366 

''861 

Butter 

10. 14  1  10. 9 

7.906 

3003 

do                     

10.40 

10. 55 

10. 52 

10.02 

10.44 

10.37 

1.00 

.94 

1.20 

1.24 

.66 

.59 

.63 

6.49 

10.3 

8.7 

9.5 

9.9 

9.2 

8.4 

87.5 

86.6 

85.0 

85.1 

89.5 

90.7 

90.0 

4.9 

7.959 

3021 

do 

8.178 

3029 

...do  

8.027 

3177 
3187 
3206 

do 

do 

do 

8.002 
8.048 
8.210 

2857 

.798 

3024 
3190 
3201 
3006 

do 

do 

do 

.782 
.900 
.904 
.468 

3031 
3179 
2842 

do 

.....do 

.409 

.462 

4.437 

3004 

6. 17       6. 1 
5.94       5.6 

6.  30       4. 1 
3.92  :  40.4 
4. 11  i  41. 7 

3.98  1  40.4 

3.99  ,  39.3 
4.  30  j  36. 5 
4.  30  1  37.  8 
6.61  1    4.1 

7.  20  1     3.  7 
.60  1  89.3 

4.056 

3168 
3193 
2859 

do 

do 

Bread 

4.136 
4.202 
2.663 

2968 
3032 

do 

do 

2.710 
2.889 

3180 
3192 

do 

do                              

2.803 
2.931 

3204 

.do             

2.869 

3181 

4.434 

3207 
3069 

do 

4.434 
.380 

6.48 
13. 05 

3.960 

7.069 

'Used  in  all  the  experiments. 


'  As  pure  ethyl  alcohol. 


T.\BLE  II. — Composition  of  feces  in  metabolism  experiments  Nos.  12,  15,  16,  17,  IS,  19,  20,  22,  27,  30,  and  33. 


Labo- 
ratory 


2863 
3008 
3033 
3035 
3184 
3196 
3210 


Feces  . 
....do 
....do 
....do 
....do 
....do 
....do 


12 
1.5-17 
18-20 
22 
27 
.30 
33 


1.35 
1.57 
1.62 
1.59 
1..53 
1.43 
1.37 


i  Hydro- 
gen. 


Per  a.      Perct.      perct.    Perct. 


13.05 
14.85 
14.  03 
14.44 
12.26 
13.53 
13.22 


1.85 
2.07 
1.94 
2.07 
1.10 
1.89 
1.92 


74.1 
68.3 
72.6 
69.3 


71.2 
71.0 


Protein 

(N  X 
6.25). 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

Perct. 

Perct. 

Perd. 

8.4 

7.0 

6.1 

9.8 

5.6 

8.6 

10.1 

6.3 

6.3 

9.9 

5.2 

8.5 

9.6 

2.9 

9.7 

8.9 

4.5 

9.8 

8.5 

5.0 

9.4 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion per 
I  gram  de- 
I  termincd. 


Perd. 
4.4 
7.  7 
4.7 
7.1 
8.3 
5.6 
6.1 


Caloriee. 
1.473 
1.  675 
1.  571 
1.610 
1. 335 
1.487 
1.452 


Ml^MOIKS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


2yi 


TABLE  III. — C()iii]io.illioii  of  )iHiteri(ils  nut  incbuUd  in  Tubleit  land  II  used  in  conmrtion  with  dirjexliun  e.rperimenl.i, 


Labor- 
atory 
No. 

Material. 

Digei^tion 

experiment 

No. 

Nitrogen. 

Water. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

.\sh. 

Heat  of 
eombustion 
per  gram, 
(deter- 
mined.) 

2845 

Milk         

47 
48 
51 
80 
41 
42 
47 
48 
51 
80 
83 

Per  cent. 

0.50 

.53 

.53 

.64 

1.89 

1.81 

1.48 

1.57 

1.47 

1.68 

1.75 

Per  cent. 
90.48 
90.36 
85.  88 
80.44 
71.44 
70.  96 
73.  37 
71.01 
70.  32 
62.69 
68.  75 

Per  cent. 
3.13 
3.31 
3.31 
3.98 
11.  79 
11.  30 
9.28 
9.83 
9.20 
10.53 
10.93 

Per  cent. 
0. 10 

.11 

5.00 
.06 
5.38 
4.95 
3.84 
4.15 
7.56 
7.17 
5.68 

Per  cent. 
5.52 
5.45 
5.07 
5.66 
6.63 
7.63 
9.08 

10.21 
7.42 

12. 03 
7.60 

Per  cent. 

0.77 

.  77 

.74 

.86 

4.76 

5.16 

4.43 

4.80 

5.  .50 

7.58 

7.04 

Cnlnrics. 

402 

2846 

do 

414 

2856 

do               

865 

3005 

do           

467 

2809 
2810 
2847 

Feces 

....do  

do           

1,564 
1,530 
1,  349 

2848 

do 

1, 445 

2862 

do           

1,598 

3007 

do    

2,068 

3034 

do                  

1.  568 

Coinjwsition  of  cofce  ii{fusio)i. — Coffee  infu.sion  wa.s  prepared  by  pouriiio'  })oiling  water 
over  ground  coffee  and  .straining  the  infusion  thu.s  obtained.  The  nitrogen  wa.s  determined  in 
this  infusion  and  found  to  amount  to  about  0.004  grams  per  liter — quantities  too  small  to  be  taken 
into  account.     The  coffee  infusion  is  therefore  reckoned  simply  as  so  much  water. 


STATISTICAL  DETAILS  OF  METABOLISM   EXPERIMENTS. 

The  details  of  the  methods  of  conducting  the  experiments  and  of  computing  the  results,  as 
well  as  the  statistical  tables  in  which  the.se  results  are  presented,  will  be  advantageously  given  in 
connection  with  the  description  of  one  of  the  experiments.  For  this  purpose  we  select  No.  l:i, 
which  is  the  fii'st  in  con.secutive  order  of  those  here  described  in  detail. 

EXPERIMENT    NO.    12 — WORK  WITH    ALCOHOL    DIET. 

Suhject. — E.  O.,  laboratory  assistant.  31  years  of  age  and  weighing,  without  clothing,  about 
71  kilograms  (157  pound.s). 

Occttj)((t!on  during  experirmsnt. — Work  S  hours  a  day  upon  a  stationary  bicycle  belted  to  a 
small  dynamo,  thus  making  an  ergometer  as  described  on  page  237.  The  voltage  was  measured 
and  the  current  pas.sed  through  resistance  within  the  apparatus  and  thus  transfonued  into  heat 
and  measured  with  the  heat  given  off'  by  the  subject.  Previous  calibration  showed  the  amount 
of  work  done  in  driving  the  bicycle. 

Duration. — Preliminary  period  -i  days,  beginning  with  breakfa.st  April  8,  189S,  and  experi- 
ment proper  4  days,  beginning  at  7  a.  m.  April  12  and  ending  at  7  a.  m.  April  16.  The  subject 
entered  the  respiration  chamber  on  the  evening  of  April  11  and  thus  spent  5  nights  and  4  days 
within  the  calorimeter. 

Diet. — Ordinary  food  furnishing  121  grams  of  protein  and  3,379  calories  of  energy,  and  in 
addition  72.4  grams  of  alcohol  furnishing  512  calories  of  energy,  making  the  total  energ}'  of  the 
diet  3,891  calories.  The  alcohol  was  added  to  a  sweetened  coffee  infusion.  It  was  taken  in  ii 
doses,  3  with  the  meals  and  the  other  3  l)etween  meals  and  just  before  retiring.  The  coffee 
infusion  was  prepared  in  the  usual  manner,  care  being  taken  to  keep  that  given  to  the  subject 
free  from  particles  of  coffee.  To  ()90  grams  of  infusion  were  added  5()  grams  of  sugar  and  80 
grams  of  commercial  ethyl  alcohol  containing  90.63  per  cent  absolute  alcohol.  The  80  grams  of 
commercial  alcohol  thus  contained  72.4  grams  of  absolute  alcohol  and  7.5  grams  water.  The 
diet  was  practically  the  same  during  both  the  preliminary  digestion  experiment  and  the  metab- 
olism experiment  proper.  The  kinds  and  amounts  of  different  food  materials  taken  at  each  meal 
and  the  amounts  of  coffee  infusion  and  water  consumed  at  different  times  during  the  day  are 
shown  herewith. 


292  MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

Did  ill  metabolism  experiment  No.  12. 
FOOD. 


Breakfast. 

Dinner. 

Supper. 

Total. 

Beef           .                                                          

Grama. 
Its 

Grams. 
100 

Grams. 

Gram». 
175 

50 

30 

390 

125 

50 

25 
250 
75 
60 
20 

40 
260 
100 

95 

900 

Bread                                          

300 

60 

"50 

"70 

"72.4 

Time. 

Amount. 

Coffee  infusion 
witli  alcohol 
and  sugar,  c 

Water. 

Graras. 
175 
150 

Grams. 
200 

10.20a.  m 

200 

12.30  p   m                    ...                                      

200 

175 
125 
175 
130 

3.50  p.  m ' 

200 

10  p.  Ill -  -   

200 

Total 

930 

1,000 

'  Including  50  gram.s  used  in  coffee  infusion  and  alcohol. 
'' Added  to  coffee  infusion  and  taken  as  indicated  below. 

■^Made  by  adding  80  grams  of  90.5  per  cent  commercial  alcohol  and  50  grams  sugar  to  800  grams  coffee  infusion. 
The  mixture  then  contained  807.5  grams  water,  72.4  grams  absolute  alcohol  and  50  grams  sugar. 

Dully  roatlrii:. — In  order  to  make  the  conditions  of  the  experiment  on  the  difi'erent  daj-s  as 
nearly  uniform  as  practicable  a  daily  programme  was  drawn  up  and  one  copj''  was  given  to  the 
.subject  within  the  respiration  chamber  while  others  were  posted  outside  for  the  use  of  those 
carrying  on  the  details  of  the  experiment.     The  routine  in  experimc.it  No.  12  was  as  follows: 


The  subject  weighed  himself,  with  and  without  clothing,  at  about  7  a.  m.  and  7  p.  m.  each 
day  of  the  experiment.  He  observed  hi.s  pulse  rate,  after  intervals  of  rest,  and  took  his  body 
temperature  from  time  to  time  by  means  of  a  registered  clinical  thermometer.  The  body 
temperatures  were  measured  xnh  Ihi/jua.  We  do  not  think  that  great  reliance  can  be  placed 
upon  observation.s  for  either  jiulso  rate  or  temperature  when  made  hy  the  subject  upon  himself 
under  such  conditions. 

A  hygrometer  in.side  the  chamber  was  observed  two  or  three  times  each  day  in  order  to  give 
data  concerning  tlie  amount  of  water  vapor  within  the  calorimeter,  but  the  figures  are  not  used 
in  the  final  computations  of  results. 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


21)3 


These  statistics  noted  by  the  subject  within  the  calorimeter  arc  recorded  in  a  diary,  together 
with  an}'  other  information  which  he  thinks  may  be  of  value  in  interpreting  the  results  of  the 
experiment. 

The  main  facts  in  the  diary  of  experiment  No.  12  are  shown  in  Table  IV. 

Table  V  recapitulates  the  record  of  work  done  on  the  ergometer.  It  is  much  less  than  would 
be  required  to  propel  a  bicycle  the  number  of  miles  indicated  by  the  cyclometer. 

Table  IV. — Summiirij  of  iliarij — MetahoUxm  experiment  Xo.  12. 


Dale  and  time. 


Weight  of  subject. 


Pulse  rate 
per 


Dry  bulb.       Wet  bulb 


Apr.  12, 
12, 
12, 
12, 
13, 
13, 
13, 
13, 
H, 

1-i, 
l-l, 
15, 
15, 
15, 
15, 
16, 


7.00  a.m.. 
12.40  p.  m. 
7.00  p.m.. 
9.45  p.  m.. 
7.00  a.m.. 
12.40  p.m. 
6.30  p.m.. 
9.45  p.  m.. 
7.00  a.m.. 
12.40  p.  m. 
6.30  p.m.. 
9.45  p.  m. . 
7.00  a.m.. 
12.40p.m. 
7.00  p.m.. 
9.45  p.  m.. 
7.00  a.m.. 


KHo'VUMi.  Kilograms. 

70.92  :  75.09 


98.3 
96.1 


98.4 
97.0 
99.0 


98.5 
97.2 
97.0 


99.0 
96.4 


21.5 
21.8 


21.5 
21.4 
21.5 


21.5 
21.4 
21.4 


21.5 
21.3 
21.7 


21.5 
22.0 


16.4 
18.6 


18.0 
17.4 
18.8 


18.0 
17.0 
18.8 


17.8 
16.8 
19.0 


17.8 
18.4 


T.\BLE  \ .—Record  of  irork  done — Metabolism  experiment  Ko.  12 


Date  aufl  time. 


Apr.  12, 
12, 
12, 
12, 
1-- 
13, 
13, 
13, 
13, 
13, 
14, 
1-1, 
14, 
14. 
14. 


7.00  a.  m  ., 
10.20  a.  m 
12.30  p.  m  , 
3..50  p.  Ill  . 
6.00  p.  m  . 
8.20  a.  m  . 
10.20  a. in 
12.30  p.  m 
3.50  p.  m  . 
6.00  p.  m  . 
8.20  a.  m  . 
10.20  a.  m 
12.30  p.  m 
3. -50  p.  Ill  . 
6.00  jMu  ., 


Cyclometer 
reading.  • 


559 
521 
482 
480 
440 
400 
359 
319 
316 
281 
242 
206 
170 


Actual 

duration  of 

work. 


mm.  Watts. 

120 
120 
120 
120 


120 
120 
120 
120 

120 
120 
120 
120 


"The  cyclometer  was  reversed. 


Vol.  S— No.  0- 


294 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


T.\BLE  y. — Record  of  work  done — -Metaholism  experiment  No.  12 — Continued. 


Date  and  time. 


Apr.  15.  8.20  a.  ni  . 
15, 10.20  a.  in 
15, 12.30  p.  m 
15, 3.50  p.  ni  . 
15, 5.30  p.  ni  . 


Cyclometer 
reading.* 


168 

132 

93 

57 

34 


Actual 

duration  of 

work. 


36 

120 

39 

120 

36 

120 

23 

120 

30 


103.7 


"The  cyclometer  was  reversed. 

Food  and  excreta. — The  weight,  composition,  aud  heat  of  combustion  of  the  food  and  feces  in 
this  experiment  are  shown  in  Tables  VI  and  VII.  The  weights  of  the  different  elements  and 
compounds  are  computed  b_v  use  of  the  values  for  percentage  composition  of  the  different  materials 
as  shown  in  Tables  I  and  II: 

T.iBLE  VI. —  Weight,  composition,  and  heat  of  combustion  of  foods — Metabolism,  experiment  No.  12. 


Labora- 
tory 
No. 

Food  material. 

Weight 
per  day. 

Water. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

-Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heat  o£ 

com- 
bustion. 

2860 

Beef          

(frams. 

175.  0 

50.0 

95.0 

900.0 

300.0 

60.0 

70.0 

Grami. 
114.3 
20.7 
10.4 
787.5 
121.2 
2.9 

Grams. 

47.9 

9.2 

.5 

27.6 

28.3 

7.1 

Grams. 
9.8 
18.2 
82.1 
40.5 
3.0 
4.9 

Grams. 

"'37."8" 
144.3 
44.0 
70.0 

Grams.. 
7.67 
1.47 
.08 
4.41 
4.53 
1.13 

Grams. 
31.24 
18.05 
60.62 
59.13 
81.81 
26.67 
29.47 

Grams. 
4.57 
2.73 
9.63 
9.00 
11.76 
3.90 
4.54 

Calories. 
350 

2858 

218 

2861 

Butter 

751 

2857 

718 

2859 

Bread        

799 

^laize  breakfast  food 

266 

277 

Total 

Alcohol 

Total 

' 

1,650.0 
72.4 

1,  057.  0 

120.6 

158. 5 

296.1 

19.29 

306.  99 
37.77 

46.13 
9.45 

3,  .379 
512 

19.29 

344.  76 

55.58 

3,891 

T.\BLE  VII. —  ]Vri;/!il,  roniposition,  and  heat  of  combustion  of  feces — Metabolism  experiment  No.  13 


Labora- 
torv                                                                    Weight. 
No'. 

i 

Water. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heat  of 

com- 
bustion. 

'862 

[    Grams. 
Total   four  days                  - .  ■    370. 0 

Grams. 

274.2 

68.6 

Grams. 

31.1 

7.8 

Grams. 

25.9 

6.5 

Grams. 

22.6 

5.7 

Grams. 
5.00 
1.25 

Grams. 
48.29 
12.07 

Grams. 
6.85 
1.71 

Calorics. 
545 

Average  per  day j      92. 5 

136 

The  separations  between  the  feces  from  the  food  consumed  during  the  experiment  and 
those  from  the  food  consumed  before  and  after  were  made  by  means  of  charcoal,  as  described  on 
page  2.39.  Inasmuch  as  separations  made  in  this  wa}'  are  at  the  best  not  as  satisfactory  as  might 
be  desired,  no  attempt  was  made  to  deteraiine  the  excreta  from  the  food  on  different  daj'S  of 
the  experiment.  It  is  assumed  that,  when  the  food  and  exercise  are  so  nearly  uniform,  the 
undigested  residues  and  metabolic  products  would  not  vary  a  great  deal  from  day  to  day.  Even 
if  there  were  irregularities  from  day  to  day  they  would  hardly  be  large  enough  to  affect  very 
greatly  the  average  for  the  whole  experiment. 

The  amount,  specific  gravity,  and  nitrogen  of  the  urine  for  the  different  G-hour  periods 
during  the  experiment  are  shown  in  '1  ulilr  VIII.  and  tlie  carbon,  hydrogen,  water,  and  energy  of 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES.  295 

the  daily  urine  in  TM))le  IX.  The  urine  wa>  also  collected  durino^  the  preliminary  period  of  4 
days  and  durinor  12  hours  following  the  experiment.  Aliquot  portions  (from  one-half  to  two- 
thirds)  in  these  ti-hour  periods  were  taken  for  the  preparation  of  a  composite  sample  of  the  urine 
for  the  day.  and  in  like  manner  aliquot  jxirtions  (about  one-eighth  of  the  total  weight  of  urine) 
of  the  composite  sample  of  the  urine  for  24  hours  were  taken  for  the  preparation  of  a  comix)site 
sample  for  the  whole  period  of  the  experiment.  The  nitrogen  was  determined  in  the  urine  for 
each  day  and  in  the  composite  for  4  days  of  the  experiment.  The  quantities  of  nitrogen  eliminated 
each  day.  as  determined  from  the  6-hour  periods  and  from  the  composite  sample  for  the  day.  do 
not  always  agree  exactly.  Such  discrepancies  may  be  due  in  part  to  small  errors  in  the  sampling 
of  the  comix)sites.  in  part  to  errors  in  the  amount  of  urine  measured  out  for  analysis,  and  in  part 
to  erroi-s  in  the  anal_vses.  Samples  were  measured  out  for  analyses  in  a  calibrated  5-c.  c.  pipette, 
and  it  is  jwssible  that  differences  in  the  amount  delivered  from  time  to  time  might  introduce 
slight  errors  in  the  results.  It  is  assumed,  where  discrepancies  exist,  that  the  values  obtained 
from  the  6-hour  periods  are  the  more  accurate,  and  these  latter  are  consequently  used  in  the  esti- 
mation of  the  nitrogen  balance. 

It  is  difficult  to  evaporate  urine  to  dryness  without  more  or  less  decomposition  of  urea  to 
ammonium  carbonate,  and  consequent  loss  of  energy.  Accordingly,  no  attempt  was  made  to 
determine  the  solid  matter  in  the  urine  of  individual  days,  but  a  portion  of  the  composite  sample 
for  the  experiment  was  dried  according  to  the  manner  described  on  page  2-39  and  the  residue  used 
for  the  detennination  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  heat  of  combustion.  The  heat  of  combustion 
is  also  detennined  in  the  composite  samples  of  the  fresh  urine  each  day,  as  explained  above. 
The  precautions  taken  to  avoid  error  through  loss  of  nitrogen,  carbon,  and  energy  during  the 
process  of  drying  of  the  urine  have  been  described  in  the  publication  referred  to  on  page  239. 

The  nitrogen  is  determined  in  the  fresh  urine  from  day  to  day,  but  in  order  to  obtain  an 
approximate  measure  of  the  amount  of  carbon  and  hydrogen  in  the  urine  on  the  successive  days 
of  the  experiment  some  computations  are  necessary.  In  making  these  computations  it  is  assumed 
that  the  ratio  of  nitrogen  to  carbon,  hydrogen  or  water-free  substance  will  be  the  same  for  each 
individual  day  as  for  the  4  days.  Thus,  the  amount  of  nitrogen  in  the  urine  of  the  first  day 
of  the  experiment  was  17.62  grams,  and  that  for  the  whole  experiment  71.  S6  grams.  The 
csirbon  for  the  whole  experiment  was  found  by  actual  determinations  to  be  49.15  grams.  The  com- 
putations for  the  amount  of  carbon  in  the  urine  for  the  first  day  would  then  be  as  follows: 
71.86  :  49.15  ::  17.62  :  w  (=  12.05).  This  method  of  estimating  the  carbon  and  hydrogen  in 
the  urine  on  the  different  days  is  manifestly  more  accurate  than  would  be  the  case  if  the  total 
quantity  of  carbon  and  hydrogen  in  the  urine  for  the  experiment  were  divided  by  the  number  of 
days,  as  is  done  in  estimating  the  daily  excretion  through  the  feces.  We  know  that  the  quan- 
tities of  nitrogen  and  carlwn  in  the  urine  vary  from  day  to  day.  and  have  an  accurate  measure 
of  the  variation  of  the  nitrogen,  and.  since  the  variation  in  the  nitrogen  must  involve  variations 
in  the  amount  of  carbon  united  with  this  nitrogen  in  the  form  of  urea  and  allied  comix)unds.  it 
does  not  seem  inappropriate  to  take  the  variations  in  the  nitrogen  as  a  measure  of  the  correspond- 
ing variations  in  the  carbon.  Of  course,  there  may  be  varying  quantities  of  non-nitrogenous 
compounds  in  the  urine  from  day  to  day.  which  would  render  the  above  method  of  estimation 
more  or  less  inaccurate.  It  is  probable,  however,  that  the  variations  in  nitrogen  give  the  fairest 
measure  of  the  variations  in  carbon  and  hydrogen.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  it  has  been  found  that 
the  heat  of  combustion  varies  in  close  relation  to  the  nitrogen.  Of  course,  the  results  for  the 
experiment  as  a  whole  are  not  affected  by  the  subdivisions  of  the  amounts  for  the  individual  days. 


296 


MEMOIES  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


Table  VIII. — Amount,  specijic  gravlly,  and  nitrogen  of  urine  by  6-liout  periods — Metabolism  e.rperiment  Xo.  12. 


Date. 

Period. 

Amount. 

Specific 
gravity. 

Xitrogen. 

1898. 
Apr.  12-13 

Grams. 
309.4 
349.0 
247.6 
187.0 

1.026 
1.030 
1.027 
1. 030 

Per  cent. 
1.18 
1.51 
1.90 
2.14 

Grams. 
3.64 

5  28 

7  !>.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

4.70 
4.00 

Total .   . 

1, 093. 0 
1, 093.  0 

17  62 

Total  Viv  coinposite 

1.028 

1.64 

13-14 

316.7 
455.4 
276.4 
286.0 

1.025 

1.029 

■     1.027 

1.028 

1.40 
1.29 
1.84 
2.00 

4  42 

5  07 

la.  m.  to  7  a.  in 

5  73 

Total 

1,334.5 
1,334.5 

21.11 

1.028 

1..59 

14-15 

243.6 
386.3 
285. 4 
154.3 

1.024 
1.024 
1.025 
1.030 

1.14 
1.24 
1.72 
2.06 

'^  78 

4  78 

4  91 

3  18 

Total 

1, 069.  6 
1,069.6 

15  65 

Total  bv  composite 

1.025 

1.48 

15-16 

320.5 
326.0 
333.3 
160.3 

1.024 
1.026 
1.028 
1.028 

1.39 
1.32 
1.  65 
2.02 

4  45 

4.30 

5.49 

3  24 

Total 

1, 140. 1 
1, 140. 1 

17.48 

1.026 

1.51 

Total  for  4  davs,  bv  periods 

4, 637. 2 
325.8 

71.86 

16 

.73 

•^  38 

T.\BLE  IX. — Daily  elimination  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  water,  and  energy  in  urine — Metabolism  experiment  Xo.  12. 


Date. 

Amount. 

Carbon. 

Heat  of  combustion. 

Per  gram. 

Total. 

Apr.  12  to  13. 

1898. 

Grams. 

1. 093. 0 
1,334.5 
1, 069.  6 

1. 140. 1 

Per  ct. 

Grams. 
12.05 
14.44 
10.70 
11.96 

Per  ct. 

Grams. 
3.30 
3.95 
2.93 
3.27 

Per  ct. 

Grams. 
1,025.9 
1, 254. 1 
1,010.0 
1,073.6 

Calories. 

0.112 

.108 

.115 

.114 

Calories. 
123 

13  to  14 

145 

14  to  15 

15  to  16 

123 
130 

Total.. 

4, 637.  2 

1.06 

49.15 

29 

13.45 

94.1 

4, 363.  6 

(.112) 

"521 

"  The  heat  of  combustion  of  the  urine  was  determined  in  the  composite  sample  for  each  day  and  in  the  total  com- 
posite for  four  days.  The  total  heat  of  combustion  of  the  urine  for  the  experiment,  as  determined  in  the  latter  sam- 
ple, was  0.112  calorie  per  gram,  or  a  total  of  519  calories. 

C'arlr/n  dioxid  and  vjater  of  respiration  and  ^^^i^sj/iration. — The  determination.s  of  carbon 
dioxid  and  water  in  the  ventilating  air  current  in  thi.s  experiment  are  shown  in  Tables  XI  and 
XII,  which  follow.  Table  X  give.s  the  total  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid  and  of  water  in  the  air 
of  the  chamber  at  the  close  of  each  period  and  the  gain  or  loss  during  the  period.  Differences 
in  the  amounts  in  the  chamVjcr  at  the  beginning  and  end  of  a  given  period — "residual"  amounts, 
as  they  are  here  termed — indicate  whether  the  ventilating  air  current  has  removed  more  or  less 
cai-l)0n  dioxid  and  water  than  was  actually  exhaled  b.y  the  subject  during  the  corresponding 
pci-iod.  For  instance,  if  a  change  from  rest  to  work  is  made  during  a  given  period,  the 
quantities  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  given  off  will  be  increased,  and  the  air  remaining  in  the 
chamV;er  at  the  end  of  the  period  will  contain  a  larger  amount  of  these  products  than  was  present 
in  the  air  of  the  ihaniber  at  tlic  beginning.     This  increase  must  ))0  added  to  the  amount  actually 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


297 


found  in  the  ventilating'  aii'  ciinvnt  in  order  to  (jhtain  the  actual  amount  exhaled  during  the 
interval.  On  the  other  hand  when  the  transition  is  made  from  a  period  of  consideraV)le  aetivitj- 
to  one  of  rest,  there  is  a  gradual  diminution  of  the  (|uantityof  residual  carbon  dio.xid  and  water 
in  the  air  of  the  chamber.  This  residual  carbon  dioxid  is  carried  out  in  the  ventilating  air 
current  during  the  period,  but  was  actually  given  off  during  some  preceding  period.  The  total 
amount  measured  must,  therefore,  be  diminished  by  the  ditierencc  in  the  quantities  of  residual 
carbon  dioxid  at  the  beginning  and  end  of  the  period.  Furthermore,  with  the  increased  water 
content  of  the  air  consequent  upon  increased  muscular  work,  the  amount  of  water  accumulated 
by  condensation  upon  the  water  system  or  "absorbers"  may  be  gradually  increased.  Indeed, 
the  amount  of  water  thus  condensed  in  periods  of  active  work  is  apt  to  be  so  large  that  a  portion 
gradually  drips  from  the  troughs  or  shields  beneath  the  water  system  into  the  "'drip  flasks'' 
suspended  at  the  end  of  the  shields.  This  water  is  called  "drip."  The  weight  of  the  water 
system  or  absorbers  also  increases  through  the  condensation  of  moisture  which  does  not  run  off 
into  the  drip.  On  the  other  hand,  with  the  change  from  work  to  rest,  the  weight  of  the 
absorbers  diminishes  because  of  evaporation  of  some  of  the  moisture  condensed  thereon  during 
the  previous  period. 

In  order  to  determine  the  actual  amount  of  carl)on  dioxid  and  water  vapor  in  the  air  of  the 
chamber  at  the  close  of  each  period,  samples  of  the  air  are  drawn  and  the  quantities  of  carbon 
dioxid  and  water  determined.  At  the  same  time  the  absorbers  are  weighed  and  the  drip 
collected.  The  data  thus  obtained,  shown  in  Talile  X.  serve  for  correcting  the  amounts  of 
carbon  dioxid  and  water  found  in  the  ventilating  air  current,  as  shown  in  Tables  XI  and  XII 
beyond. 

In  experiment  No.  1-2  drip  was  not  weighed  at  the  end  of  each  period,  but  was  poured  into  a 
bottle  and  the  total  amount  for  each  24  hours  passed  out  at  the  close  of  the  day  and  weighed. 
AVe  have,  therefore,  no  measure  of  the  amount  of  drip  in  the  different  periods.  It  is  altogether 
improbable  that  the  amount  was  uniform  from  period  to  period,  but  in  lack  of  any  indication  as 
to  how  it  should  be  subdivided,  the  amounts  have  been  apportioned  equally  among  the  four 
periods  of  the  day.  While  this  mav  introduce  some  error  in  individual  periods,  it  does  not 
affect  the  accuracy  of  the  figures  for  the  whole  day. 

Table  X. — Comjjarigon  of  re-fidnal  amounii  of  carbon  diorid  and  water  in  the  chamber  at  the  beginning  and  end  of  each 
jieriod  and  the  correx/yyndittti  gain  or  tos* — Metabolism  ejrj)eriment  Xo.  11. 


1898. 
Apr.  12-13. 


Carbon  dioxid. 


End  of  periiMl. 


ro,,,  /    \       Total      ^„i„  ,  ,1  Change : 

T^f.i     ,    ^.  ii-I  *  lamount  of |  "l"'",!;  *   weight  ( 

Total  or  loss       vanor  re-      or  loss      ,,i,™h„, 

amount  in  (-)  over    '^P?';!!    i  -)  over  ^'X(  + 

chamber,  precedmg  j^^^Sf-   Preceding,  Gam  K 

""""  ber.  period.  (_, 


period. 


Grams.    |    Grams. 

7  a.  m 29.3    

Ip.  m 93.6     ^64.3 

7  p.  in '       71.  5  !  -22. 1 

1  a.  Ill 31.4  :  -40.1 

7  a.  m 30.  .5     -     .9 

Total -  1.2 

Ip.m 99..5     —69.0 

7p.  m 79.0     —20.5 

1  a.  in 31.4     -47.3 

7  a.  m 26.9  I  —  4.8 

Total I j  —  3.6 

Ip.m 88.2     ^61.3 

7p.ni 74.4     —13.8 

1  a.  m 2.5.1      -49.3 

7  a.  m 27.1  ;  -f  2.0 

Total -J-     .2 


Grams. 
40.7 
.58.4 
.57.6 
.56.6 
.51.2 


Total 
amount 
gained 

,(+)  or 
lost  (-) 
during 
period. 


Grams,       Grams. 


—17.  7 

+286  i 

191.5 

495.  2 

-     .8 

—166  1 

191.6 

24.8 

-  1.0 

-  34 

191.6 

156.6 

-  5.4 

-  34 

191.6 

152.2 

53  ;1,191.8     1,24.5.4 


60. 2  I  +  8.  4  '  -  77  '  251. 3  '  336.  7 

63.8—3.6  —  11  I  2.51.3  I  265.9 

56.0  t  —  7.S  ,  —  SI  I  251.2  162.4 

50.  7     —  5. 3  —  81  I  251.  2  i  164. 9 


1.1 


74  jl,  005.0         929.9 


298 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


Table  X. — Co))tp((rhoii  of  rtsidiial  amoitnls  of  carbon  dio.vid  <tml  traier  in  the  clmmhei;  etc. — Continued. 


End  of  period. 

Carbon  dioxid. 

Water. 

Date. 

Total 
amount  in 
chamber. 

Gain  (+) 

or  loss 

(-)over 

preceding 

period. 

Total 
amount  of 
vapor  re- 
maining 
in  cham- 
ber. 

Gain  (-I-) 

or  loss 
(-)  over 
preceding 
period. 

Change  in 
weight  of 
absorbers, 
Gain  {+) 
or  loss 
(-)■ 

Drip  from 
absorbers. 

Total 
amount 

gained 

(+)or 
lost  (-) 

during 
period. 

1S9S. 
1-5-16.. 

Grams. 
81.5 
32.1 
30.2 
27.4 

Grams. 
+54.4 
-49.4 

—  1.9 

-  2.8 

Grams. 
61.1 
61.4 
54.3 
50.6 

Grams. 
+10.4 
+     .3 
-  7.1 
-3.7 

Grams. 
+110 
+106 

-  36 

-  36 

Grams. 
233.0 
233.0 
232.9 
232.9 

Grams. 
353.4 

339.3 

189.8 

193.2 

Total 

+     .3 

—     .1 

+144 

931.8 

1, 075.  7 

Total  for  4  davs       

-  1.9 

+  9.9 

+175 

3,  894. 9 

4, 079.  8 

The  determinations  of  carbon  dioxid  in  the  ventilating  air  current  in  this  experiment  are 
given  in  detail  in  Table  XI.  This  table  shows  the  total  ventilation  in  liters  during  each  6-hour 
period,  and  the  quantit}^  of  carbon  dioxid  in  the  incoming  air  and  in  the  outgoing  air.  The 
dili'erence  between  the  carbon  dioxid  in  the  incoming  and  outgoing  air,  corrected  for  changes  in 
the  amount  of  residual  carbon  dioxid,  gives  the  amount  actually  exhaled  by  the  subject.  Three- 
elevenths  of  this  amount  is  taken  as  the  quantitj'  of  carbon. 

The  letters  in  the  column  headings  of  these  tables  serve  to  indicate  how  the  quantities  in  the 
different  columns  ai'e  obtained. 

T.A.Bi,E  XI. — Record  of  carbon  dioxid  in  ventilating  air  current — Metabolism  experiment  jVo.  19. 


Period. 

(n) 

Ventilation. 
Number  of 
liters  of  air. 

Carbon  dioxid. 

CO 

In  incoming  air. 

id) 

In  outgoing 
air. 

Total  ex- 
cess in  out- 
going air. 
d~c. 

(J) 

Correction 
for  amount 

remaining 
in  chamber. 

is) 

Corrected 
amount  ex- 
haled by 
subject. 
exf. 

Total 

weight  of 

carbon 

exhaled. 

(b) 
Per  liter. 

(c) 

Total. 
a  X  b. 

1898. 
Apr.  12 

12-13.. 
13 

7  a.  ni.-l  p.  m 

1  p.  ni.-7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.-l  a.  m 

1  a.  ni.-7  a.  m 

Total 

7  a.  m.-l  p.  m 

1  p.  n].-7  p.  ni 

7  p.  ni.-l  a.  m 

1  a.m. -7  a.  m 

Total 

7  a.  m.-l  p.  m 

1  p.  m.-7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.-l  a.  Ill 

1  a.  m.-7  a.  m 

Total 

7  a.  ni.-l  11.  ni 

1  IMn.-7  i>.  Ml 

(  J),  m.-l  a.  in 

1  a.  111. -7  a.  Ill 

Total 

Total,  4  days. 

Liters. 
25,  653 
25, 653 
25, 653 
26, 430 

Mg. 
0.  750 
.578 
..502 
.617 

Grams. 
19.2 
14.8 
12.9 
16.3 

Grams. 
434.0 
477.7 
261.3 
168.0 

Grams. 
414.8 
462.9 
248.4 
151.7 

Grams. 
+64.3 
—22.1 
-40.1 
-     .9 

Grams. 
479.1 
440.8 
208.3 
150.8 

Grains. 
130.7 
120.2 
56.8 
41.1 

103,389  1 

63.2 

1,341.0 

1,277.8 

+  1.2 

1,279.0 

348.8 

13 

13-14.. 
14 

24, 875 
26,4.30 
26, 430 
26, 430 

.569 
.608 
.651 
.690 

14.2 
16.1 
17.2 
18.2 

434.3 

497.8 
289.2 
160.4 

420.1 

481.7 
272.0 
142.2 

+69.0 
-20.5 
-47.  3 
—  4.8 

489.1 
461. 2 
224.7 
137.4 

133.4 
125.8 
61.3 
37.5 

104,165  ' 

65.7 

1,  .381.  7 

1,316.0 

-  3.6 

1,312.4 

358.0 

14 

14-15.. 
15 

26, 430 
25, 653 

27,  208 
26, 430 

.572 
.651 
.644 

.612 

15.1 
14.1 
14.8 
13.5 

408.0 
462.4 
270.5 
159.6 

392.  9 
448.3 
255.  7 
146.1 

+61.3 
-13.8 
-49.3 
+  2.0 

454.2 
434.  5 
206.4 
148.1 

123.9 
118.5 
56.3 
40.4 

105,721  ' 

57.5 

1, 300. 5 

1,  243. 0 

+     .2 

1, 243. 2 

339.1 

15 

15-16.. 
16 

27, 208 

26,  430 

27,  208 
2G, 430 

.  565 
.596 
..560 
.  545 

15.4 
15.8 
15.2 

14.4 

400.2 
447.2 
275.  3 
158.0 

384.  8 
431.4 
260.1 
143.  6 

+54.  4 
-49.4 

-  1.9 

-  2.8 

439.2 
382.0 
258.2 
140.8 

119.8 
104.2 
70.4 
38.4 

107,276  i 

60.8 

1,280.7 

1,219.9 

+    .3 

1,220.2 

332.8 

420, 551 

247. 2 

1,  378.  7 

MEM0IK8  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


299 


The  ([uantity  of  water  exhaliHl  by  the  suhjtH-t  in  the  diti'ereiit  periods  of  the  cxperiiiu'iit  are 
shown  ill  Tabic  XII.  Unlilce  the  carbon  dioxid,  the  major  portion  of  the  water  exhaled  is  con- 
densed either  within  the  chanilier  as  drip,  upon  the  surface  of  the  absorljcrs,  or  in  the  "■freezer" 
cans,  which  are  immersed  in  a  brine  tank  cooled  to  about  — 20  C,  and  through  which  tlie  vi'uti- 
lating  air  current  passes.  Table  XII  shows  the  amount  of  water  in  the  ingoincj  air,  the  amount 
in  the  outgoing  air  not  condensed  in  the  freezers,  and  the  correction  for  water  remaining  in  tlie 
chamber.  The  final  column  of  the  table  shows  the  total  water  of  respiration  and  perspiration 
during  the  diti'erent  periods  of  this  experiment. 

Tahlk  XII. — Record  of  water  in  ventilating  air  current — MelaboliKin  e.rjieriinent  Xtt.  12. 


Period. 

(a) 

Water  in  incoming 
air. 

Wntc 

in  uutgiii 

ig  air. 

(!7) 

z^  1 

CO 

1^1 

(i) 

Date. 

(6) 
1 

M 

X 

ill 

m 

ill 

+ 
1 

1  + 
III 

1898. 
Apr.  12-13.. 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  111.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  111.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  111.  to  7  a.  Ill 

Total 

7  a.  111.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  111.  to  7  p.  Ill 

7  p.  111.  to  1  a.  Ill 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  Ill 

Total 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  Ill 

1  p.  111.  to  7  p.  Ill 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  Ill 

1  a.  ni.  to  7  a.  Ill 

Total 

7  a.  111.  to  1  p.  Ill 

1  p.  111.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  111.  to  1  a.  Ill 

1  a.  111.  to  7  a.  Ill 

Total 

Total  4  (lays. 

Liters. 
25,  653 
25, 653 
25, 653 
26, 430 

Mgs. 

1.025 
.884 
.807 
.821 

Grams. 
26.3 
22.7 
20.7 
21.7 

Grams. 
250.6 
290.8 
279.0 
254.5 

"ell's 

45.7 
42.6 

.36.2 

Grams. 
314. 9 
336. 5 
321.6 
290.7 

Grams. 
288.6 
313.8 
300.9 
269.0 

Grams. 

495.2 

24.8 

156.6 

152.2 

Grams. 
783.8 
338.6 
457.5 
421.2 

103, 389 

91.4 

1,074.9 

188.8 

1,  263.  7 

1,172.3 

828.8 

2,001.1 

13-14.. 

24, 875 
26,  430 
26,  430 
26,  430 

.973 
.844 
.867 
.829 

24.2 
22.3 
22.9 
21.9 

281.1 
319. 1 
295.0 
265.3 

41.3 
39.0 
42.4 
34.7 

322.4 
358.1 
337.4 
300.0 

298.2 
335.  8 
314.5 
278.1 

420.7 
292.0 
265. 6 
267. 1 

718.9 
627.8 
580.1 
545.2 

104, 165 

91.3 

1,160.5 

157. 4 

1,317.9 

1,  226. 6 

1,245.4 

2, 472. 0 

14-15  . . 

26, 4.30 

25,  653 
27,  208 

26,  430 

.974 
.864 
.788 
.811 

25.7 
22.2 
21.4 
21.4 

283.3 
301.0 
284.1 
262.6 

43.8 
40.6 
39.1 
35.8 

327.1 
341.6 
323.2 

298.4 

301.4 
319.4 
301.8 
277.0 

336.7 
265.  9 
162.4 
164.  9 

638. 1 
585. 3 
464.2 
441.9 

105, 721 

90.7 

1,131.0 

1.59.  3 

1,290.3 

1, 199.  6 

929.9 

2, 129. 5 

15-16.. 

27,  208 
26, 430 
27,  208 
26, 430 

.953 
.905 
.803 
.767 

25.9 
23.9 
21.8 
20.3 

290.2 
306.5 
289.2 
261.1 

43.3 
43.9 
59.1 
35.1 

333.5 
350.4 
348.3 
296.2 

307.6 
326.  5 
326.5 
275. 9 

353.4 
339.3 
189.8 
193.2 

661.0 
66c.  8 
516.3 
469.1 

107,276 

91.9 

1,147.0 

181.4 

1,  328. 4 

1,236.5 

1, 075.  7 

2, 312. 2 

420, 551 

365.3 

4,513.4 

686.9 

5,  200.  3 

4, 835. 0 

4, 079.  8 

8, 914.  8 

Heat  me'asurements. — The  details  of  the  measurements  of  heat  given  oil  by  the  subject  during 
the  experiment  are  too  extensive  to  be  given  here.  Those  for  each  hour  of  the  day  and  night,  as 
recorded,  till  a  page  of  a  notebook  sheet  '22  by  2i)  cm.  For  a  detailed  description  of  the  appliances 
for  determining  the  amount  of  heat  carried  out  by  the  water  current  and  for  avoiding  gain  or  loss 
of  heat  from  the  apparatus  except  where  it  can  be  determined,  reference  may  be  made  to  an 
earlier  publication  on  this  subject.'^  As  has  already  Vieen  explained  (.see  p.  237),  the  larger 
part  of  the  heat  given  off  by  the  subject  is  carried  away  in  the  water  current,  whose  temperature 
as  it  enters  and  leaves  the  apparatus  is  determined  at  intervals  of  from  2  to  -t  minutes,  and 
who.se  quantity  is  measured  in  cj'linders  holding  10  liters  each.  The  average  difference  in 
temperature  lietween  the  incoming  and  outgoing  water  multiplied  by  the  number  of  kilograms 
of  water  which  has  pas.sed  through  the  chamber  gives  the  number  of  calories  of  heat  removed 
during  the  time.     Since,  however,  the  specitic  heat  of  water  varies  at  different  temperatures,  it 

•  Bulletin  63  of  Office  of  Experiment  Stations,  above  referred  to. 


300 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


is  our  custom  to  reduce  all  these  measurements  of  heat  to  the  calorie  at  20°  C.  To  this  end  it  is 
necessary  to  multiply  the  number  of  calories  of  heat  removed  in  the  water  current  at  the  mean 
difference  of  temperature  between  the  incoming  and  outgoing  current  bj'  the  mean  specitic  heat 
of  water  for  that  range.  The  product  gives  the  corrected  heat  measured  in  terms  of  calories  at 
20°  C.  or  C°.,o-  These  corrected  values  appear  in  the  first  column  of  Table  XIII.  For  a  more 
detailed  discussion  of  this  subject  see  page  55  of  Bulletin  63.  above  referred  to. 

The  heat  measured  in  terms  of  C-.,„  does  not  represent  all  of  the  heat  given  off'  by  the  subject 
during  a  given  period,  but  must  be  corrected  for  changes  in  temperature  of  the  calorimeter  and 
for  the  heat  introduced  or  removed  by  articles  of  food  and  drink  taken  into  or  removed  from  the 
chamber,  and  for  the  heat  required  to  vaporize  the  excess  of  water  given  off'  in  the  outgoing  as 
compared  with  the  incoming  air  current;  i.  e.,  latent  heat  of  vaporization  of  water  given  off'  from 
the  lungs  and  skin. 

The  temperatures  of  the  inner  walls  of  the  calorimeter  are  observed  at  the  beginning  and  end 
of  each  period.  If  these  walls  are  warmer  at  the  end  than  at  the  beginning  of  the  period,  some 
heat  has  been  absorbed.  If  they  are  cooler,  some  heat  has  been  added  to  the  air  of  the  chamber. 
For  a  ri.se  in  temperature  of  1°  C.  it  has  been  found  that  the  walls  absorb  60  calories  of  heat,  and 
vice  versa,  in  cooling  1°  thej^  give  up  60  calories  of  heat.  The  changes  of  temperature  are, 
however,  kept  so  nearly  constant  as  to  varj-  rareh'  more  than  a  tenth  of  a  degree  between  the 
beginning  and  end  of  any  period. 

The  temperature  of  the  drink  is  taken  immediate!}'  before  it  is  passed  into  the  chamber,  and 
corrections  are  made  for  heat  introduced  bj'  the  hot  coffee,  or  required  to  bring  the  cold  water 
to  the  temperature  of  the  chamber.  The  temperature  of  the  food  is  brought  as  nearh'  as  possible 
to  that  of  the  chamber  before  being  sent  in  to  the  subject,  so  that  little  or  no  heat  is  added  to  or 
removed  from  the  apparatus  in  this  way.  The  corrections  for  temperature  of  food  and  drink  and 
the  dishes  containing  them  ai'e  shown  in  column  d  of  Table  XIII. 

From  the  best  data  available  it  appears  that  0.592  calorie  of  heat  is  required  for  the  vapor- 
ization of  one  gram  of  water  at  the  temperature  of  C°2o.  Water  which  condenses  on  the  absorbers 
and  is  removed  as  drip  gives  up  this  latent  heat  of  vaporization  within  the  chamber  and  it  is 
measured  by  the  water  current.  The  water  which  passes  out  from  the  chamber  in  the  foi-m  of 
vapor  in  the  ventilating  air  current  carries  out,  however,  a  considerable  quantitj'  of  latent  heat. 
The  amount  of  water  vaporized  is  found  by  taking  the  algebraic  difference  between  the  total 
excess  of  water  in  the  outgoing  air,  as  shown  in  column  (/  of  Table  XII,  and  the  gain  or  loss  of 
water  vapor  in  the  air  of  the  chamber,  as  shown  in  the  fourth  column  of  Table  X.  The  amount 
of  water  thus  vaporized  multiplied  bj'  0.592,  the  heat  of  vaporization  of  1  gram,  gives  the  total 
heat  removed  bj-  the  vaporization  of  water  within  the  chamber. 

The  heat  carried  awa}'  in  the  water  current,  as  measured  in  terms  of  C-'.,,,,  corrected  for  change 
in  temperatui'e  of  calorimeter  and  for  temperature  of  food  and  drink  introduced  into  the  chamber, 
added  to  the  amount  removed  in  the  water  vapor,  gives  the  total  heat  determined,  as  shown  in 
column  g  of  Table  XIII. 

T.\BLE  XIII. — Saimivtry  of  calorimetric  measurements — Metabolism  experiment  No.  12. 


Date. 

Periori. 

(a) 

Heat 

measured 

in  terms 

of  C°ffi. 

(6) 

Change 
of  tempera- 
ture of 
calorimeter. 

(c) 

Capacity 
correction 
of  calorim- 
eter 
6x60. 

(d) 

Correction 
due  to 

tempera- 
ture of 

food  and 
dishes. 

(f) 

Water  va- 
porized 
equals  to- 
tal amount 
exhaled 

less 

amount 

condensed 

in  chamber. 

(/) 

Heat  used 
in  vapor- 
ization of 

water 
exO.592. 

(a) 

Total  heat 
deter- 
mined 

a+c+d+f. 

1898. 
Apr.     12-13. 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  111.  to  7  p.  Ill 

7  p.  111.  to  1  a.  Ill 

1  a.  in.  to  7  a,  111 

Total 

Calories. 

1,  204.  6 

1,236.9 

496. 3 

314. 5 

Degrees. 
+05 
+05 
—05 
—10 

Calories. 
+.3.0 
+3.0 
—3.  0 
—6.0 

Calorics. 
—3.3 

+8.0 





Grams. 
306.  3 
313. 0 
299.9 
263.  6 

Calories. 
181.3 
185.  3 
177.6 
156.  0 

Calories. 

1, 385. 6 

1,433.2 

670.9 

464.5 

3,2.52.3  1          —05          — .3.0  :        +4. 7  1     1,182.8 

700.2 

3, 954.  2 

MEMOIKS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


301 


Table  XIII. — Siimwai-;/  of  ralorimetric  medmremmls — Metaholkm  exjinimenl  Xo.  7,^— Continued. 


Date. 

Period. 

(a) 

Heat 

mea.sured 

in  terms 

of  C%. 

(6) 

Cliange 
of  tempera- 
ture of 
ealorimeter. 

Capacity 
correction 
of  calorim- 
eter 
i)x60. 

(rf) 

Correction 
due  to 

tempera- 
ture of 

food  and 
dishes. 

(c) 

Water  va- 
porized 
equals  to- 
tal amount 
e.xlialed 

less 

amount 
condensed 
in  chamber. 

(/) 

Heat  used 
in  vapor- 
ization of 
water 
fX  0.592. 

(») 

Total  heat 
deter- 
mined 

a+c+d+f. 

1898. 
Apr.     13-14. 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  ni 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  ni 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

Calories. 

1,254.3 

1,  265.  3 

555.  3 

279.6 

Degrees. 

+  15 

—10 

00 

Calorics. 

+  9.0 

—  6.0 

.0 

Calorics. 
+     .4 
+  9.8 

Grams. 
308.9 
338.8 
307.2 
272.3 

Calories. 
182.9 
200.6 
181.8 
161.2 

Calorics. 
1,446.6 
1,469.7 
737.1 

440.8 

3, 354. 5 

+05 

+  3.0 

+  10.2 

1,227.2 

726.  5 

4, 094.  2 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  ni 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

14-15. 

1,163.6 

1, 159. 0 

510.4 

302.2 

-08 
—05 

+08 
+05 

—  4.8 

—  3.0 
+  4.8 
-+-  3.0 

—  1.9 
+  9.2 

309.8 
323.0 
294.0 
271.7 

183.4 
191.2 
174.0 
160.9 

1,340.3 

1,356.4 

689.2 

466.1 

3, 135.  2 

+  7.3 

1,198.5 

709.5 

3,  8.52.  0 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  ni 

Total         

15-16. 

1,124.9 

1,104.2 

536. 5 

296. 5 

+20 
—10 

-fl2.0 
—  6.0 

—    .4 
+  13.2 

318.0 
226.8 
419.4 
272.2 

188.2 
134.3 
248.3 

1,  324.  7 
1,  245.  7 

784.  8 

—05 

—  3.0 

161. 1             454.  6 

3,  062. 1 

+05 

+  3.0 

+12.8 

1, 236.  4 

731.9 

3,  809. 8 

Elimination  of  tinoxidized  alcohol. — The  urine,  freezer  water,  and  air  current  were  tested 
for  alcohol  or  products  of  incomplete  oxidation  of  alcohol  by  the  method  referred  to  on  page  258 
above.  The  results  obtained  in  this  experiment  are  shown  in  Table  XIV.  It  will  be  observed 
that  98  per  cent  of  the  alcohol  taken  with  the  food  was  apparent!}'  oxidized  in  the  body.  Inas- 
much, however,  as  it  has  since  been  found  *  that  even  when  alcohol  forms  no  part  of  the  diet 
there  is  a  considerable  amount  of  organic  material  in  the  urine,  drip  water,  and  ventilating  air 
current  which  is  capable  of  reducing  the  chromic  acid  employed,  it  is  probable  that  the  actual 
elimination  of  uuoxidized  or  incompletely  oxidized  alcohol  is  considerably  smaller  than  is  indicated 
bv  the  ligures  in  the  table. 


T.\BLE  XIV. — Akohol  ingested  and  e.rcreted — Metabolism  experitnent  No.  IS. 


Alcohol 
ingested. 


In  drip 
(distil-  (distil- 
late), late). 


In  freezer 
water         In  air 
(distil-       current, 
late). 


Alcohol  metabo- 
lized in  body. 


1898. 
E.rperime)it  Xo.  12. 


April  12-13  . 
13-14  . 
14-15  . 
15-16  . 


Qramh. 
72.4 
72.4' 
72.4 
72.  4 


Grams. 

0.12 

.17 


Grams. 

0.06 

.15 

.36 

.10 


Grams. 

0.06 

.04 

.03 

.03 


Grams. 
1.02 
1.07 
1.40 
1.02 


Grams. 
1.26 
1.43 
2.01 
1.26 


Grams. 
71.1 
71.0 
70.4 
71.1 


Total 289.  6 

Average  per  <Iay 72.  4 


.16 


4.51 


5.96  I     283.6 


.04 


Per  cent. 
98.2 
98.1 
97.2 
98.2 


'See  Table  CXXI. 


302 


ilEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


The  oxperimentul  data  recorded  in  detail  in  the  preceding  tables  can  be  summarized  in 
"derived"  tables  .showing  the  balance  of  income  and  outgo  of  matter  and  energy,  the  amounts  of 
materials  excreted  under  different  conditions  and  at  different  times  of  the  day,  and  other  points 
of  interest. 

Xifnxi<  a  and  carJion  hahtnce. — The  daily  income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon  in  this 
experiment  are  summarized  in  Table  XV.  The  quantities  of  nitrogen  and  of  carbon  in  the  food, 
feces,  and  urine  are  derived  respectively  from  Tables  VI-VIII,  the  quantity  of  carbon  in  the 
respiratory  products  from  Table  XI,  and  the  alcohol  eliminated  from  Table  XIV. 

XitroyenoHS  materials  and  water  of  persptratloii  collected  in  clothing. — It  will  be  noticed  that 
the  figui'es  in  column  c  of  Table  XV,  nitrogen  in  urine,  differ  slightlj^  from  those  given  in  Table 
VIII.  The  subject  changed  his  underclothing  each  night.  The  gain  in  weight  of  the  underclothes 
from  the  time  they  were  sent  into  the  chamber  until  thej'  were  sent  out  was  taken  as  water 
absorbed,  and  the  amount  thus  removed  is  added  to  that  in  column  e  of  Table  XVI,  "Water  in 
respiratory  products."  The  underclothes  taken  out  were  extracted  with  distilled  water,  which 
was  afterwards  evaporated  nearly  to  dryness,  the  residue  made  up  to  a  given  volume,  and  the 
nitrogen  determined  by  the  Kjeldahl  method.  The  nitrogen  thus  given  off  amounted,  in  this 
experiment,  to  0.96  gram  for  the  i  days.  This  amount  has  been  divided  equall}^  between  the 
diffei'ent  days  of  the  experiment  and  added  to  the  amount  of  nitrogen  in  the  urine.  The  sums  are 
given  in  column  c  of  the  following  table: 

Table  XV. — Income  ami  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon — Metabolism  exjyeriment  No.  1^. 


Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Date  and  period. 

(a) 
In  food. 

(6) 

In 
feces. 

In 
urine. 

(d) 

Gain 

(  +  )  or 

losa(— ) 

a— (&+ 

c). 

<.e) 
In  food. 

C/) 

In 
feces. 

(?) 

In 
urine. 

W 

In  re- 
spira- 
tory 

prod- 
ucts. 

CO 

In  al- 
cohol 
elimi- 
nated. 

(k) 

Gain 

(-f)  or 
loss  (-) 
e— (/  + 
g+h+i). 

1898. 

Apr.  12-1.3,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

13-14,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

14-1.5,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

1.5-16,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total                   

'19.'  3 
19.3 
19.3 
19.3 

Gratn^. 
1.3 
1.2 
1.3 
1.2 

Grams. 
17.9 
21.3 
15.9 
17.7 

Grams. 
+0.1 
—3.2 
+2.1 

Grams. 
344.7 
344.8 
344.7 
344.8 

Grams. 
12.1 
12.1 
12.1 
12.1 

Grams. 
12.1 
14.4 
10.7 
12.0 

Grams. 
348.8 
358.0 
339.1 
332.8 

Grams. 

0.7 

.7 

1.0 

.7 

Grams. 

—  29.0 

—  40.4 

—  18.2 

—  12.8 

77.2 

5.0 

72.8 

—  .6 

1, 379. 0 

48.4 

49.2 

1,  378.  7 

3.1 

—100. 4 

Average  per  day 

19.3 

1.3 

18.2 

.  2 

344.8 

12.1 

12.3 

344.7 

.8 

—  25.1 

"Including  nitrogen  of  perspiration.  The  nitrogen  thus  given  off  amounted  to  0.96  gram  for  the  four  days,  and 
has  been  divided  equally  between  the  different  days  of  the  experiment  and  added  to  the  amount  of  nitrogen  in  the 
urine. 

Hydrogen,  hdanee. — The  income  and  outgo  of  hydrogen  and  water  upon  the  different  daj's 
of  this  experiment  are  shown  in  Table  XVI.  The  figures  are  collated  from  the  previous  tables. 
The  values  for  water  of  respiration  and  perspiration  have  been  increased  by  the  amount  ab.sorbed 
by  the  underclothing  on  each  dav,  and  therefore  differ  from  the  corresponding  values  as  found 
in  the  last  column  of  Table  XII.  The  water  thus  ab.sorbed  by  the  underclothing  and  removed 
from  the  appai'atus  amounted  to  63,  10,  12.3,  and  7  grams,  respectivel}^  on  the  successive  days  of 
the  experiment.  The  apparent  loss  of  water  is  shown  in  column  _/ of  the  table.  The  quantities 
in  thi.s  column  are  always  negative,  since  the  water  given  oft'  in  the  respiratory  products  is  derived 
not  only  from  the  water  taken  into  the  .system  with  food  and  drink  but  also  from  the  oxidation  of 
hj^drogenand  organic  compounds.  When,  therefore,  we  consider  the  income  and  outgo  of  water, 
the  body  is  apparently  losing  because  of  the  oxidation  of  hydrogen  within  the  bodv  to  form 
water.  The  figures  of  column  _/'.  therefore,  represent  water  apparently'  but  not  actually  lost 
from  the  bod}'.  The  ([uantities  in  cfikunns  y,  //,  and  /  of  Table  XVI  represent  the  amounts  of 
hydrogen  in  organit'  combination  in  the  food,  feces,  and  urine,  and  the  values  in  column  I  show 
the  apparent  gains  of  hydrogen.     The  quantities  in  this  column  are  always  positive,  owing  to  the 


me:\ioiks  of  the  national  academy  of  sciences. 


303 


fiict  that  the  mo.st  of  the  h3'dro<iCii  in  organic  coiiil)ination  in  the  food  is  eliminated,  not  in 
organic  comhination  in  the  feee.s  and  urine,  but  in  the  form  of  water  in  the  urine  or  respiratory 
products.  In  other  words,  the  figures  in  column  1  apparently  represent  hydrogen  gained  bj'  the 
body  in  organic  compounds,  but  for  the  most  part  ai'tually  represent  hydrogen  given  off  as  water. 
The  total  gain  or  loss  of  hydrogen  for  the  experiment  is  calculated  by  adding  together  the  hydro- 
gen apparently  lost  as  water,  column y,  and  the  hydrogen  in  organic  combination  apparently 
gained,  column  /.  This  total  gain  or  loss  of  hydrogen  is  shown  in  column  n.  There  was  in  this 
experiment  a  gain  of  h\-drogen  on  the  first  day  and  a  loss  on  the  three  following  days,  making 
an  avei'age  loss  for  the  experiment  of  20.8  gi'ams  per  daj'. 

It  should  be  said,  however,  that  the  determinations  of  water  and  consequently  of  hydrogen 
are  less  satisfactory  than  those  of  nitrogen,  carbon  and  energy. 

Table  XVI. — Incoinc  and  outgo  of  water  and  hydroijen.     ^[etaholism  exjieriment  Xo.  I  J. 


Water. 

Hydrogen. 

Pate  luifi  [leriiid. 

(a) 

In 

food. 

In 
drink. 

(c) 

In 
feces. 

(rf) 

In 
urine. 

(e) 

In  re- 
spiratory 
prod- 
ucts. 

(/) 

Appar- 
ent loss 
a+b-(.c 
+d+e). 

In 
food. 

(A) 

In 
feces. 

(0 

In 
urine. 

(*) 

In  al- 
cohol 
elimi- 
nated. 

m 

Appar- 
ent gain 
g-{h.+i 
+k). 

im) 

Loss 
from 
water 
/^9. 

(«) 

Total 
gain-i- 
orloss— 

l+m. 

1898. 
Aprilll'-lS,  7a.  111.  to7 

Grams. 

1,057 
1,057 
1,057 
1, 057 

Gratne. 
1,807.6 
1, 807. 6 
1, 807. 6 
1.807.6 

Grams. 
68.5 

Grams, 
1.  025.  9 

Grams. 
2, 007. 4 
2, 473. 0 
2, 141. 8 
2.  ,319.  2 

Grams. 
237. 2 
931.1 
355.  7 
596.8 

Grams. 
55.6 
55.6 
55. 6 
55.6 

Grams. 

1.7 
1.7 

1.7 
1.7 

Grains.   Grains. 

3. 3      n.  2 

Grams. 

50.4 
49.7 
50.8 
50.4 

Grams. 
26.4 
103.4 

Grams. 
+  24.0 
—.53  7 

13-14,  7a.  m.  to 7 

68.  61, 254. 1 
68. 51, 010. 0 
68.61.07,S.  6 

4.0 
2.9 
3.3 

.2 
_  2 

\  2 

14-1.5,  7a.  111.  to7 

39.5-fll.3 
66.3—15.9 

16-17,  7a.  m.  to 7 

1 

Total 

4,  228,7, 230.  4 

274.2 

4, 363. 6 

8,941.4 

2, 120. 8 

222.4 

6.8 

13.5 

.8 

201.3 

235. 6-34. 3 

Average  perday. 

1,  Oo7jl,  807.  6 

68.6 

1,090.9 

2, 235.  3 

530.2 

55.6 

1.7 

3.4 

.2 

50.3 

58.9 

-8.6 

E><timati-d  (juins  and  Jo><ses  of  hody  protein  and  fat. — From  the  data  summarized  in  Tables 
XV  and  XVI  we  may  compute  the  gain  or  loss  of  protein,  fat,  and  water  on  the  successive  days 
of  the  experiment.  These  computations  are  shown  in  Table  XVII.  If  nitrogen  is  gained  or  lost,  a 
corresponding  gain  or  loss  of  protein  is  assumed.  Protein  compounds  are  here  a.ssumed  to  contain 
on  the  average  Itj  per  cent  of  nitrogen,  53  per  cent  of  carbon,  and  7  per  cent  of  hydrogen.  Accord- 
ingly, the  gain  or  loss  of  protein  is  computed  by  multiphing  the  gain  or  loss  of  nitrogen  bj-  6.25, 
and  is  shown  in  column  h.  Whatever  protein  is  gained  or  lost  must,  by  the  above  assumption, 
contain  53  per  cent  of  carbon  and  7  per  cent  of  hydrogen.  The  amounts  of  carbon  and  hydrogen  in 
the  protein  gained  or  lost  in  the  successive  da3's  of  this  experiment,  as  thus  computed,  are  sliown 
in  columns  (/  and  /(.  The  algebraic  difference  between  the  total  carbon  gained  or  lost  and  that  in 
the  protein  gained  or  lost  gives  the  amount  of  carbon  gained  or  lost  in  other  compounds,  namely, 
fat,  glycogen,  etc.  It  is  probable  that  the  amount  of  glycogen  in  the  body  at  the  time  of  rising, 
7  a.  m.,  does  not  differ  greatly  from  day  to  day,  and  the  assumption  is  here  made  that  all  of  the 
gain  or  loss  of  carbon  above  that  in  the  protein  gained  or  lost  comes  from  change  in  the  amount 
of  body  fat.  It  is  assumed  that  average  body  fat  contains  7t).5  per  cent  carbon "  and  the  amount 
of  fat.  gained  or  lost  is  consecjueutl}'  computed  hy  dividing  the  values  in  column  e  by  .765,  as  is 
shown  in  column  y.  Assuming,  as  before,  that  there  has  been  no  change  in  the  body  content  of 
glycogen,  the  algebraic  difference  between  the  total  hydrogen  gained  or  lost  and  that  in  the  protein 
and  fat  gained  or  lost  is  assumed  to  represent  the  hydrogen  gained  or  lost  in  the  form  of  water. 

°  Determinations  of  the  percentage  of  carbon  in  body  fat  made  in  this  laboratory  by  F.  G.  Benedict  and  E. 
OsTERBERu  ill  1900,  publis^hed  in  vol.  4  of  the  American  Journal  of  Physiology,  page  74,  average  76.08  per  cent.  The 
value  0.761  was  therefore  used  instead  nf  0.765  in  computations  of  fat  gained  ov  lost  in  later  experiments,  beginning 
with  Xo.  26. 


304 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


The.se  latter  values  are  shown  in  column  /■  of  the  table.     The  corresponding  amounts  of  water  are 
shown  in  column  /. 

So  far  from  claiming  that  these  assumptions  and  the  calculations  based  upon  them  are  correct, 
we  are  persuaded  that  they  iiuist  be  more  or  less  erroneou.s;  but  until  determinations  can  be  made 
of  the  income  and  outgo  of  oxygen,  we  can  hardly  be  warranted  in  making  other  assumptions 
than  those  stated  above.  It  is  our  present  belief  that  the  largest  errors  are  in  the  figures  for 
water.  The  experimental  data  are  recorded  in  such  detail  in  previous  tables  that  modilications 
in  the  method  of  computing  the  nitrogen,  carbon,  and  hydrogen  balance,  and  the  gain  or  loss  of 
body  material  can  be  made  at  any  time  should  results  of  later  research  indicate  that  such  modi- 
fications were  desirable. 


T.\BLE  XVII. — Giiln  or  loss  of  protein  (N.  X6.25),  foi,  and  vaier.     Metabolism  experiment  No.  IS. 


Date  and  period. 

(«) 

Nitrogen 
gained 

(  +  )  or 
lost(-). 

m 

Protein 
gained 

1+)  or 
lost  (-) 
ax  6.25. 

(f) 

Total 
carbon 
gained 

(  +  )or 
lost(-). 

«■') 

Carbon 
in  pro- 
tein 
gained 

(  +  )or 
lo.st  (-) 
6X.53. 

(«) 

Carbon 
in  fat, 

etc., 
gained 

(  +  )or 
lost  (-) 

c-d. 

if) 

Fat 
gained 
(  +  )  or 
lost  (-) 
e-^.765. 

(g) 

Total 
hydro- 
gen 
gained 

{  +  )0T 
lost  (-). 

CO 

Hydro- 
gen 

in  pro- 
tein 

gained 

(4-)  or 
lost  (-) 

6X.07. 

(0 

Hydro- 
gen 

in  fat 
gained 

(  +  )ov 
lost  (-) 
/X.118. 

Hydro- 
gen in 
water, 
etc., 
gained 
(-H)  or 
lost 

(-)g- 

(h+i). 

(0 

Water 
gained 
(+)or 
lost  (-) 
ix9. 

1898. 

April  12-13,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 

13-14,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m . 

14-15,  7a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 

16-17,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m . 

Grams. 
+0.1 
-3.2 
+2.1 
+  .4 

Grams. 
+  0.6 
-20.0 

+13.1 

+  2.5 

Grams. 

-  29.0 

-  40.4 

-  18.2 

-  12.8 

Grams. 
-1-0.3 
-10.6 
+  7.0 
+  1.3 

Gleams. 
-29.3 
-29.8 
-25.2 
-14.1 

Grams. 

-  38.3 

-  39.0 

-  32.9 

-  18.4 

Grams. 
+24.0 
-53.7 
+11. 3 
-15.9 

Grams. 
0.0 
-1.4 
+  .9 
+  .2 

Grams. 
-4.5 
-4.6 
-3.9 
-2.2 

Grams. 
+28.5 
-47.7 
+14.  3 
-13.9 

Grams. 
+256.  5 
-429.  3 
+  128.  7 
-125. 1 

Total 

—  .6  1—  3.  8  i— 100.  4   —  2.0 

-98.4 

-128. 6 

-34.3 

-  .3 

-15.  2 

-18.8 

-169.  2 

Average  per  day 

-  .2  |-  1.0   —  25.1 

—     .5 

-24.6 

—  32.2 

-8.6 

-  .1 

-3.8 

-4.7 

-  42.  3 

Balance  of  energy. — The  income  and  outgo  of  energj^  are  shown  in  Table  XVIII.  The  figures 
for  heats  of  combustion  of  food  and  unoxidized  materials  of  feces  and  urine  are  taken  fi'om 
Tables  VI,  VII,  and  VIII,  respective^.  The  values  in  column  d,  heat  of  combastion  of  alcohol 
eliminated,  are  derived  from  the  corresponding  values  in  the  fifth  column  of  Table  XIV  by  mul- 
tiplying the  total  alcohol  unoxidized,  as  there  given,  hj  the  heat  of  combustion  per  gram,  7.067 
calories.  As  explained  on  page  258,  small  quantities  of  organic  matter  in  the  ventilating  air  cur- 
rent were  reckoned  as  alcohol,  hence  the  figures  in  column  d  .somewhat  overstate  the  heat  of 
combustion  of  the  alcohol  given  ofi'  unoxidized.  The  values  in  column  e  are  obtained  by  multi- 
plying the  number  of  grams  of  protein  gained  or  lost  bj-  the  heat  of  combustion  of  one  gram  of 
protein,  which  is  taken  as  .5.6.5  calories.  The  estimated  heat  of  combustion  of  fat  gained  or  lost, 
as  shown  in  column _/,  is  computed  for  the  difi'erent  days  from  the  corresponding  values  in  Table 
XVII  upon  the  supposition  that  each  gram  of  fat  has  a  heat  of  combustion  of  9.5  calories,"  which 
has  been  found  to  be  not  far  from  the  average  for  one  gram  of  various  animal  fats.  The  esti- 
mates of  column  g  are  the  heats  of  combastion  of  the  food  eaten  less  the  algebraic  sum  of  the 
heats  of  combustion  of  food,  feces,  and  body  material  gained  or  lost.  To  put  it  in  another  way, 
they  are  the  heats  of  combustion  of  the  food  eaten  and  of  body  material  lost  less  the  heats  of 
combustion  of  feces,  ui'ine,  and  bodj-  material  stored.  Thev  may  be  .said  to  represent  the  net 
income  of  energy  to  the  body.  The  net  outgo  is  measured  directly  by  the  apparatus,  and  is 
.shown  in  column  /<  of  Table  XVIII.  The  net  income  averages  in  this  experiment  5  calorics  per 
daj'  less  than  the  net  outgo.  On  different  days  of  the  experiment  the  net  outgo  varied  from  25 
calories  below  to  35  calories  above  the  net  income. 

"Determinations  of  the  lieat  of  conibustion  of  human  bodj-  fat  made  in  this  laljoratory  by  F.  G.  Benedict  and 
E.  O.sTERBEKG  in  1900,  and  published  in  vohime  4  of  the  American  Journal  of  Physiology,  page  76,  indicate  that  the 
heat  of  combustion  of  l>ody  fat  is  nearly  9.54  calories  per  gram.  This  value  was  used  in  the  computations  of  later 
experiments,  beginning  with  No.  26.  (See  discussion  of  this  subject  by  Atwatcr  and  Bryant  in  Report  of  the  Storrs 
(Conn.)  Experiment  Station  for  1899,  p.  93.) 


MEMOIKS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


305 


Table  XVIII. — Income  ami  outgo  of  tiienjij. — MelftbuHi 


Date  and  peri(xi. 

(a)            (6)      ,       (0) 

.S^K.?i    Heat  of  ,  Heat  of 
^™  „f  combus-  eombu.s- 

elTen.   1    '«<=«-    ]   "■•--■ 

(d) 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion of 
alcohol 
elimi- 
nated. 

(.0 

E.slimat- 
ed  heat 
of  com- 
bustion 
of  pro- 
tein 
gained 
(-I-)  or 
lost(-). 

(/)     I      (a) 

™i,.,.      material 

tioToVStl  "^i^ 

(A) 

Heat  de- 
termined. 

(0            («•■) 

Heat  de-     Heat  de- 
termined  termined 
greater       greater 
(-fior        (  +  )or 
le9a(-)      les.s(-) 
than  esti-  than  esti- 
mated       mated 
h-g.           i^g. 

1898. 

Apr.  12-13,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

13-14,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

14-15,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

15-16,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Colorie/. 
3,891 
3, 891 
3,891 
3,891 

Calorics. 
136 
136 
136 
136 

Calorics. 
123 
145 
123 
130 

Calories. 
9 
10 
14 
9 

Calories. 
+    4 
—115 
+  75 
+  14 

Calories. 

-  360 

-  367 

-  309 

-  173 

Calories. 
3,979 
4,082 
3, 8.52 
3,775 

Calories. 

3,954 

4,094 

.   3,8.52 

3,810 

Calories,  t  Per  cent. 

-25           -0.6 

+12         +0. 3 

0            0.0 

+35         -0.9 

Total 

15,  .564         .544  i      .521 

42  1  —  22 

-1,209  I  15,688 

15,  710 

-^22    

Average  per  day 

3,891         136         130           n      —     6    -     302       3,922       3,927  |        -  5         -0.1 

KXPERIMENTS    NO.S.   l.^-17 REST.  WITH    ALCOHOL    DIET. 

Subject. — E.  O..  who  wa.s  the  .subject  of  No.  12.  His  weight  without  clothing  was  about  71 
kilograms  (156  pounds). 

Occupation  dt/i'inf/  experiment. — Reading,  writing,  etc.,  with  as  little  mental  and  muscular 
activity  as  was  compatible  with  comfort. 

Duration. — Preliminary  period  i  days,  beginning  with  breakfast  January  12,  1899.  The 
.series  of  experiments  Nos.  1.5-17  began  at  7  a.  m.,  January  IH,  and  ended  at  7  a.  m.,  January 
22.  The  whole  period  was  thus  0  days,  of  which  2  days  were  given  to  each  experiment.  The 
subject  entered  the  respiration  chamber  on  the  evening  of  January  l.o.  The  total  time  spent  in 
the  chamber  was  thus  7  nights  and  6  days. 

Ditt. — Ordinary  food  furnishing,  per  day,  109  grams  of  protein  and  2,141  calories  of  energy, 
and  in  addition  72.. 5  grams  of  absolute  alcohol,  furnishing  512  calories  of  energy,  niaking  the  total 
energv  of  the  diet  2.653  calories.  The  alcohol  was  taken  in  6  doses,  3  with  the  meals  and  the 
other  3  between  meals  and  just  before  retiring. 

In  experiment  No.  15  commercial  ethyl  alcohol  was  added  to  a  sweetened  coffee  infusion,  as 
in  experiment  No.  12.  To  775.2  grams  of  coffee  infusion  were  added  rl:5  grams  of  sugar  and  79.8 
grams  of  90.9  per  cent  commercial  ethyl  alcohol,  making  a  total  of  900  grams  of  the  mixture, 
containing  782.5  grams  of  water. 

In  experiment  No.  16  whisky  containing  45.8  per  cent  ethyl  alcohol  by  weight  was  used. 
Instead  of  adding  the  whisky  to  the  coffee  infu.sion  it  was  taken  with  sugar  in  water.  The 
whi.sky  and  sugar  were  added  to  the  water  by  the  subject  within  the  calorimeter,  in  the  proportion 
of  158.3  grams  whisky,  45  grams  sugar,  and  696.7  grams  water,  making  a  total  of  900  grams, 
containing  782.5  grams  of  water  and  72.5  grams  absolute  alcohol,  as  in  experiment  No.  15.  An 
apparent  increase  in  the  alcohol  found  in  the  ventilating  air  current  during  experiment  No.  16 
led  us  to  believe  that  some  alcohol  might  be  evaporated  during  the  admixture  of  whisky  and 
water  in  the  apparatus,  and  in  the  following  experiments  the  mixture  of  alcohol  with  coffee  or 
water  was  prepared  outside,  as  had  been  done  in  all  cases  previous  to  No.  16. 

In  experiment  No.  17  the  alcohol  was  administered  in  the  form  of  brandy,  containing  50.4  per 
cent  alcohol  by  weight.  To  711.2  grams  of  water  were  added  45  grams  of  sugar  and  143.8  grams 
of  brandy,  thus  furnishing  the  same  amount  of  water  and  alcohol  as  in  the  previous  experiments. 
The  alcohol  in  the  whisky  and  brandy  was  determined  by  the  usual  method  of  distillation  and 
determination  of  the  specific  gravity  of  the  distillate." 

•See  Methods  of  Analysis,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Division  of  Chemistry,  Bulletin  46  (revised),  p.  57. 


306 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


Diet  in  metabolism  experiments  Xos.  15-17. 
FOOD. 


Beef 

Butter 

Milk,  skimmed 

Bread 

Parched  cereal. 
Sugar  


Breakfast.        Dinner. 


Cr7'ams. 
55 
7 
300 
55 
30 
12 


Grams, 

105 

10 

260 

100 


13 
390 
155 


Qrams. 
160 
30 
950 
310 
30 
57 


"Used  in  coffee  infusion  and  alcohol. 

DRINK. 


Experiment  No.  15. 

Experiment  No.  16. 

Experiment  No.  17. 

Time. 

Coffee  infu- 
sion .  .<iugar, 
and  alco- 
hol." 

Water. 

Water, 

sugar,  and 

whisky." 

Water. 

Coffee  infu- 
sion, sugar, 
and 
brandy." 

Water. 

Grams. 
300 

Grams. 
""260' 
'""206" 
"""200' 

Grams. 
300 

Grams. 
""'260' 
'""266" 
"""266" 

Grams. 
300 

Grams. 

10  30  a   m                                                             -  -           

200 

300 

300 

300 

3  30  p   m                                 

200 

300 

300 

300 

10  00  p    m                                                     .           

200 

Total         

■|900 

600 

"900 

600 

•■■900 

600 

°  Contains  72.5  grams  absolute  alcohol  and  45  grams  sugar. 

Daily  routine. — The  general  routine  of  the  experiment  was  as  follows: 

Daily  ])ro(jTnmme — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  16-17. 


7.00  a.m 

Rise,  pass  urine,  weigh  self  stripped, 

6.30  p.  m 

Supper. 

collect  drip,  and  weigh  absorbers. 

7.00  p.  m 

Pass  urine,  collect  drip,  and  weigh  ab- 

7.45 a.  ni 

Breakfast. 

sorbers. 

ICSOa.m 

Drink  200  grams  water. 

10.00  p.  m 

Drink    200    grams    water,    weigh    self 

1.00  p.  m 

Pass  urine,  collect  drip,  and  weigh  ab- 

stripped, take  cap  off   food  aperture, 

sorbers. 

retire. 

1.30  p.  m 

Dinner. 

1.00  a.m 

Pass  urine. 

3.30  p.  m 

Drink  200  grams  water. 

The  main  facts  recorded  in  the  diary  kept  by  the  subject  during  the  experiment  are  shown 
in  Table  XIX: 

T.MiLE  XIX. — Suminart/  of  diuri/ — Metabolism  e.rperiments  Xos.  1.5-17. 


Date  and  time. 


Jan.  10,  7.00  a.  ni. 

1.00  p.  lii. 

7.00  p.  lii. 

10.00  p.  Ill 

17,7.00  a.  ni. 

1.00  p.  Mi. 

10.00  p.  Ill 

18,  7.011  a.  III. 

l.tiOp.  m. 

10.00  p.  Ill 


Kilograms. 
70.9 


71.7 
70.  .S 


71.6 
70.4 


98.6 
98.  ,S 
99.0 

'97."2' 
98.5 
98.6 
97.0 
98.0 
98.4 


20.6 
20.6 
20.5 

'26.' 7 
20.5 
20.8 
20.4 
20.4 
30.3 


15.5 
15.8 
16.2 

'i6."6 
15.8 
16.9 
16.0 
15.9 
15.9 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


307 


Table  XIX. — Sitinmary  of  diarii — .Urlahollam  crpi-rlineiilK  Xos.  1.5-17 — Continued 


Date  and  time. 

Weight  witli- 
out  clotlies. 

Pulse  rate  per 
minute. 

Temperature. 

Hygro 

neter. 

Dry  bulb. 

Wet  bulb. 

1899. 
19  7.00  a.  m   

Kilniimms. 

70.3 

59 

68 

97.2 
98.6 

20.6 
20.5 
20.5 
20.5 
20.7 
20.7 
20.5 
20.4 
20.4 
20.4 
20.6 
20.7 
20.7 
20.4 
20.6 
20.5 

15.8 

1  00  p.  m                              

16.0 

3  30  p  m 

16.8 

7  00  p  m                                     

68 
69 
55 

98.9 
98.0 
96.8 

16.0 

10  00  p.  Ill                  

71.2 
70.  3 

16.6 

20,  7.00  a.  m 

16.0 

15.9 

1.00  p.  m        

60 
68 
70 
60 

97.8 
98.6 
99.0 
98.0 

15.6 

7  00  p  111                                  

16.0 

10.00  p.  ui          

71.1 
70.2 

16.7 

21,  7.00  a.  m 

15.9 

16.1 

1.00  p.  in         

64 
67 
71 
60 

98.3 
98.'3 
98.5 
97.8 

15.8 

7  00  p  m                                       

15.8 

10.00  p.  ni          

70.9 
70.1 

16.4 

22,  7.00  a.  Ill 

16.0 

Detailed  statistics  of  income  and  outcjo. — The  weight,  composition,  and  heat  of  conilni.stion  of 
food,  feces,  and  urine  are  shown  in  Tables  XX  to  XXIII.  The  gross  income  of  nitrogen,  car- 
bon, hj'drogen,  and  energj'  in  the  food  and  drink  did  not  vary  from  da_y  to  day,  and  the  outgo  of 
each  in  the  feces  was  assumed  to  be  uniform  in  all  the  0  days  of  the  3  experiments.  Inas- 
much as  the  diet  was  identical  in  the  ditl'erent  experiments,  with  the  exception  of  the  substitution 
of  whisky  and  brandy  for  the  conuuercial  ethyl  alcohol,  this  assumption  regarding  the  feces  is 
probably  within  the  limits  of  experimental  error.  The  elimination  of  nitrogen  in  the  urine  was 
quite  constant  during  the  6  days  within  the  respiration  chamber.  During  the  4  days  of  the  pre- 
liminary period  itamounted  to  11.7. 16,  13.9,  and  10.4  grams,  respectively.  The  urine  of  the  daily 
composite  samples  decomposed  before  the  heat  of  combustion  could  be  determined.  The  heat  of 
combustion  of  the  urine  for  each  day  has  therefore  been  computed  from  that  of  the  composite 
sample  of  the  fi  days,  according  to  the  method  employed  for  computing  the  carbon  and  hydrogen 
on  the  different  individual  daj's  from  the  total  carbon  and  hj-drogen  eliminated  in  the  urine  during 
the  experiment. 

Table  XX. —  Weight,  composition,  and  heat  of  combustion  of  foods — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  13-17. 


Labora- 
tory 
No. 

Fdoil  material. 

Weight 
p6r  day. 

Water. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

Nitro- 
gen. 

Carbon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion. 

3009 

Beef 

Grams. 
160 

30 
950 
310 

30 

57 

Grams. 
110.7 

.3.1 
850.3 
129.3 

1.8 

ffraiiis. 

41.7 

.4 

38.9 

24.5 

3.4 

Grams. 

4.2 

25.8 

1.0 

8.7 
^  2 

Grams. 

""b2.3 

143. 5 

24.1 

57.0 

Grains. 
6.67 

.06 
6.18 
3.94 

.55 

Grams. 
24.38 
18.57 
43.79 
84.72 
12.42 
24.00 

Grams. 
3.66 
3.12 
6.27 
12.74 
1.85 
3.69 

Calories. 
260 

3003 

Butter 

239 

3006 

445 

2968 

Bread 

840 

3004 

122 

226 

Total 

' 

1, 537 
72.5 

1,095.2 

108.9 

39.  9 

276.  9 

17.40 

207.  88 
37.82 

31.33 
9.  46 

2,141 

Alcohol 

512 

Total 

17.40 

245.  70 

40.  79 

2,  653 

\ 

T.\BLE  XXI. —  Weight,  composition,  and  lieat  of  combustion  of  feces — Metaboli.sm  e.i:perimeiits  Xos.  15-17. 


Labora- 
tory 
No. 

Weight. 

Water. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

Nitro- 
gen. 

Carbon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion. 

3008 

Total  for  6  davs 

Grams. 
315.5 
52.6 

Grams. 

215.5 

35.9 

Gra7ns. 

30.9 

5.1 

Grams. 
17.7 
3.0 

Grams. 
27.1 
4.5 

Grams. 
4.95 

.82 

Grams. 

46.85 

7.81 

Grams. 
6.53 
1.09 

Calories. 
528 

88 

308 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


Table  XXII. — AmOHiit,  .yierini'  (iraviUj,  anil  nitrogen  of  urine  hxj  six-hour  }:)crioch — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  15-17. 


Date. 

Period. 

Amount. 

Specific 
gravity. 

Nitrogen. 

1899. 
Jan    16-17 

Experiment  No.  15. 

Grams. 
406.5 
433.4 
473.6 
165.  2 

1.023 
1.022 
1.018 
1.  015 

Per  cent. 

0.88 

1.10 

.86 

1.62 

Grams. 
3.58 

4.77 

4.07 

2.67 

Total 

1, 478.  7 
1,478.7 

15. 09 

1.018 

1.02 

15.08 

17-18 

773.3 
572.4 
700.0 
207.  5 

1.009 
1.014 
1.009 
1.018 

.  55 

.83 

.63 

1.34 

4.25 

4.75 

4.41 

2.78 

Total 

2, 253.  2 
2, 253.  2 

16.19 

1.011 

.71 

16.00 

Experiment  No.  16. 

18-19 

638.2 
556.  7 
439.8 
231.9 

1.012 
1.013 
1.014 
1.016 

.64 

.77 

.93 

1.18 

4.08 

4.29 

4.09 

2.74 

Total 

1, 866.  6 
1,866.6 

15.20 

1.013 

.81 

15.12 

19-20 

621.2 
482.5 
617.4 
259.5 

1.010 
1.019 
1.013 
1.015 

.65 

.98 

.75 

1.07 

4.04 

4.24 

4.63 

2.78 

Total 

1, 930.  6 
1, 930. 6 

15.69 

1.013 

.80 

15.44 

Experiment  No.  17. 

20-21  . 

484.3 
562.  5 
642.6 
268.2 

1.014 
1.013 
1.011 
1.014 

.79 
.76 
.77 
.99 

3.83 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

4.27 
4.95 

2.65 

Total 

1, 957.  6 
1,957.6 

15.70 

1.012 

.80 

15.66 

21-22 

757.0 
469.8 
571.5 
282.3 

1.008 
1.016 
1.011 
1.016 

.55 
.89 

.78 
.99 

4.16 

4.18 

4.46 

2.79 

Total 

2, 080. 6 
2,  080.  6 

15.59 

Total  by  composite 

.74 

15.40 

Total  for  6  days,  by  periods 

11,567.3 
11,  567. 3 

93.46 

.81 

93.69 

Table  XXIII. — Daily  elimination  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  waler,  and  energy  in  urine — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  15-17. 


1899. 
Experiment  Xo.  1. 

Jan. 16-17  

17-18  

Experiment  So.  V 

Jan. 18-19  

19-20  

Exptrunent  No.  1', 

Jan. 20-21  

21-22  

Total 


Qram«. 
1,478.7 
2, 253. 2 


1,866.6 
1,930.6 


1,9.57.6  \ 

2,080.6 


11,567.3  I  0..57 


Orams. 
10.64 
11.42 


10.72 
11,07 


11.08 
11.00 


65.93 


Grams. 
2.99 
3.20 


3.01 
3.11 


3.11 
3.09 


0. 16  i     18. 51 


97.2 


Grams. 
1,426.4 
2, 197. 1 


1,81.3.9 
1,876.2 


1,  903.  2 
2, 026.  6 


Heat  of  combustion. 


Per  gram.  Total 


11,  243. 4 


Calorics. 
123.2 
132.2 


124.1 
128.2 


128.3 

127.4 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


309 


There  wa.s  but  very  little  change  in  the  weight  of  the  absorbing  .sy.steni  inside  the  apparatu.s 
during  the  experiment,  and  the  drip  from  the  system  was  very  slight,  so  that  little  correction 
has  to  be  made  for  variations  in  the  weight  of  the  absorbers.  The  details  of  the  determinations 
of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  are  as  follows: 


Table  XXIV. 


-Comparison  of  residual  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the  chamber  at  the  beginning  and  end  of 
each  period,  and  the  corresponding  gain  or  loss^ Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  15-17. 


End  of  period. 

Carbon  dioxid. 

Water. 

Date. 

Total 
amount 
in  cham- 
ber. 

Gain  (-1-) 
or  loss 
(-)  over 
preced- 
ing 
period. 

Total 
amount 
of  vapor 
remain- 
ing in 
chajo- 
ber. 

Gain(-l-) 
or  loss 
(-)  over 
preced- 
ing 
period. 

Change 

in 
weight 
of  ab- 
sorbers. 
Gain(-(-) 
or  loss 
(-)■ 

Drip 
from 
absorb- 
ers. 

Total 
amount 
gained 
,(-t-)or 
lost  {-) 
during 

the 
period. 

1899. 

Grains. 
31.4 

Grams. 
+  1.0 

Grams. 
32.9 

Grams. 
+0.5 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Gram*. 

16-17 

37.5 
39.1 
25.2 
26.4 

+  6.1 
+  1.6 
-13.9 

+  1.2 

38.8 
41.4 
47.3 
38.6 

+5.9 
+2.6 
+5.9 
-8.7 

+  5 
-  8 

+  1 

+  1 

3 
3 
3 
3 

+  13.9 

-  2.4 

+  9.9 

-4.7 

Total                                           

-  5.0 

+5.7 

-  1 

12 

+  16.7 

17-18 

33.3 
40.5 
27.4 
31.2 

+  6.9 
+  7.2 
-13.1 

+  3.8 

40.1 
41.7 
49.1 
43.2 

+  1.5 
+  1.6 
+7.4 
-5.9 

—13 
-  3 

+  5 
+  5 

3 

3 
3 
3 

-  8.5 

+  1.6 

1  a.  m 

+15.4 
+  2.1 

Total                                          

+  4.8 

+4.6 

—  6 

12 

^10.6 

18-19 

35.2 
40.7 
28.4 
25.5 

+  4.0 
+  5.5 
—12.3 
-  2.9 

42.1 
47.1 
45.8 
39.4 

-1.1 
+5.0 
-1.3 
-6.4 

+  4 
+  5 

-  3 

-  2 

3 
3 
3 
3 

+  5.9 

+13.0 

-  1.3 

-  .5.4 

Total 

. 

-  5.7 

-3.8 

+  4 

12 

+12.2 

19-20 

42.1 
44.1 
29.5 
27.7 

+16.6 
+  2.0 
-14.6 
—  1.8 

41.6 
45.0 
46.2 
41.3 

+2.2 
+3.4 
+1.2 
-4.9 

+11 
+14 

-  8 

-  8 

3 
3 
3 
3 

+16.2 

+20.4 

-  3.8 

-  9.9 

Total                   

+  2.2  1 

+1.9 

+  9 

12 

+22.9 

20-21 

38.9 
38.4 
29.3 

27.7 

+11.2 

-  .5 

-  9.1 

-  1.6 

39.2 
42.5 
48.6 
40.1 

-2.1 
+3.3 
+6.1 
-8.5 

-  9 
+17 
-11 
-11 

3 

3 

3 

.  3 

—  8.1 

+23.3 

-  1.9 

-16.5 

Total         

-1.2 

-14 

12 

-  3.2 

21-22 

38.3 
38.9 
26.2 
30.1 

+10.6 
+     .6 
-12.7 
+  3.9 

40.1 
42.2 
42.9 
38.4 

■■+2.'i' 

+  .7 
-4.5 

+11 
+  14 
-19 
-19 

3 
3 
3 
3 

+14.0 

+  19.1 

-15.3 

7  a.  m        

-20.5 

Total 

+  2.4 

-1.7 

-13 

12 

-  2.7 

Total  for  6  days 

l-'■^ 

+5.5 

-21 

72 

+56.6 

Vol.  8— No.  6- 


310  MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

Table  XX\'. — Record  of  carbon  dioxid  in  ventilating  air  current — Metabolism  experiments  j.Vos.  15-17. 


Period. 

(a) 

Ventilation. 
Number  of 
liters  of  air. 

Carbon  dioxid. 

(ft) 

In  incoming  air. 

(rf) 

In  outgo- 
ing air. 

(c) 

Total 

excess  in 

outgoing 

air, 

d-c. 

(/) 

Correc- 
tion for 
amount 
remain- 
ing in 
chamber. 

(£7) 

Corrected 
amount 
exhaled 

by  subject, 
e+/. 

Total 

Per  liter. 

(c) 

Total, 
axb. 

weight  of 

carbon 

exhaled, 

9XA- 

1899. 
Jan     16-17 

Experiment  No.  15. 

Liters. 
26,  341 
■  27,012 
28, 184 
27,549 

Mg. 
0.621 
.551 
.555 
.589 

Grams. 
16.4 
14.9 
15.6 
16.2 

Grams. 
243.5 
248.4 
228.4 
157.4 

Ch'ams. 
227.1 
233.5 
212.8 
141.2 

Gmifis. 
+  6.1 
+  1.6 
-13.9 
+  1.2 

Grams. 
233.2 
235. 1 
198.9 
142.4 

Grams. 
63.6 

64.2 

54.2 

38.8 

Total       

109, 086 

63.1 

877.7 

814.6 

-  5.0 

,809. 6 

220.8 

17  18 

26,  862 

27,  308 
27, 663 

28,  241 

.615 
.718 
.568 
.720 

16.5 
19.6 
15.7 
20.3 

222.8 
240.9 
242.8 
164.7 

206.3 
221.3 
227.1 
144.4 

+  6.9 
+  7.2 
-13.1 

+  3.8 

213.2 
228.5 
214.0 
148.2 

58.2 

62.3 

58.4 

40.4 

Total      

110, 074 

72.1 

871.2 

799.1 

+  4.8 

803.9 

219.3 

Experiment  No.  16. 

18  19 

26,  544 
27, 013 
28,  510 

27,  813 

.652 
.666 
.513 
.551 

17.3 
18.0 
14.6 
15.3 

232.1 
233.1 
241.9 
160.7 

214.8 
215.1 
227.3 
145.4 

+  4.0 
+  5.5 
-12.3 
-  2.9 

218.8 
220.6 
215.0 
142.5 

59.6 

60.2 

58.6 

38.9 

Total 

109,  880 

65.2 

867.8 

802.6 

-  5.7 

796.9 

217.3 

19  20 

24, 950 
22, 648 
27, 492 
26,  818 

.560 
.607 
.632 
.663 

14.0 
13.7 

17.4 
17.8 

223.4 
249.2 
237.  5 
154.7 

209.4 
235. 5 
220.1 
136.9 

+16.6 
+  2.0 
-14.6 
-  1.8 

226.0 
237.5 
205.5 
135.1 

61.6 

64.7 

56.1 

36.9 

Total 

101,908 

62.9 

864.8 

801.9 

+  2.2 

804.1 

219.3 

Experiment  No.  17. 

20-21 

25, 502 
26,811 
27, 935 
28, 699 

.703 
.657 
.568 
.611 

17.9 
17.6 
15.9 
17.5 

218.0 
242.6 
217.8 
170.4 

200.1 
225.0 
201.9 
152.9 

+11.2 

-  .5 

-  9.1 

-  1.6 

211.3 
224.5 
192.8 
151.3 

57.6 

61.3 

7  p.  m.-l  a.  m 

52.6 
41.2 

Total            

108, 947 

68.9 

848.8 

779.9 

i      779.9 

212.7 

21  22 

25, 958 
26, 321 
27, 920 
27, 829 

.634 
.565 
.554 
.632 

16.5 
14.9 
15.5 
17.6 

222.2 
243.5 
229.2 
160.4 

205.7 
228.6 
213.  7 
142.8 

+10.6 
+     .6 
-12.7 
+  3.9 

216.3 
229.2 
201.0 
146.7 

59.0 

62.5 

54.8 

40.0 

Total            -     . . . 

108, 028 

64.5 

855.3 

790.8 

+  2.4 

793.2 

216.3 

Total,  6  days 

647, 923 

396.7 

5, 185. 6 

4,  788. 9 

-  1.3 

4,  787.  6 

1,  305. 7 

MEM0LR8  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEJSIY  OF  SCIENCES. 
Table  XXVI. — Record  of  irater  in  t-entilating  air  current — iletabolism  experimentf  Xos.  15-17. 


311 


i 
Period. 

(0) 

Ventila- 
tion. Num- 
ber of  liters 
of  air. 

Water  in  incoming 
air. 

Water  in  outgoing  air. 

to) 

Total  ex- 
cess water 
in  outgo- 
ingair. 

(*) 

Correc- 
tion for 
water  re- 
maining 
in  eham- 
b«r. 

(0 

Date. 

Per 

liter. 

«■) 

Total. 
ax6. 

.\mount 
conden5ed 
in  freezers. 

(e) 

Amount 
not  con- 
densed in 
fieeieis. 

if) 

Total. 
d+e. 

Total 
water  of 
respira- 
tion and 
perspira- 
aoa.g+li. 

1899. 
Jan.     16-17 

Experiment  Xo.  15. 

7  a.  m.-l  p.  m 

1  p.  m.-7p.  m 

7  p.  m.-l  a.  m 

1  a.  m.-7a.  m 

Total 

7  a.  m.-l  p.  m 

1  p.  m.-7p.  m 

7  p.  m.-l  a.  m 

1  a.  m.-7a.  m 

Total 

Experiment  Xo.  16. 

7a.m.-lp.m 

Ip.  m.-7p.  m 

7  p.  m.-l  a.  m 

la.  m.-7  a.  m 

Total 

7a.  m.-l  p.  m 

1p.m. -7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.-l  a.  m 

1  a.  m.-7a.  m 

Total 

E.Kperiment  Xo.  17. 

7  a.  m.-l  p.  m 

Ip.  m.-7p.  m 

7  p.  m.-l  a.  m 

la.  m.-7a.  m 

Total 

7  a.  m.-l  p.  m 

1  p.  m.-7  p.  m 

Tp.m.-la.m 

1  a.  m.-7a.  m 

Total 

Total,  6  days  . 

Uterf. 

26,341 

27,012 

28,184 

27,549 

-Wj;. 
0.875 
.873 
.896 
.8.51 

Grams. 
23.1 
23.6 
25.2 
23.4 

Grams. 
176.3 
198.5 
225.1 
214.1 

Grams. 
42.7 
40.3 
50.7 
41.8 

Grams. 
219.0 
238.8 
275.8 
255. 9 

Grams. 
195.9 
215.2 
250.6 
232.5 

Grams. 
-t-13.9 

-  2.4 

-  9.9 

-  4.7 

Grams. 
209.8 
212.8 
260.5 
227.8 

109,086 

95.3 

814.0 

17.5. 5 

989. 5 

894.2 

-16.7 

910.9 

17-18 

26.862 
27, 308 
27.663 
28,  241 

.920 
.979 
.914 
.895 

24.7 
26.7 
25.3 
25.3 

196.9 
204.6 
248.3 
241.7 

40.6 
38.6 
45.9 
41.5 

237. 5 
243.2 
294.2 
283.2 

212.8 
216.5 
268.9 
257.9 

-  8.5 
-r  1.6 
-15.4 
-!-  2.1 

204.3 
218.1 
284.3 
260.0 

110.074 

102. 0 

S91.  5 

166.6 

1.058.1 

956.1 

-10.6 

966.7 

18-19 

26,  .544 

27,  013 
28, 510 
27,813 

.999 
.897 

.sa5 

.761 

26.5 
24.2 
22.9 
21.2 

209.7 
214.0 
230.4 
217.0 

39.3 
38.6 
41.1 
39.6 

249.0 
252. 6 
271.5 
2.56.6 

222.5 
228.4 
248.6 
235.4 

-  5.9 
—13.0 

-  1.3 

-  5.4 

228. 4 
241.4 
247.3 
230.0 

109.880 

94.8 

871.1 

158.6 

1.029.7 

934.9 

-12.2 

947.1 

19-20 

24.9.50 
22.648 
27,  492 
26, 818 

.784 
.783 
.818 
.786 

19.6 
17.7 
22.5 
21.1 

185.7 
187.6 
219.7 
217.2 

33.2 
32.0 
42.2 
37.0 

218. 9 
219.6 
261.9 
2.54.2 

199.3 
201.9 
239.4 
233.1 

-16.2 
-20.4 

-  3.8 

-  9.9 

215. 5 
222.3 
235.6 
223.2 

101,908 

80.  9 

SIO.  2 

144.4 

a54.6 

873.7 

—22. 9 

896.6 

20-21 

25,  .502 
26. 811 
27.935 
28,699 

.853 
.953 
.840 
.798 

21.7 
25.5 
23.5 
22.9 

186.5 
205.6 
218.1 
229.2 

36.3 
39.6 
44.4 
40.7 

222.8 
245.2 
262.5 
269.9 

201.1 
219.7 
239.0 
247.0 

-  8.1 
-^23.3 

-  1.9 
—16.5 

193.0 
243.0 
237.1 
230.5 

108,947    

93.6 

839.4 

161.0 

1.000.4 

906.8 

-  3.2 

903.6 

21-22 

25, 958 
26.321 
27,920 
27,829 

.980 
.939 
.935 
.924 

25.4 
24.7 
26.1 
2.5.7 

192.0 
20.5.2 
223. 4 
206.7 

37.5 
39.0 
41.7 
38.5 

229.5 
244.2 
265.1 
245.2 

204.1 
219.5 
239.0 
219.5 

-14.0 
-19.1 
-15.3 
-20.5 

218.1 
238.6 
223.7 
199.0 

108. 028 

101.9 

827.3 

156.7 

984.0 

882. 1 

—  2.7 

879.4 

647,  923 

.568.5 

5. 0.53. 5 

962.8 

6, 016.  3 

5, 447. 8 

^56.5 

5.504.3 

312 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


Table  XXVII  summarizes  the  results  of  the  calorimetric  measurements  during  this  experi- 
ment. 

Table  XXVII. — Summary  of  calorimetric  measuremenls — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  15-17. 


Date. 

Period. 

(a) 

Heat 
measured 

in 
terms  of 

C°o<,. 

(6) 

Change 
of  tem- 
perature 
of  calo- 
rimeter. 

(0 

Capacity 
correc- 
tion of 

calorim- 
eter, 
5x60. 

(d) 

Correc- 
tion due 
to  tem- 
pera- 
ture of 
food  and 
dishes. 

(e) 

Water 
vaporized, 
equals 
total 
amount 
exhaled 

less 
amount 
condensed 

chamber. 

(/) 

Heat  used 
in  vapor- 
ization of 
water, 
exO.592. 

(9) 

Total  heat 

determined, 

a+c+d 

+/. 

1899. 
Jan.    16-18 

Experiment  No.  15. 

Calories. 
557.1 
543.8 
473.6 
269.1 

Degrees. 
-0.03 
+  .02 

Calories. 
-1.80 
+1.20 

Calories. 
+   5.2 
+     .3 

Grams. 
201.8 
217.8 
256.5 
223.8 

Calories. 
119.5 
128.9 
151.  9 
132.5 

Calories. 
680.0 

674.2 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

625.5 

-f  .01 

+  .60 

402.2 

Total 

1, 843.  6 

.00 

.00 

+  5.5 

899.9 

532.8 

2, 381. 9 

17-18 

488.5 
516.8 
490.0 
274.8 

-  .01 

-  .01 

—  .60 

-  .60 

+  2.2 

+  4.7 

214.3 
218.1 
276. 3 
252.0 

126.9 
129.1 
163.6 
149.2 

617.0 

650.0 

653.6 

-  .03 

-1.80 

422.2 

Total                  

1,  770. 1 

-  .05 

-3.00 

+  6.9 

960.7 

568.8 

2, 342. 8 

Experiment  No.  16. 

18-19 

531.7 

484.1 
461.9 
282.0 

+  .02 
-f  .01 
+  .01 
-  .05 

+1.20 

+  .60 
+  .60 
-3.00 

+     .2 
-  2.5 

221.4 
233.4 
247.3 
229.0 

131.1 
138.2 
146.4 
135.6 

664.2 

620.4 

608.9 

414.6 

Total 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

1,  759. 7 

-  .01 

-  .60 

-  2.3 

931.1 

551.3 

2,  308. 1 

19-20 

549.6 
553.3 
437. 4 
286.7 

+  .02 
+  .01 
+  .10 
—  .09 

+  1.20 
+  .60 
+6.00 
-5.40 

+     .9 

+  7.8 

201.5 
205.3 
240.6 
228.2 

119.3 
121.5 
142.4 
135.1 

671.0 
683.2 
585.8 

416.4 

Total 

1,827.0 

+  .04 

+2.40 

+  8.7 

875.6 

518.3 

2, 356. 4 

Experiment  No.  17. 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

20-21 

465.  8 
490.2 
467.7 
286.7 

—  .02 
+  .04 

-  .04 
+  .03 

-1.20 
+2.40 
-2.40 
+1.80 

-     .2 

+  1.2 

199.0 
223.0 
245.1 
238.5 

117.8 
132.0 
145.1 
141.2 

582.2 
625.8 
610.4 
429.7 

1,710.4 

+  .01 

+  .60 

+  1.0 

905.6 

536.1 

2, 248. 1 

21  22 

506.0 
528.2 
456.6 
295. 4 

-  .02 

-  .01 
+  .02 

-  .01 

-1.20 

-  .60 
+1.20 

—  .60 

—  .3 

-  2.3 

204.1 
221.6 
239.  7 
215.0 

120.8 
131.2 
141.9 
127.3 

625.3 

656.5 

599.7 

422.1 

Total 

1,786.2 

-  .02 

-1.20 

-  2.6 

880.4 

521.2 

2, 303.  6 

Total  for  6  days 

10,  697.  0 

-1.80 

+17.2 

5, 453. 3 

3, 228,  5 

13, 940. 9 

MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADExMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


313 


Elimination  of  unoxidized  alcohol. — As  has  been  explained  on  page  258  there  ma}'  be  a 
considerable  amount  of  reducing  matter  in  the  ventilating  air  current  when  alcohol  does  not 
form  a  part  of  the  diet.  The  determinations  of  the  quantity  of  reducing  matter  in  the  air 
current  during  these  experiments  were  made  in  the  manner  previously  described,  and  the 
amounts  are  all  reckoned  as  alcohol,  although  it  is  not  believed  that  this  is  the  case.  It  .seems 
probable  that  the  increased  elimination  of  reducing  matter  in  the  air  current  on  the  2  days  of 
experiment  No.  16  is  due  to  the  mixing  of  the  whisky  and  water  within  the  chamber  by  the 
subject,  as  already  mentioned.  According  to  the  figures  in  Table  XXVIII  the  subject  actually 
metabolized  97.9  per  cent  of  the  alcohol  in  the  diet  during  experiment  No.  15,  96.6  per  cent  in 
experiment  No.  16,  and  97.9  per  cent  in  experiment  No.  17. 

Table  XXVIII. — Alcohol  ingested  and  excreted — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  15-17. 


Date. 

Alcohol  in- 
gested. 

Alcohol  excreted,  including  other  reducing  mate- 
rial calculated  as  alcohol. 

Alcohol  metabolized  in 
body. 

In  urine 
(distillate). 

In  freezer 

water 
(distillate). 

In  air  cur- 
rent. 

Total. 

1899. 
Experiment  No. 
16-17 

lo. 

Grams. 
72.5 
72.5 

72.5 
72.5 

72.5 
72.5 

'""alo 

.17 

.15 
.23 

.12 

Grams. 
0.03 
.03 

.04 
.02 

.04 
.03 

Grams. 
1.35 
1.40 

2.13 
1.62 

1..53 

1.27 

Grams. 
1.48 
1.60 

2.32 

1.87 

1.69 
1.30 

Grams. 
71.0 
70.9 

70.2 
70.6 

70.8 
71.2 

Per  cent. 
97.9 

17-18                 -     . . 

97.8 

E.tperiment  No. 
18  19 

16. 

96.8 

19-20          

97.4 

E.vperiment  No. 
20  21 

17. 

97.7 

21  22                  

98.2 

Total 

435.  0 

.  77 

.19 

9.30 

10.26 

424.7 

72.5 

.13 

.03 

1.55 

1.71 

70.8 

97.7 

314 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


Balance  of  inconie  and  outgo  ofmntter  and  energy. — The  income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen,  car- 
bon, hydrogen,  and  energy  in  these  experiments  are  shown  in  Tables  XXIX  to  XXXII.  It  will 
be  noticed  that  the  subject  was  nearl}'  in  nitrogen  and  carbon  equilibrium.  The  amount  of  water 
consumed  was  1,382.5  grams,  600  of  which  were  contained  in  drinking  water  and  782.5  in  coffee 
infusion  or  water  with  which  the  alcohol  was  mixed.  The  agreement  between  the  estimated 
energy  of  materials  oxidized  in  the  bodj^  and  the  heat  actually  determined  in  these  experiments 
was  very  close,  the  variations  being  so  small  as  to  lie  far  within  the  limit  of  experimental  error. 

Table  XXIX. — Income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon — Metabolwn  experiments  Nos.  15-17. 


Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Date  and  period. 

(a) 

In 
food. 

In 
feces. 

(c) 

In 
urine. 

(d) 

Gain 

(  +  )or 
loss 

(-) 

(6+c). 

In 
food. 

(/) 

In 
feces. 

(!7) 

In 
urine. 

In  respira- 
tory prod- 
ucts. 

(0 

In  al- 
cohol 
elimi- 
nated. 

Gain 

(  +  )0T 

loss 
(-)e- 
(f+g+ 
h+i). 

1899. 
Experiment  No.  15. 

Gms. 
17.4 
17.4 

Gms. 

0.8 

.8 

Gms. 
15.1 
16.2 

Gms. 
+  1.5 
+   .4 

Gms. 

245.7 

245.7 

Gms. 
7.8 
7.8 

Gms. 
10.6 

11.4 

ffjns. 

220.8 

219.3 

Gms. 
0.8 

.8 

Gms. 
+  5.7 

+  6.4 

Total  for  2  days       

34.8 
17.4 

1.6 

.8 

31.3 
15.6 

+  1.9 
+  1.0 

491.4 
245.7 

15.6 

7.8 

22.0 
11.0 

440.1 
220.0 

1.6 

.8 

+12.1 

+  6.1 

Experiment  No.  16. 

Jan.  18-19,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

19-20, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

17.4 
17.4 

.8 
.8 

15.2 
15.7 

+1.4 
+  .9 

245.7 
245.7 

7.8 
7.8 

10.7 
11.1 

217.3 
219.3 

1.2 
1.0 

+  8.7 
+  6.5 

Total  for  2  davs 

34.8 
17.4 

1.6 
.8 

30.9 
15.5 

+2.3 
+1.1 

491.4 
245.7 

15.6 
7.8 

21.8 
10.9 

436.6 
218.3 

2.2 
1.1 

+15.2 

+  7.6 

Expert  lent  No.  17. 
Jan.  20-21,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

17.4 
17.4 

.8 
.8 

15.7 
15.6 

+  .9 
+1.0 

245.7 
245.7 

7.8 
7.8 

11.1 
11.0 

212.7 
216.3 

.9 

.7 

+  13.2 

21-22,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

+  9.9 

Total  for  2  days 

34  8 

1.6 

.8 

31.3 
15.6 

+1.9 
+1.0 

491.4 
245.7 

15.6 

7.8 

22.1 
11.0 

429.0 
214.5 

1.6 

.8 

+  23.1 

17.4 

+11.6 

Total  for  6  days  . 

104.4 
17.4 

4.8 
.8 

93.5 
15.6 

+6.1 
+1.0 

1, 474.  2 
245.7 

46.8 
7.8 

65.9 
11.0 

1,305.7 
217.6 

5.4 
.9 

4-50.4 

+  8.4 

MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL,  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 
T.\BLE  XXX. — Income  and  outgo  of  water  and  hydrogen — MetaboUgm  experiments  Xos.  13-17 


315 


Date  and  period. 


(a) 

In  food. 


(6) 
In  drink. 


Experiment  Xo.  1-5. 

Grams. 

Jan.  16-17,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 1, 095.  2 

17-18,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 1,  095. 2 

Total  for  2  days 2,190.4 

Average  per  day 1.  095. 2 

Experiment  Xo.  16. 


Grams. 
1,382.5 
1, 382. 5 


2,  765.  0 
1.  382.  5 


Grain*. 
35.9 
35.  9 


id, 
In  urine. 


In  respir- 
atory 
products. 


Grams. 
1,426.4 
2,  197.  1 


Gram*. 
910.9 
966.7 


Apparent 
lossa+6— 
(c+d+e). 


Grams. 
+      104.5 
-     722. 0 


3,  623.  5 

1,811.8 


1,877.6     -     617.5 
938. 8     —     308. 8 


Jan.  18-19,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

1,095.2 
1, 095. 2 

1,382.5 
1, 382. 5 

35.9 
3.5.9 

1,813.9  1 
1, 876. 2 

947.1 
896.6 

-  319. 2 

-  331.0 

Total  for  2  days 

Average  per  day 

2, 190. 4 
1.095.2 

2,  765. 0 
1,382.5 

71.8 
35.  9 

3,690.1 
1,84.5.0  ' 

1. 843.  7 
921.  9 

-  650.2 

-  325.1 

Experiment  Xo.  17. 

Jan.  20-21,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

''12^  7  a  m   to  7  a.  m         

1,  095.  2 
1,  095.  2 

1,:582.5 
1, 382. 5 

a5.9 
3.5.9 

1,903.2 
2,  026.  6 

903.6 
879.4 

-  365. 0 

-  464.2 

Total  for  2  days 

Average  per  day 

2,  190. 4 
1,09.5.2 

2,765.0 
1,382.5 

71.8 
35.9 

3,929.8 
1,964.9 

1,  783. 0 
891.5 

—  829.2 

—  414. 6 

Total  for  6  davs     .         

6,  571. 2 
1, 095. 2 

1 

8, 295. 0 
1,382.5 

215.4 
35.9 

11,243.4  1 
1,873.9  ! 

5, 504. 3 
917.4 

-2, 096. 9 

Average  per  day 

-    349.5 

Date  and  period. 

In  food. 

W 
In  feces. 

«•) 
In  urine. 

(*) 

In  alco- 
hol elim- 
inated. 

(0 

Apparent 
gain  g- 

Loss  from 
water  /.^9. 

(") 

Total 

gain(-f) 

or 

1<»9(-) 

l+m. 

1899. 

Experiment  Xo.  15. 

Jan.  16-17,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Grams. 
40.8 
40.8 

Grams. 
1.1 

1.1 

Grams. 
3.0 

3.2 

Grams. 
0.2 

Grams. 
+   36.5 
-  36.3 

Grams. 
+  11.6 
-  80.2 

Grams. 
+48.1 
-43.9 

Total  for  2  days 

Average  per  day 

SI.  6 
40.8 

\.l 

6.2 
3.1 

.4 

+  72.8 
+  36.4 

-  68.6 

-  34.3 

+  4.2 
+  2.1 

Experiment  Xo.  16. 

40.8 
40.8 

1.1 
1.1 

3.0 
3.1 

.3 
.  2 

+  36.4 
+  36.4 

—  35.5 

—  36.8 

+     .9 

19-20,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

-     .4 

Total  for  2  days 

Average  per  day 

81.6 
40.8 

2.  2 
LI 

6.1 
3.1 

.  5 
.  2 

+  72.8 
-  36.4 

-  72.3 

-  36.1 

+     .5 
+     .3 

Experiment  Xo.  17. 

Jan.  20-21,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

21-22,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total  for  2  days 

Average  per  day 

Total  for  6  days 244. 

Average  per  day 40. 8 


40.8 
40.  S 

1.1 
1.1 

3.1 
3.1 

2 

-  36.4 
-r  36.4 

-  40.5 

—  51.6 

-  4.1 
-1.5.2 

81.6 
40.  8 

•7    ."> 
1.1 

6.2 
3.1 

4 

+  72.8 
+  36.4 

-  92.1 

—  46.1 

—19.3 
-  9.7 

244.8 
40.8 

6.6 
1.1 

18.5  t        1 
3.1 

3 
2 

+218.4 
+  36.4 

-233.0  : 
-  38.8 

-14.6 
-  2.4 

316  MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

Table  XXXI. — Gain  or  loss  of  protein  (NXG.io),  fat,  and  water— ildaholism  experiments  Nos.  15-17 


Date  and  period. 


1899. 
Experiment  Xo.  15. 


Jan.  16-17,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 
17-18,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 


Total  for  2  days  . 
Average  per  day. 


Experiment  Xo.  16. 


Jan.  18-19,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  . 
19-20,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  . 


Total  for  2  days  . 
Average  per  day. 


Experiment  Xo.  17. 


Jan.  20-21,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  . 
21-22,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  . 


Total  for  2  days  . 
Average  per  day. 

Total  for  6  days  . 
Average  per  day. 


Nitrogen 
gained 

(  +  ) 
or  loi^t 


Gramf. 
+1.5 
+  -4 


+1.9 
+1.0 


+1.4 
+  .9 


+2.3 
+1.1 


+  -9 
+1.0 


+1.9 
+1.0 


+6.1 
+1.0 


Protein 
gained 

(  +  ) 
or  lost 

(-) 
ax  6. 25. 


Gi'ams. 
+  9.4 
+  2.5 


+11.9 
+  6.0 


+  5.6 


+14.3 

+  7.2 


+  5.6 
+  6.3 


+11.9 
+  6.0 


+38.1 
+  6.3 


Total 
carbon 
gained 

or  lost 


Grams. 
+  5.7 
+  6.4 


+12.1 
+  6.1 


+  8.7 
+  6.5 


+15. 2 
+  7.6 


+13.2 
+  9.9 


+23. 1 
+11.6 


(rf) 

Carbon 
in  pro- 
tein 
gained 

or  lost 

6x0.53. 


Grams. 
+  5.0 
+  1.3 


6.3 
3.2 


+  4.6 
+  3.0 


+  7.6 
+  3.8 


+  3.0 
+  3.3 


+  6.3 
+  3.2 


gained 

(+) 
or  lost 


Grams. 
+  0.7 
+  5.1 


+  5.8 
+  2.9 


+  4.1 
+  3.5 


Fat 
gained 

<t' 
or  lost 

(-) 
e-^0.765. 


Grams. 
+  0.9 

+  6.7 


+  7.6 
+  3.8 


+10.2 
+  6.6 


+16.8 
+  8.4 


+50.4 

+  8.4 


+20.2 
+  3.4 


+  30.2 
+  5.0 


+  7.6 
+  3.8 


+  5.3 
+  4.6 


+  9.9 
+  5.0 


+13.4 
+  8.6 


+  22.0 
+11.0 


-f-39.5 
+  6.6 


Date  and  period. 


Total  hydrogen 

gained  (+)or 

lost(-). 


m 

Hydrogen  in 
protein  gained 
(  +  )orlost(-; 


fat-gained  (  +  )    „^I««rt''(  +  )  or 
orlost(-)      !S*'?„„»,'^   °' 


lost(-) 
l-{h+i). 


Water  gained 

(+)  orlost  (-) 

Ax  9. 


1899. 

Experiment  Xo.  15. 

Jan.  16-17,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  in 

17-18,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total  for  2  days 

Average  per  day 

Experiment  Xo.  16. 

Jan.  18-19,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

19-20,  7  a.  ni.  to  7  a.  in 

Total  for  2  days 

Average  per  day 

Experiment  Xo.  17. 

Jan.  20-21,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

21-22,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  ti) 

Total  for  2davH 

Average  per  day 

Total  for  6  days 

Average  per  day 


Grams. 
+48.1 
-43.9 


Grams. 
+0.6 
+  .2 


Grams. 
+0.1 
+  .8 


Grams. 
+47.4 
-44.9 


Grami. 
+426 
—404 


4.2 
2.1 


+  .9 

+  .5 


+  .6 

+  .4 


+  .6 
+  .6 


+     .3 


+1.0 
+  .5 


+1.2 
+  .6 


—  4.1 
-15.  2 


+  .4 
+  .4 


+1.6 
+  1.0 


-19.3 
-  9.7 


+  -8 
+  .4 


-2.6 
-1.3 


+  2.5 
+  1.3 


+  22 
+  11 


-  .3 

—  1.4 


-  6.1 
-16.6 


-22.7 
-11.4 


-  3 

-  12 


-  15 

-  7 


-  55 
-149 


-204 
-102 


-14.6 
—  2.4 


+2.6 
+  .4 


+4.7 
-t-  -8 


-21. 9 
-  8.6 


-197 
-  33 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES.  317 

Table  XXXII. — Inromr  and  outgo  of  eneryy — Melaholism  experimentit  Nos.  13-17. 


Date  unrt  period. 

(o) 

Heat  of 
combu-s- 

tion  of 
food 

eateu. 

(6) 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion of 
feee.'.. 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion of 
urine. 

(rf) 

Heat  of 
coml>us- 
tion  of 
alcoliol 
elimi- 
nated. 

«■) 

Esti- 
mated 
heat  of 
combus- 
tion of 
protein 
gained 
{  +  )or 
lost(-). 

(/) 

Esti- 
mated 
heat  of 
combus- 
tion of 

fat 
gained 
(-l-)or 
lost(-). 

E.stimated 
energy  of 
material 
oxidized 
in  the 
bodyrt- 
{b+c+d  + 

(A) 

Heat  de- 
termined. 

(0 

Heat 
deter- 
mined 

greater 
(-f)or 
less(-) 
than  es- 
timated, 
h-g. 

(*) 

Heat 
deter- 
mined 
greater 
(-t-)or 
le.ss(-) 
than  es- 
timated, 
i^g. 

1899. 

Experiment  No.  15. 

Jan.  16-17,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  in 

17-18,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m ■. . . 

Calories. 
2, 653 
2,653 

Calories. 
88 
88 

Calories. 
123 
132 

Calories. 
10 

11 

Calories. 

-F  54 
+  15 

Calories. 
+     8 
+  63 

Calories. 
2,370 
2,344 

Calories. 
2,  382 
2,343 

Calories. 
+  12 
—  1 

Per  cent. 
+0.5 

Total  for  2  day.? 

5, 306 
2, 653 

176 

88 

255 

128 

21 
11 

+  69 
+  34 

+  71 
+  35 

4,714 
2,357 

4,725 
2,362 

+11 
+  5 

"  +  ".'2 

Experiment  No.  16. 

Jan.  18-19,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  ni 

19-20,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  ni 

Total  for  2  days 

Average  per  day 

2,653 
2, 653 

88 
88 

124 
128 

16 
15 

+  50 
+  32 

+  50 
+  43 

2,325 
2,347 

2,308 
2,356 

-17 

+  9 

-  .7 

+  .4 

5,306 
2, 653 

176 

88 

252 
126 

31 
15 

+  82 
+  -11 

-f  93 
+  47 

4,672 
2,336 

4,664 
2,332 

—  8 

-  4 

'-".'2 

Experiment  No.  17. 

Jan.  20-21,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

21-22, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

2, 653 
2, 653 

1 

88         128 

88  1      128 

12 

9 

+  32 

-f  36 

+126 
+  81 

2,267 
2,311 

2, 248 
2,304 

-19 

-  7 

-  .8 

-  .3 

Total  for  2  days 

5,306 
2, 653 

176  '      2.56 
88         128 

21 
10 

+  68 
+  34 

+207 
+  104 

4,578 
2,289 

4, 552 
2,276 

-26 
-13 

Average  per  day 

-  .6 

Total  for  6  days 

15,918 
2,653 

528  1      763 
88  !      127 

73 
12 

+219 
+  37 

+371 
+  62 

13, 964 
2,327 

13, 941 
2,323 

—23    

—  4       —  .2 

EXPERIMENTS    NOS.    18-21. — REST.       NOS.    18-20    WITH    ALCOHOL    DIET. 

Subject. — A.  W.  S.,  a  physicist,  who  was  associated  with  these  investigations.  He  was  25 
years  of  age  and  averaged  aljout  70  kilograms  (15i  pounds)  in  weight. 

Occupation  during  experiment. — Reading,  writing,  etc.,  with  as  little  mental  and  muscular 
activity  as  practicable. 

Duration. — The  preliminary  period  began  with  breakfast,  February  2,  1899,  and  continued 
4  daj's.  On  the  evening  of  the  fourth  daj'  the  subject  entered  the  calorimeter,  and  experiment 
No.  18,  the  first  of  the  .series,  commenced  at  7  o'clock  the  following  morning,  February  6,  and 
continued  2  days.  It  was  followed  hy  Nos.  19  and  20  of  2  days  each.  A  fourth  experiment, 
elsewhere  described,"  No.  21,  in  which  the  alcohol  was  omitted  from  the  diet,  followed  No.  20 
immediately  and  continued  3  days.     The  subject  thus  spent  10  nights  and  9  days  in  the  chamber. 

Diet. — Ordinary  food  furnishing  97  grams  of  protein  and  2,264  calories  of  energy  per  day, 
in  addition  to  72.. 5  grams  of  absolute  alcohol  furnishing  512  calories  of  energy;  making  the  total 
energy  of  the  diet  2,776  calories  per  day.  In  experiment  No.  18  the  alcohol  was  furnished  in 
ordinary  commercial  alcohol,  in  experiment  No.  19  in  whisky,  and  in  experiment  No.  20  in  brandy. 
The  plan  of  the  experiment  was  thus  practically  the  same  as  that  of  the  previous  series  of  experi- 
ments, Nos.  15-17.  The  alcohol  was  taken  as  usual  in  6  doses,  3  with  the  meals  and  the  other  3 
between  meals  and  upon  retiring. 

In  experiment  No.  18,  775.2  grams  of  coffee  infusion  were  sweetened  with  45  grams  of 
sugar,  and  79.8  grams  of  90.9  per  cent  commercial  alcohol  were  then  added.  In  experiment 
No.  19,  158.3  grams  of  whisky  containing  45.8  per  cent  alcohol  by   weight  was  added  to  696.7 


'U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations.     Bui.  109. 


318 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


grams  of  water,  sweetened  with  45  grams  of  sugar.  In  experiment  No.  20,  143.8  grams  of 
brandy  containing  50.4  per  cent  alcohol  In'  weight  was  added  to  711.2  grams  of  water,  sweet- 
ened with  45  grams  of  sugar.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the  coiiee  infusion  was  used  only  in  the 
first  of  the  series  of  experiments.  The  reason  for  use  of  the  coffee  infusion  was  to  cover  up  the 
taste  of  the  commercial  ethyl  alcohol,  which  was  somewhat  obnoxious  to  the  subject. 

The  kinds  and  quantities  of  food  served  at  each  meal  and  the  quantity  of  drink  at  different 
periods  were  as  follows : 

Diet  in  metabolism  experiments  Nos.  18--21. 


Breakfast. 

Dinner. 

Supper. 

Total. 

Beef 

(Jrams. 
55 
7 
250 
55 
30 
45 

Grams. 
105 
10 
175 
100 

Grams. 

is" 

325 
155 

Grams. 
160 

Butter 

30 

750 

Bread     . 

310 

Parched  cereal 

30 

"45 

"Used  with  the  coffee  infusion  or  water  and  alcohol  in  experiments  18-20. 

DRINK. 


Experiment  IS. 

Experiment  19. 

Experiment  20. 

Experiment 
21. 

Time. 

Alcohol  and 
sweetened 
coffee  in- 
fusion." 

Water. 

Whisky 

and 

sweetened 

water." 

Water. 

Brandy 

and 

sweetened 

water." 

Water. 

Water. 

Breakfast 

Grams. 
300 

Gravis. 
'""266' 
"'""266' 
'"""266' 

Grams. 
300 

Grams. 
""'260' 
"""'266' 
""'"260" 

"""360 

Grains. 
'""206' 
'""260' 
'""266" 

Grams. 
300 

10  a.  m 

200 

300 

300 

300 

300 

3.30  p.  ni 

200 

Supper 

300 

300 

300 

300 

10.30  p.  m 

200 

"900 

600 

"900 

600 

"900 

600 

1,500 

"Contained  72.5  grams  alcohol  and  45  grams  sugar. 

Daily  routine. — The  general  plan  of  the  experiment  was  practically  the  same  as  in  the  pre- 
vious experiments,  and  is  shown  in  the  following  schedule: 

BiuUi  iirogramme — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  1S--20. 


7  a.  m 

Rise,  pass  urine,  weigh  self  stripped  and 

dressed,  weigh  absorbers. 
Breakfast,  drink  200  grams  water. 
Pass  urine. 
Dinner. 

6  p.  m 

7  p.  m 

10,30  p.  m 

Supper. 

Pass  urine. 

Pass  urine,  weigh  self  stripped,  take  cap- 
off  food  aperture;  retire,  sleep  until  7 
a.  m. 

7.45  a.  m 

1.15  p.  m 

MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


319 


The  statlstii'S  of  the  diary  kept  by  the  .subject  are  summarized  in  Table  XXXIII. 
T.vRi.E  XXXIII. — Sninmary  of  diary — Metabolism,  experiments  Nos.  18-20. 


Date  and  time. 


Feb.  6, 

''> 
6> 

7, 
7, 
7, 
7, 


/  a.  m 

12.50  p.  m  . 
6.50  p.  m  . . 
8.10  p.  m.. 

7  a.  ni 

12m 


69.90 
69.36 


7.10  p.  m  .. 
10.26  p.  m  . 

7  a.  m 

12.46  p.  m  . 
6.45  p.  m  . . 
10.08  p.  m . 

7  a.  m 

12.46  p.  m  . 
6.50  p.  m  .. 
10.08  p.  m  . 

7  a.m 

12.45  p.  m  . 
6.53  p.  m  . . 
10.18  p.  m. 

7  a.m 

12.42  p.  m  . 
6.50  p.  m  . . 
10.30  p.  m  . 
7  a.  Ill 


69. 60 
69.10 


70.00 
69.50 


69.  80 
69. 55 


70. 15 
69.70 


70.  05 
69.48 


98.  5 
97.  3 


96.  i 


97.8 
97.1 


97.  0 
97.  4 


97.5 
97.8 


19.60 
19.80 
19.80 


19.  90 
19.60 
19.80 
19.60 
20.00 
19.80 
19.75 
19.60 
20.00 
19.70 
19.70 
19.70 
19.70 
19.  65 
19.75 
19.80 
19.80 
19.70 
19.70 
19.70 
19.80 


14.80 
15. 95 
15.40 


15.60 
15.20 
15.80 
15.60 
15.10 
15.45 
15.20 
14.80 
15.00 
15.00 
14.80 
15. 40 
15.00 
14. 95 
15. 05 
15.30 
14.90 
15.40 
14.85 
15.00 
15.15 


Detailed  statistics  of  income  and  outgo. — The  usual  statistics  of  income  and  outgo  of  matter 
and  energy  are  shown  in  Tables  XXXIV  to  XLVI,  which  follow.  The  diet  was  the  same  during 
the  series  of  experiments  Nos.  18-20,  except  in  the  form  of  alcohol  taken.  It  supplied  1*7  gram.g 
of  protein  and  2,776  calories  of  energy  per  day.  In  experiment  No.  21,  which  immediately 
followed,  the  diet  was  the  same,  with  the  exception  that  no  alcohol  was  administered,  so  that  the 
total  energy  of  the  food  was  only  2,264  calories. 

No  separation  of  the  feces  was  obtained  between  the  beginning  of  the  preliminary  period 
and  the  end  of  experiment  No.  21,  in  which  the  subject  had  what  may  be  called  the  basal  ration 
without  the  alcohol.  It  was  necessary,  thei'efore,  to  assume  a  uniform  amount  of  feces  from  the 
food  from  day  to  day.  While  this  may  introduce  a  slight  error  in  the  results  of  the  3  experi- 
ments with  alcohol,  Nos.  18-20,  such  error  can  hardly  be  large  enough  to  affect  seriously  the 
computed  results  of  the  experiments. 

Table  XXXIV. —  Weighi,  composilioii,  nnd  heat  of  comhuslion  of  food) — Metabolism  e.rperiments  Nos.  18-31. 


Labora- 
tory 
No. 

Food  material. 

Weight 
per  day. 

Water. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heat  of 

com- 
bustion. 

3022 

Beef 

Orams, 
160 
30 
750 
310 
30 
45 

Grams. 
106.7 

2.6 
649.5 
129.3 

1.8 

Grams. 

44.6 

.4 

24.0 

24.5 

3.4 

Grams. 
4.2 
26.3 
33.0 

8.7 
^  2 

Grams. 

""zY.b 
143.5 
24.1 

4.5.0 

Grams. 
7.14 

.06 
.3.83 
3.94 

.55 

Grams. 
26.51 
19.87 
52.72 

84.72 
12.42 
18.95 

Grams. 
4.06 
3.16 
7.05 
12.74 
1.85 
2.92 

Calories. 
292 

3020 

Butter 

245 

3024 

587 

2968 

Bread 

840 

3004 

122 

Sugar 

Total  Feb.  12  to  14  ... 

178 

1,.325 
7''  5 

8S9.  9 

96.9 

,     72.4 

250.  1 

15.  52 

215. 19 
37.82 

31.78 
9.46 

2,264 
512 

TotalFeb.  6  tol2 

1               i     .  .  _  _    . 

15. 52 

2.53.  01 

41.24 

2,776 

1                1                1                1 

320  MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

T.\BLE  XXXV. —  Weight,  composition,  and  heat  of  combustion  of  feces — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  18-21. 


Labora- 
tory 
No. 

Weight. 

Watei-. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heat  of 

com- 
bustion. 

3033 

Total  for  13  days 

Grams. 

831.7 

63.9 

Grams. 
603.8 
46.4 

Gi'ams. 
84.0 
6.5 

Grams. 
52.4 
4.0 

Grams. 

52.4 

4.0 

Gi-ams. 

13.47 

1.04 

Grams. 

116.  69 

8.98 

Gi-am-t. 
16.13 
1.24 

Calories. 
1,307 

100 

In  these  investigations  the  elimination  of  nitrogen  in  the  urine  on  the  first  day  inside  the 
apparatus  has  frequently  been  larger  than  that  of  the  preceding  and  following  days.  Sometimes 
this  increase  occurs  1  or  2  daj's  before  the  subject  enters  the  respiration  chamber.  On  the  i  days 
of  the  preliminary  period  preceding  this  series  of  experiments  the  nitrogen  in  the  urine  amounted 
to  12.2,  16,  19  and  16.4  grams,  respectivel}^  On  the  first  day  of  experiment  No.  18  the  nitrogen 
in  the  urine  amounted  to  17.4:  grams,  but  it  dropped  to  15.4  grams  on  the  second  daj',  and  varied 
between  13.9  and  14.7  on  subsequent  days.  In  experiment  No.  21,  when  the  energy  of  the  diet 
was  reduced,  the  excretion  of  nitrogen  again  increased.  The  elimination  of  nitrogen  with  and 
without  alcohol  has  been  alread}-  referred  to. 

Table  XXXVI  gives  the  detailed  statistics  of  the  quantity  of  urine  and  its  nitx'ogen  content 
in  the  successive  6-hour  periods  of  this  series  of  expeiiments.  The  statistics  for  experiment  No. 
21,  in  which  no  alcohol  was  given,  show  the  total  quantity  of  urine  and  nitrogen  for  the 
individual  days,  but  not  for  individual  periods.  These  daily  amounts  are  given  for  the  sake  of 
comparison  with  those  of  experiments  18-20. 

Table  XXXVI. — Amount,  specific  gravity,  and  nitrogen  of  urine  by  6-liour  periods — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  18-20.  " 


Date. 

Period. 

Amount. 

Specific 
gravity. 

Nitrogen. 

1899. 
Feb.  6-7 

Experiment  No.  IS. 

G^-ams. 
325.4 
441.7 
265.  5 
299.8 

1.022 
1.018 
1.027 
1.021 

Per  cent. 
1.47 
1.21 
1.14 
1.41 

Gi-ams. 
4.78 

5.34 

3.03 

4.23 

Total 

1, 332. 4 
1, 332. 4 

17.38 

1.019 

1.31 

17.45 

7-8 

890.7 
690.3 
194.4 
225.  9 

1.009 
1.011 
1.017 
1.024 

.54 

.71 

1.08 

1.59 

4.81 

4.90 

2.10 

3.59 

Total 

2,  001.  3 
2,001.3 

15.40 

1.013 

.78 

15.61 

Experiment  No.  19. 

8-9 

609.8 
387.6 
1.55.  8 
337.7 

1.012 
1.018 
1.020 
1.017 

.70 
1.07 
1.36 
1.23 

4.27 

4.14 

2.12 

4.15 

Total 

1,490.9 
1,490.9 

14.68 

1.015 

.97 

14.46 

<f-10 

569. 8 
664.7 
262.  8 
237.  5 

•       1.011 
1.012 
1.013 
1.020 

.72 
.66 

.87 
1.44 

4.10 

4.39 

2.29 

3.42 

Total 

Total  by  composite 

1,  734.  8 

14.20 

1,7.34.8 

1.013 

.82 

14.22 

"No.  21  iiiiiluileil  for  oomi)ari,son. 


:MEMOmS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


321 


T.\BLE  XXXVI. — Amuanl,  xpecific  gvavitij,  and  nitrogen  of  urine  hij  ii-lti)ur  piriaih,  etc. — Continued. 


Date. 

Period. 

Amount 

Specific 
gravity. 

Nitrogen. 

1899. 
10-11 

Experiment  Xo.  20. 

Gram*. 
71.5.  1 
445.1 
270.9 
265.  6 

1.008 
1.016 
1.012 
1.021 

Per  cent. 
0.55 

.87 

.78 

1.49 

Grams. 
3.93 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  ni 

3.87 
2.11 

3.96 

Total 

Total  by  composite 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  ni 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  ni.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

1,696.7 
1,696.7 

13.87 

1.013 

.82 

13.91 

11-12 

611.1 
703.  7 
360.8 
264.  5 

1.011 
1.011 
1.012 
1.020 

.66 
.63 
.70 
1.29 

4.03 
4.43 
2.  .52 
.3.41 

1,  940. 1 
1,  940.  1 

14.  39 

1.013 

.73 

14.16 

10,196.2 
10, 196.  2 

89  92 

6-11 

1.0135 

.88 

89.69 

Experiment  No.  C'l. 

12-13. 

1,  680.  9 
1,  748. 1 
1, 965. 3 

14.50 

13-14 

Total,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

16.15 

14-15 

15.44 

Total  for  3  davs 

12, 13, 14 

5, 394.  3 

46  09 

T.\BLE  XXXVII. — Daily  elimination  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  water,  and  energy  in  urine — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  lS-20.' 


Date. 

Amount. 

Carbon. 

Hydrogen. 

Heat  of  combustion. 

Per  gram. 

Total. 

1899. 
E.rperiment  Xo.  IS. 
Feb   6-7 

drams. 
1,  332.  4 
2,001.3 

1, 490. 9 
1,  734. 8 

1, 696.  7 
1, 940. 1 

Per  ct. 

Grams. 
11.04 

9.78 

9.32 
9.01 

8.81 
9.14 

Perct. 

Grams. 
3.55 
3.14 

2.99 
2.90 

2.83 
2.94 

Per  ct. 

Ctrams. 

1,269.3 
1, 945. 4 

1,437.6 
1,683.3 

1,646.4 
1, 887. 9 

Calorics. 

Calories. 
130 

7-8 

115 

Experiment  Xo.  19. 
Feb.  8-9 

110 

9-10 

106 

E.rperiment  Xo.  20. 
Feb   10-11 

104 

11-12 

108 

Total,  6  days 

10, 196. 2 

0.56 

57.10 

0.18 

18.35 

96.8 

9, 869. 9 

0.066 

673 

Experiment  Xo.  21. 
Feb   12  13 

1, 680. 9 
1,748.1 
1,965.3 



10.18 
11.34 
10.85 



2.89 
3.21 
3.07 

1, 628. 3 
1, 689. 5 
1,909.3 

119 

13-14 

132 

14-15 

127 

Total,  3  days 

5,  394. 3 

.60 

32.37 

.17 

9.17 

96.9 

5, 227. 1 

.0/0 

378 

'  Xo.  21  summarized  for  comparison. 


322 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEIMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


The  details  of  the  measurements  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the  ventilating  air  current 
are  shown  in  Tables  XXXVIII  to  XL,  which  follow.  The  total  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid  and 
water  eliminated  each  day  in  Experiment  No.  21  are  also  added  for  comparison. 

Table  XXXVIII. — Comparison  of  reKidual  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the  chamber  at  the  beginning  and  end 
of  each  period,  and  the  corresponding  gain  or  loss — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  18-SO. 


End  of  period. 

Carbon  dioxid. 

Water. 

Date. 

Total 
amount 

chamber. 

Gain  (  +  ) 

or 
loss  (-) 
over  pre- 
ceding 
period. 

Total 
amount 
of  vapor 
remain- 
ing in 
chamber. 

Gain  (-f ) 

or 
loss  (-) 
over  pre- 
ceding 
period. 

Change 

weight 
of  ab- 
sorbers. 
Gain  (  +  ) 

or 
lossC-). 

Total 
amount 
gained 

(  +  )0T 

lost(-) 
during 

the 
period. 

1899. 
Feb.            6 

Grams. 
29 

42.6 
41.8 
37.2 
31.5 

Grams. 

'+i3."6' 

-  1.3 

-  4.1 

-  5.7 

Grams. 
35.0 
46.4 
42.1 
46.2 
39.3 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Gravis. 

6-7 

+  11.4 

-  4.3 
+  4.1 

-  6.9 

+  2 
+  2 
+  1 

+  1 

+  13.4 
—  2.3 

+  5.1 
—  5  9 

Total 

+  2.5 

+  4.3 

+  6 

+10.3 

7-8 

39.6 
31.3 
30.1 
26.4 

+  8.1 
--  8.3 
-  1.2 
-3.7 

40.8 
44.5 
41.0 
35.6 

+  1.5 
+  3.7 

-  3.5 

-  5.4 

-  1 

-  1 

-  1 

-  1 

+    .5 
+  2.7 
—  4.5 

—  6  4 

Total 

—  5.1 



-  3.7 

—  4 

—  7.7 

8-9 

39.2 
38.9 
26.8 
26.3 

+12.8 

-  .3 
-12.1 

-  .5 

41.8 
41.1 
38.0 
33.6 

+  6.2 

-  .7 

-  3.1 

-  4.4 

+  2 
+  2 

+  1 
+  1 

+  8.2 
+  1.3 
—  2.1 

7  p.  m 

—  8  4 

Total  

-     .1 

-  2.0 

+  6 

+  4.0 

Ip.m 

9-10 

37.5 
40.1 
30.3 
29.9 

+11.2 
+  2.6 

-  9.8 

—  0.4 

39.3 
38.2 
39.7 
36.4 

+  5.7 

-  1.1 
+  1.5 

-  3.3 

-  1 

—  1 

—  1 

-  2 

+  4.7 
—  2.1 

7  p.  m 

1  a.  m 

+     .5 
—  5  3 

Total 

+  3.6 

+  2.8 

-  5 

—  2.2 

Ip.m 

10-11 

37.5 
42.8 
30.4 
35.5 

+  7.6 
+  5.3 
-12.4 
+  5.1 

39.1 
40.9 
39.3 
36.1 

+  2.7 
+  1.8 

-  1.6 

-  3.2 

+  3 
+  2 
+  2 
+  2 

+  5.7 
+  3.8 
+     .4 
—  1.2 

7  p.  m 

1  a.  in 

7  a.  m 

Total 

+  5.6 

-     .3 

+  9 

+  8.7 

11-12 

40.8 
42.8 
30.9 
32.7 

-1-5.3 
+  2.0 
-11.9 

+  1.8 

43.5 
39.3 
41.6 
38.1 

+  7.4 

-  4.2 
+  2.3 

-  3.5 

+  7.4 
4  2 

1  a.  m 

+  2.3 
3.5 

7  a.  m 

Total 

-  2.8 



+  2.0 

+  2.0 

MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OE  SCIENCES.  323 

Tablk  XXXIX. — Record  of  carbon  dioxid  in  rentilaiing  air  current — itetaboliem  experimenU  yon.  18-20'. 


Period. 

(1) 

Ventila- 
tion. 
Xomber  of 

liters  of 
air. 

Cartwn  dioxid. 

.A) 

Id  incoming  air. 

In  outgo- 
ing air. 

Total 

excess  in 

outgoing 

air. 

(/) 

Correc- 
tion 
for 
amount 
remain- 
ing in 
chamber. 

(.) 

Cor- 
rected 
amount 
exhaled 
by  sul>- 

;ect. 

e+f. 

Total 
weight  of 

carlx)n 
exhaled, 

9XA- 

Date. 

Per 
liter. 

(c) 

Total, 

ax6. 

1899. 
Feb.        6-7 

tLrperlment  Xo.  IS. 

7  a.  m.-l  p.  m 

1  p.  m.-7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.-l  a.  m 

1  a.  m.-7  a.  m 

Total 

7  a.  m.-l  p.  m 

1  p.  m.-7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.-l  a.  m 

IMen. 
26,069 
25,745 
26,362 
27.  24-5 

0.569 
.511 
.566 

".570 

Grams. 

14.8 
13.2 
14.9 
15.5 

Grams. 
254.9 
232.7 
230.8 
160.3 

Grams. 
240.1 
219.  5 
215.9 
144.8 

Grams. 
^13.6 

—  1.3 

—  4.1 

—  5.  7 

Grams. 
2.53.  7 
218.2 
211.8 
139.1 

Grams. 
69.2 

59.5 
57.7 
38.0 

ia5.  421 

58.4 

878.7 

820.3 

--^2.5 

822.8 

224.4 

7-8 

25,  795 

25.  908 

26.  924 
27. 122 

.575 
..531 
.5-54 
.576 

14.8 
13.7 
14.9 
15.6 

239.6 
236.7 
216.6 
157. 1 

224. 8 
223.0 
201.7 
141.5 

-{-8.1 

-  8.3 

-  1.2 

-  3.7 

232. 9 
214.7 
200.5 
137.8 

63.5 

58.6 

■     54.7 

37  5 

Total 

Experiment  Xo.  19. 
7  a.  m.-l  p.  m 

ia5.  749 

.59.0 

850.0 

791.0 

--  5.1 

785. 9 

214.3 

8-9 

26,792 
26,010 
27,593 
27,999 

.562 
.616 
.554 
.552 

15.1 
16.0 
15.3 
15.5 

223.9 
224.0 
210.7 
1.59. 4 

208.8 
208.0 
195. 4 
143.9 

-;-12.8 

-  .3 
-12.1 

—  .5 

221.6 
207.7 
183.3 
143.4 

60.5 
56  6 

50  0 

1  a.  m.-7  a.  m 

Total 

39.1 

108,394 



61.9 

818.0 

756.1 

—     .1 

756.0 

206.2 

9-10 

26,388 
26,150 
27,647 

28, 015 

.5-54 
.578 
.579 
..5-50 

14.6 
15.1 
16.0 
15.4 

223.9 
211.0 
225.7 
1.56.1 

209.3 
195.9 
209.7 
140.7 

—11.2 
+  2.6 

-  9.8 

—  .4 

220.5 
198. 5 
199.9 
140.3 

60  •' 

54  1 

54  5 

1  a.  m.-7  a.  m 

Total 

Experiment  Xo.  20. 

38.3 

108. 200 

61.1 

816.7 

7-55. 6 

-  3.6 

759.2 

207.1 

10-11 

25,  7.50 
26,228 
27. 422 
28.046 

..561 
.60S 
.575 
.562 

14.4 
16.0 
15.8 
15.7 

223.8 
217.6 
227.0 
173.0 

209.4 
201.6 
211.2 
157.3 

-h  7.6 
^5.3 
—12.4 

+  5.1 

217.0 
206.9 
198.8 
162.4 

59  "> 

56  4 

54  2 

1  a.  m.-7  a.  m 

Total 

7  a.  m.-l  p.  m 

1  p.  m.-7  p.  m 

44.3 

107,446 

61.9 

841.4 

779.5 

-  5.6 

785.1 

214.1 

11-12 

26,  132 
26, 157 
27.966 
28,443 

.595 
.600 
.562 
-.573 

15.6 
15.7 
15.7 
16.3 

240.8 
222.3 
2a5.4 
168.0 

225.2 
206.6 
219.7 
151.7 

-1-5.3 
-f  2.0 
-11.9 
+  1.8 

230.5 
208.6 
207.8 
153.5 

62.8 
56.9 
56.7 
41.9 

1  a.  m.-7  a.  m 

Total 

Experiment  Xo.  21. 

108. 69S 



63.3 

866.5 

803.2 

-  2.8 

800.4 

218.3 

12-13 

109,063    

109.164    

107.982    

62.7 
128.3 
65.2 

8.57.1 
913.9 
884.2 

794.4 
785.6 
819.0 

-  5.3 
+  1.3 

-  3.0 

789.1 
786.9 
816.0 

215.2 
214.6 
222.5 

13-14 
14-15 

7  a.  m.-7  a.  m 

7  a.  m.-7  a.  m 

*  Xo.  21  included  for  comparison. 

'Sample  lost;  carbon  dioxid  assume<l  to  be  the  same  in  amoimt  as  the  average  in  preceding  and  following 
periods. 


324 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


Table  XL. — Record  of  imter  in  ventUatinrj  air  curreui — Metabolism  experiments  Nos  18-30. 


Period. 

(a) 

Ventila- 
tion. 
Number  of 
liters  of 

Water  in   incom- 
ing air. 

Water  in  outgoing  air. 

(3) 

Total  ex- 
cess water 
in  outgo- 
ing air, 

W 

Correc- 
tion for 
water  re- 
maining 
in  cham- 
ber. 

(0 

Date. 

Per  liter. 

{<■) 

Total, 
axb. 

(d)     . 

Amount 

con- 
densed in 
freezers. 

(e) 

Amount 
not  con- 
densed in 
freezers. 

(/) 

Total, 

d  +  e. 

water  of 
respira- 
tion and 
perspira- 
tion, 
a  +  h. 

1899. 
Feb.        &-7 

Experiment  So.  IS. 

7  a.  m.-l  p.  m 

1  p.  m.-7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.-l  a.  m 

1  a.  m.-7  a.  m 

Total 

Liters. 
26, 069 
25,  745 
26, 362 
27, 245 

Mg. 
0.825 
.769 
.799 
.812 

Grains. 
21.5 
19.8 
21.1 
22.1 

Grows. 
200.5 
201.8 
210.5 
196.9 

G-roms. 
45.0 
37.4 
41.2 
37.3 

Gravis. 
245.5 
239.2 
251.7 
234.2 

Grams. 
224.0 
219.4 
230.6 
212.1 

Grams. 
+13.4 

-  2.3 

+  5.1 

-  5.9 

Grams. 
237.4 
217.1 
235.7 
206.2 

105. 421 

84.5 

809.7 

160.9 

970.6 

886.1 

+10.3 

896.4 

7  a.  m.-l  p.  m 

1  p.  m.-7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.-l  a.  m 

1  a.  m.-7  a.  m 

Total 

7-8 

25,  795 
25, 908 
26, 924 
27, 122 

.825 
.820 
.790 
.797 

21.3 
21.2 
21.3 
21.6 

192.2 
212.0 
213.0 
193.8 

38.1 
37.2 
40.2 
37.9 

230.3 
249.2 
253.2 
231.7 

209.0 
228.0 
231.9 
210.1 

+     .5 
+  2.7 

—  4.5 

-  6.4 

209.5 
230.7 

227.4 
203.7 

105,  749 

85.4 

811.0 

153.4 

964.4 

879.0 

—  7.7 

871.3 

Experiment  No.  19. 

7  a.  m.-l  p.  m 

1  p.  m.— 7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.-l  a.  m 

1  a.  m.-7  a.  m 

Total 

8-9 

26,  792 
26, 010 
27, 593 
27, 999 

.812 
.811 
.775 
.719 

21.8 
21.1 
21.4 
20.1 

195.3 
195.1 
191.6 
184.4 

38.2 
36.1 
41.8 
40.0 

233.5 
231.2 
233.4 
224.4 

211.  7 
210.1 
212.0 
204.3 

+  8.2 
+  1.3 

-  2.1 

-  3.4 

219.9 
211.4 
209.9 
200.9 

108,  394 

84.4 

766.4 

156.1 

922.5 

838.1 

+  4.0 

842.1 

7  a.  m.-l  p.  m 

1  p.  m.-7p.  m 

7  p.  m.-l  a.  m 

1  a.  m.-7  a.  m 

Total 

9-10 

26,  388 
26, 150 
27, 647 
28, 015 

.738 
.747 
.758 
.685 

19.5 
19.5 
20.9 
19.2 

184.3 
173.6 
192.4 
185.7 

35.8 
34.6 
44.7 
35.5 

220.1 
208.2 
237.1 
221.2 

200.6 
188.7 
216.2 
202.0 

+  4.7 

-  2.1 
+     .5 

-  5.3 

205.3 
186.6 
216.7 
196.7 

108, 200 

79.1 

736.0 

150.6 

886.6 

807.  5 

-2.2 

805.3 

Experiment  No.  20. 

7  a.  m.-l  p.  m 

1  p.  m.-7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.-l  a.  m 

1  a.  m.-7  a.  m 

Total    . 

10-11 

25,  750 
26, 228 
27, 422 
28, 046 

.697 
.703 
.645 
..555 

17.9 
18.4 
17.7 
15.5 

178.6 
194.6 
195.6 
179.3 

34.9 
35.4 
42.7 
36.0 

213.5 
230.0 
238.3 
215.3 

195.6 
211.6 
220.6 
199.8 

+  5.7 
+  3.8 
+     .4 
-  1.2 

201.3 
215.4 
221.0 
198.6 

107, 446 

69.5 

748.1 

149.0 

897.1 

827.6 

+  8.7 

836.3 

7  a.  m.-l  p.  m 

1  p.  m.-7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.-l  a.  m 

1  a.  m.-7  a.  m 

Total 

11-12 

26, 132 
26, 157 
27, 966 
28, 443 

.5.59 
.645 
.697 
.723 

14.6 
16.9 
19.5 
20.6 

191.2 
188.5 
193.8 
189.1 

35.8 
35.7 
45.6 
37.5 

227.0 
224.2 
239.4 
226.6 

212.4 
207.3 
219.9 
206.0 

+  7.4 
-  4.2 
+  2.3 
-3.5 

219.8 
203.1 
222.2 
202.5 

108,  698 

71.6 

762.6 

154.6 

917.2 

845.6 

+  2.0 

847.6 

Experiment  No.  21. 

7  a.  m.-7  a.  m 

7  a.  m.-7a.  m 

7  a.  m.-7  a.  m 

12-13 
13-14 
14-15 

109,  063 
109, 064 
107, 982 

81.1 
84.9 
84.3 

755.4 
795.9 
833.  5 

150.1 
149.4 
146.7 

905.5 
945.3 
980.2 

824.4 
860.4 
895.9 

—  3.1 

—  2.0 

+  1.7 

821.3 
858.4 
897.6 

"  No.  21  included  for  comparison. 


MEMOIKS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


325 


The  caloriinotric  nica.siircinciits  for  oxperiiuciitsi  lSi-2U  are  given   in  detail,  and  tho^^e  foi' 
experiment  21  suniniarized,  in  Table  XLl. 

Taulk  XLI. — Siunmary  of  calorimelric  meamrements — Metaholiim  experiments  Xos.  IS-SO." 


Dale. 

Period. 

(n) 

Heat  meas- 
ured in 
terms  of 

Change 
of  tem- 
perature 
of  calo- 
rimeter. 

Capacity 
correction 
of  calorim- 
eter, bxBO. 

('0 

Correction 
due  to  tem- 
perature 
of  food  and 
dishes. 

(c) 

Water 
vaporized 
equals 
total 
aiuount  ex- 
haled, less 

amount 
condensed 
in  chamber. 

(/) 

Heat  used 
in  vapori- 
zation of 
water, 
fX  0.592. 

(ff) 

Total  heat 

deter- 
mined, a+ 

C  +  d  +  !. 

1899. 
Feb         6-7 

Experiment  Xo.  IS. 

CaloHci. 
713.7 
522.  7 
491.0 

Degrees. 

txUoricf. 

Calories. 
+  5.5 
+  8.5 

arams. 
235.4 
215. 1 
234.7 
205.  2 

Calories. 
139.4 
127.3 
139.  0 
121.5 

Calories. 
858.6 

+0.09 
-  .02 

+  5.40 
—  1.20 

663.9 

7  J).  111.  to  1  a.  lu 

628.8 

308.5  1  -  .05 

-  3.00 

427.0 

Total 

2,035.9  1  +  .02 

+  1.20         +14.0 

890.4 

527.  2 

2, 578. 3 

7  a.  m.  to  1  ]».  in 

7-8 

599.4  1  +  .05 
525.6     +  .03 

47,i.  1       -^.   .  14 

+  3.00 
+  1.80 
+  8.40 
-15.  00 

+  8.2 
+  9.3 

210.  5 
231.  7 
228.  4 
204.7 

124.6 
137.2 
135.2 
121.2 

735.2 
673.9 

618.7 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  ni !         2«2.  9  1  —  .  25 

369. 1 

Total 

Ej-pi:rhiu,it  Xn.  19. 

1,863.0     -  .03 

-  1.80 

+  17.5 

875.  3 

518.2 

2,  .396.  9 

8-9 

540.0     +  .11 
497.  2     +  .  01 

432.3  -  .03 

296.4  +  .03 

+  6.60 
+     .60 
-  1.80 
+  1.80 

+  5.1 
+  7.5 

217.9 
209.4 
208.9 
199.9 

129.0 
124.0 
123.7 
118.3 

680.7 

629.3 

554.2 

416.5 

Total 

1,765.9     +  .12 

+  7.20 

+  12.6 

836. 1  t        495. 0  j      2, 280.  7 

9-10 

528.  4 
446.3 
470.  3 
335.  3 

+  .04 

-  .05 
+  .06 

-  .02 

+  2.40 

-  3.00 
+  3.60 

-  1.20 

J-  6.2 
+  9.4 

206.  3 
187.6 
217.7 
198.7 

122.1  I           659.1 

111.1             563.8 

128.9  1           602.8 

117.6  1           451.7 

Total 

1,780.3 

+  .03 

+  1.80 

+  15.6 

810. 3  i        479.  7  j      2, 277. 4 

Experiment  Xo.  ^0. 

10-11 

522.9 
483.4 
477.7 
310. 0 

+  .01 
+  .02 
-  .03 

+     .60 
+  1.20 
—  1.80 

+  6.1 

+  7.8 

198.3 
213.4 
219.0 
196.6 

117.4 
126.3 
129.6 
116.4 

647.0 

618.7 

605.5 

426.4 

Total 

1,794.0 

0.0 

no 

+  13.9 

827.3 

489.7 

2, 297.  6 

7  a.  m.  to  1  13.  m 

11-12 

549.1 
461.1 
460.2 
312.  9 

+  .01 

-  .02 
+  .06 

-  .04 

+     .60 

-  1.20 
+  3.60 

-  2.40 

+  11.9 
+  10.4 

219.8 
203.1 
222.2 
202. 5 

1.30. 0 
120.3 
131.6 
119.9 

691.6 
590.6 

595. 4 

430.  4 

Total. 

1,783.3 

+  .01 

+     .60 

+  22.3 

847.6 

501.8 

2,  308.  0 

Experiment  Xo.  21. 

12-13 

1,718.8 
1,737.4 
1,801.5 

-  .02 

-  .02 

+  .03 

-  1.20 

-  1.20 
+  1.80 

+22.4 
+16.9 
+13.8 

821.3 
860.4 
896.6 

486.2 
509.4 
530.8 

2, 226.  2 

13-14 
14-15 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

2, 262. 5 
2, 347. 9 

"No.  21  included  for  comparison. 

The  determinations  of  redueing  material  in  the  ventilating  air  eurrcnt  were  made  according 
to  the  method  followed  in   the  preceding-  experiments  (see  p.   258).     The  analytical  data  are 
shown  in  Table  XLII.     It  will  be  noticed  that  the  amount  of  reducing  material,  reckoned  as 
Vol.  8— No.  6 T 


326 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


alcohol,  found  in  the  air  current  on  the  first  daj-  of  the  series  of  experiments,  Februarj'  6-7,  is 
considerably  larger  than  on  the  3  daj-s  following.  This  may  be  due  in  part  to  the  fact  that  the 
subject  had  taken  with  him  into  the  chamber  an  atomizer  containing  an  alcoholic  solution  of 
eucalyptol,  of  which  reagent,  however,  onh^  a  very  small  amount  was  used  on  the  first  day,  and 
none  thereafter.  It  will  also  l^e  observed  that  the  amount  of  reducing  material  in  the  air  current 
during  the  3  daj's  of  experiment  No.  21,  in  which  alcohol  did  not  form  a  part  of  the  diet,  was 
considerable.  Attention  has  alreadj^  been  called  to  the  fact  that  what  is  reckoned  as  alcohol  in 
the  air  current  consists  to  a  greater  or  less  degree  of  reducing  matter  ordinarilj-  present  in  the 
respired  air,  whether  the  subject  consumed  alcohol  or  not.  Later  experiments  indicate  that  this 
amount  of  reducing  material  may  be  equivalent  to  as  much  as  0.4  of  a  gram  of  alcohol  per  day 
(see  experiments  26,  28,  and  30  beyond).  That  the  amount  of  alcohol  and  other  reducing 
material  should  be  so  large  during  the  3  days  of  experiment  No.  21  is  rather  surprising. 
During  the  i  cUws  of  the  preliminary  period  and  the  6  days  of  experiments  Nos.  18-20,  725 
grams  of  absolute  alcohol  had  been  taken.  It  ma}'  be  that  there  was  a  certain  lag  in  the  elimina- 
tion of  alcohol  not  oxidized  hy  the  bodj-.  That  there  could  be  any  large  amount  of  alcohol 
remaining  in  the  bod}'  seems  altogether  improbable,  both  from  physiological  considerations  and 
from  the  results  of  experiments  which  have  been  made  concerning  the  amount  of  alcohol  which 
may  be  found  in  the  tissues  of  the  body.  If  there  were  a  lag  in  the  elimination,  we  do  not  know 
how  long  it  would  continue.  In  later  experiments,  Nos.  22,  27,  and  33,  no  such  lag  was  observed. 
The  figures  for  reducing  material  in  the  alcohol  on  the  3  days  of  experiment  No.  21  are  not  as 
trustworthy  as  those  of  the  previous  days,  owing  to  certain  analytical  irregularities.  The 
figures  in  column  5  of  Table  XLII  show  the  total  excretion  of  alcohol  on  the  arbitrary 
assumption  that  one-half  the  average  amount  of  reducing  material  found  in  experiment  No.  21  was 
actuallv  alcohol.  While  it  is  believed  that  these  amounts  represent  more  than  the  actual 
elimination  of  alcohol,  they  have  been  used  in  the  computations  of  the  income  and  outgo  of 
carbon  and  energy  in  the  following  tables: 


Table  XLII.- 

-Alcohol  ingested  and  excreted— 

-Metabolism  experiments  Nos 

IS-SO."- 

Alcohol 
ingested. 

Alcohol    excreted,  including 
ducing  material  calculated  as 

other  re- 
alcohol. 

Total  ex- 
cretion.s, 
corrected 

for 

possible 

lag. 

Alcohol 
lized  ir 

Date. 

In  air 
current. 

Total. 

metabo- 
1  body. 

1899. 

Experiment  No.  18. 
Feb.  6-7  .                

Grams. 
72.5 
72.  5 

72.5 
72.5 

72.5 
72.5 

Grams. 

0.09 

.18 

.10 
.14 

.13 

.15 

Grams. 

0.04 

.03 

.04 
.04 

.05 
;05 

Grams. 
2,03 
1.56 

1.53 
1.22 

1.23 
2.05 

Gravis. 
2.16 
1.77 

1.67 
1.40 

1.41 
2,25 

Grams. 
3.20 
2.81 

2,71 
2,44 

2.45 
3.29 

Grams. 
69.3 
69.7 

69.8 
70.1 

70.1 
69.2 

Per  cent. 
95.6 

7-8 

96.1 

E.rperimnil  Xo,  19. 
Feb.  .S-  9     .                 

96.3 

9-10 

96.7 

Experiment  No.  30. 
Feb.  10-11                         

96.7 

U-12 

95.5 

Total 

435.  0 

.79 

.25 

9.62 

10.66 

16.90 

418.2 

72.5 

.13 

.04 

1.60 

1.78 

2.82 

69.7 

96.1 

Experiment  No.  21. 
Feb.  12-13 

.11 
.13 
.19 

.05 
.07 
.07 

1.68 
1.80 
2.14 

1,84 
2,00 
2,40 

13-14  . 

i 

14-15 

"  No.  21  included  for  comparison. 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


32' 


Balance  of  inconw  and  ouir/o  <>f  matter  and  iiuniy:  The  income  and  outg'o  of  nitrogen,  carbon, 
hydrogen,  and  energy  in  these  experiments  are  shown  in  Tables  XLIII  to  XLVI. 

T.\BLE  XLIII. — Income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon — Mtiiibotuni  experiments  Xos.  lS-20.' 


Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Date  and  period. 

(a) 
In  food. 

In 

feces. 

(c) 

In 
urine. 

Gain 

or  loss 

a-(6+c). 

(e) 
In  food. 

(/) 

In 
feces. 

(.9) 

In 
urine. 

W 

In  respi- 
ratory 
products. 

(0 

In  alco- 
hol 
elimi- 
nated. 

it) 

Gain 

<t> 
or  loss 

e-\/+'g+ 

h+i). 

1899. 
Experiment  So.  IS. 

Grams. 
15.5 
15.5 

Grams. 
1.0 
1.1 

Grams. 
17.4 
15.4 

Gramf. 
-2.9 
-1.0 

Grams. 
253.0 
253.0 

Grams. 
9.0 
9.0 

Grams. 
11.0 
9.8 

Grams. 
224.4 
214.3 

Grams. 
1.7 
1.4 

Grams. 
+  6.9 
-i-18.5 

7-8,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total  for  2  days 

31.0 
15. 5 

2.1 
1.1 

32.8 
16.4 

-3.9 
-2.0 

506.0 
253.0 

18.0 
9.0 

20.8 
10.4 

438.7 
219.3 

3.1 
1.6 

-f25.4 
-J-12.  7 

Experiment  ^o.  19. 

15.5 
15.5 

1.0 
1.1 

14.7 
14.2 

i:i 

253.0 
253.0 

9.0 
9.0 

9.3 
9.0 

206.2 
207.1 

1.4 
1.3 

-F27.1 
+26.6 

9-10,  7  a.  m  to  7  a.  m 

Total  for  2  days 

31.0 
15.  5 

2.1 
1.0 

28.9 
14.5 

506.0 
253.0 

18.0 
9.0 

18.3 
9.2 

413.3 
206.6 

2.7 
1.3 

+53.  7 
+26.9 

E.rperiment  ^o.  30. 

15.5 
15.5 

1.0 
1.1 

13.  S 
14.4 

-  .7 

253. 0 
253.0 

9.0 
9.0 

8.8 
9.2 

214.1 
218.3 

1.3 
1.7 

+19.8 

+14.8 

Total  for  2  days 

31.0 
15.5 

2.1 
1.0 

28.2 
14.1 

+  .7 
+  .4 

506.0 
253.0 

18.0 
9.0 

18.0 
9.0 

432.4 
216.2 

3.0 
1.5 

+34.6 
-!-17.3 

Experiments  J\o,<.  IS-M. 

15.5 

1.0 

15.  0 

—  .5 

253.0 

9.0 

9.0 

214.1 

1.5 

—IS.  9 

Experiment  ^o.  SI. 

Feb.  12-13, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

13-14,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

14-15,  7  a.  tu.  to  7  a.  m 

15.5 
15.5 
15.5 

1.0 

1.1 

1.0 

14.5 
16.2 
15.4 

"-i.'s' 

-  .9 

215.2 
215.2 
215.2 

9.0 
9.0 
9.0 

10.2 
11.3 
10.9 

215.2* 
214.6 
222. 5 

-19.2 
-19.7 
-27.2 

Total  for  3  days 

Average  per  day 

46.5 
15.5 

3.1 
1.0 

46.1 
15.4 

z':l 

645.6 
215.2 

27.0 
9.0 

32.4 
10.8 

652.3 
217.4 

'     -66.1 

-22.0 

*  Xo.  21  included  for  comparison. 
T.\BLE  XLIV. — Income  anrf  outgo  of  water  and  hydrogen — Metabolism  experiments  Xos.  18—21.' 


Date  and  period. 


(a) 
In  food. 


(6) 
In  drink.*" 


In  feces. 


In  urine. 


In  respira- 
tory prod- 
ucts. 


Apparent 
lossa-l-ft— 

(c-Ki-t-e). 


Feb.  6-7, 

7-8. 


1899. 

Experiment  Xo.  IS. 

'  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

'  a.  m.  to  7  a.  in 


\s.      I      Grams. 
J.  9  '     1,398.2 
3. 9       1, 384. 8 


Grams.  Grams. 

46.4       1,269.3 
46.4       1,945.4 


Grams.      '      Grams. 
896.4  ,  +      76.0 
871.3     —    588.4 


Total  for  2  davs 1,  779. 8 


Average  per  day 

Experiment  Xo.  19. 

Feb.  8-9,  7  a.  in.  to  ' 
9-10, 


a.  m.. 
m.  to  7  a.  m  . 


Total  for  2  days . 
Average  per  day 


1,  779. 8 

889.9 

2,  783. 0  1 
1,391.5  ' 

92.8 
46.4 

3,  214.  7 
1,607.3 

1 

767. 7     - 
883.9     - 

-  512.4 

-  256.2 

8S9.9 
889.9  ' 

1,384.3 
1,383.8  i 

46.4 
46.4 

1,437.6  1 
1,683.3 

842.1     - 
805.3  ,  - 

-  51. 9 

-  261.3 

1,779.8 
889.9 

2,  768. 1 
1, 384. 1 

92.8 
46.4 

3,120.9 
1.560.5 

1 

617.4  1  - 
823.7  1  - 

-  313.2 

-  156.6 

•No.  21  included  for  comparison. 

'' During  the  9  days  of  these  experiments  28.5  grams  water  was  evaporated  from  the  hygrometer,  or  an  average 
of  3.2  grams  per  day,  which  is  here  added  to  the  driuk. 


328  MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

Table  XLI  V. —/ncome  and  outgo  of  water  and  hydrogen — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  IS-Sl"-. — Continued. 


Date  and  period. 


(a) 
In  food. 


In  drink. 


(c) 
In  feces. 


In  urine. 


In  respira- 
tory prod- 
ucts, 


Apparent 
lossa-(-6— 
{c+d+e). 


1899. 

Experiment  Xo.  20. 

Feb.  10-11,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

11-12,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total  for  2  days 

Average  per  day 

Average  per  day  (experiments  18-20) 

Experiment  Xo.  21. 

Feb.  12-13,  7  a.  ni.  to  7  a.  m 

13-14,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

14-15,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total  for  3  days 

Average  per  day 


Grams. 
889.9 
889.9 


Grams. 

1. 384. 1 

1. 385. 2 


Grams. 
46.4 
46.4 


Gram^. 
1,  646.  4 
1,  887.  9 


Grams. 
836.3 
847.6 


Grams. 

-  255. 1 

-  506.8 


1,  779.  8 
889.9 


2,  769.  3 
1, 384.  7 


92.  8       3,  534.  3 
46. 4       1,  767.  2 


1, 683. 9     -     761.  9 
842. 0     -     381. 0 


1, 386.  7 


1,385.4 
1,  383. 8 
1,  384. 9 


2, 669.  7 
889.9 


4, 1.54. 1 
1,  384.  7 


46.4  ;     1,645.0 


46.4  !  1,628.3 
46. 4  1, 689. 5 
46.  4       1, 909.  3 


139.2 
46.4 


821.3 
858. 4 
897.6 


5, 227. 1       2, 577.  3 
1,742.4  859.1 


220.7 
320.6 
578.5 


-1,119.8 
-    373.3 


Hydrogen. 

Date  and  period. 

(5) 
In  food. 

(A) 
In  feces. 

In  urine. 

In  alcohol 
eliminated. 

(0 

Apparent 
galng-(7i+ 

(m) 

Loss  from 
water 

(n) 

Total 
gain  (-f) 

or  loss 
(-)  l+m. 

1899. 
Evperiment  No.  18. 

Grams. 
41.2 
41.3 

Grams. 
1.2 
1.3 

Grams. 
3.6 
3.1 

Grams. 
0.4 
.4 

Grams. 
+  36.0 
+36.5 

Grams. 
+     8.5 
-  65.4 

Grams. 
+44.5 

-28.9 

Total  for  2  days 

82.5 
41.3 

2. 5 
1.3 

6.7 
3.3 

.8 
.4 

+72.  5 
+36.3 

-  56.9 

-  28.5 

+15.6 

+  7.8 

Experiment  Xo.  19. 

41.2 
41.3 

1.2 
1.3 

3.0 

2.9 

.4 
.3 

+36.6 
+36.8 

—  .5.8 

-  29.0 

+30.8 

+  7.8 

Total  for  2  days 

82.5 
41.3 

2.5 
1.3 

5.9 
3.0 

.  7 
.3 

+  73.4 
+36.7 

-  34.8 

-  17.4 

+38.6 

+19.3 

Expjerirnent  Xo.  20. 

41.2 
41.3 

1.2 
1.3 

2.8 
2.9 

.3 
.4 

+36.9 
+36.7 

-  28.4 

-  56.3 

+  8.5 

11-12,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

—19.6 

Total  for  2  days 

82.5 
41.3 

2.5 
1.2 

5.7 
2.9 

.  7 
.4 

+  73.6 
+36.8 

-  84.7 

-  42.4 

-11.1 
—  5.6 

Average  per  day  (experiments  18-20) 

41.3 

1.3 

3.0 

.4 

+36.6 

-  29.4 

+  7.2 

E.rperirncnl  Xo.  21. 

31.8 
31.8 
31.8 

1.2 
1.3 
1.2 

2.9 
3.2 
3.1 

+27.7 
+27.3 
+27.5 

-  24.5 

-  35.6 

-  64.3 

+  3.2 

—  8.3 

-36. 8 

Total  for  3  davs 

95.4 
31.8 

3.7 

1.2 

9.2 
.3.1 

+82.5 
+27.5 

—124. 4 
—  41.5 

—41.9 

Average  per  Jay 

-14,0 

»  No.  21  included  for  comparison. 

''During  the  9  days  of  these  experiments  28.5  grams  water  \vas  evaporated  from  the  hygrometer,  or  an  average 
of  3.2  grams  per  day,  which  is  here  added  to  the  drink. 


:memoiks  of  the  national  acade:\iy  of  sciences. 


329 


Table  XLV. — ficdn  or  loxs  of  protein  (XX'j-'j),. /'((/,  and  irater — MekthoVmn  experiments  Nos.  JS-JO." 


Date  anil  |ieri<«fl. 


1S99. 

Experintnit  Xo.  IS. 

Feb.  (y-~,  7  a.  111.  to  7  a.  m 

7-8,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total  for  2  clays 

Average  per  day 

E.rperimnit  Xo.  19. 

Feb.  S-9,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  in 

9-10,  7  a.  in.  to  7  a.  in 

Total  for  2  days 

Average  per  day 

Experiment  Xo.  iO. 

Feb.  10-11,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  in 

11-12,  7  a.  in.  to  7  a.  in 

Total  for  2  days 

Average  per  day 

Average  per  day  (experiment.-:  18-20 

Experiment  Xo.  ^1. 

Feb.  12-1.3,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

13-14,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  in 

14-15,  7  a.  111.  to  7  a.  m 

Total  for  3  days 

Average  per  day 


(a)  (6) 

VitroB-pn  Protein 

gained^  ").f,"-^(  +  ) 
orlost(-).     or"'*M-) 


-2.9 
-1.0 


-3.9 
-2.0 


Total  carbon 
gained  (  +  ) 
or  lost  (— ). 


Gramg. 
-18.1 
—  6.3 


-24.4 
-12.2 


.  2 

+  .2 


+  .7 
+  .4 


-  1.3 
+  1.3 


-1-4.4 
0 


4-4.4 
-1-2.2 


0 
-1.8 
-  .9 


0 
-11.3 
-  5.6 


-16.9 
-  5.6 


Grams. 
-f-  6.9 
-1-18.5 


-f25.4 

-fl2.7 


Carbon  in 
protein 


Grains. 

-  9.6 

-  3.3 


-12.9 

-  6.5 


(e) 

Carbon  in 

fat,  etc., 

gained  (  +  ) 


Grams. 
-1-16.5 
4-21.8 


-f38.3 
-1-19.2 


-1-27.1 
-f26.6 


-1-53.7 
-1-26.9 


4-27.8 
4-25. 9 


4-53.  7 
4-26.9 


-19.8  i      4-2.3 
-14.8  I  0 


4-17.5 
4-14.8 


4-34.6 

4-17.3 


-h  2.3 

4-  1.2 


4-32.3 
4-16.2 


4-18.9  '      —  1.8 


4-20.  7 


-19.2 
-19.7 
-27.2 


-66.1 
-22.0 


0 
6.0 
3.0 


—19.2 
-13.7 
-24.2 


9.0 
3.0 


-57.1 
-19.0 


Fat  gained 

( + )  or  lost 

(-) 

c-^0.765. 


+21.  6 

4-28.5 


-h50.1 

4-25. 1 


4-36.3 
4-33.9 


-h70.2 
4-35.1 


4-22.9 
4-19.3 


4-42.2 
-1-21. 1 


-25. 1 
-17.9 
-31.6 


-74.6 
-24.9 


Date  and  period. 


Total  hydrogen 

gained  (+)  or 

lost  (-). 


Hydrogen  in  [   Hydrogen  in 
protein  gained  fat  gained  (  +  ) 
(+)orlost(-)      orlost(-) 
"     0.07.  /xO.12. 


(*) 

Hydrogen  in 

water,  etc., 

gained  (  +  )  or 

lost  (-) 

g-{li+i). 


Water  gained 
(  +  )  or  lost  (-) 


1899. 
E.rperiment  Xo.  IS. 
Feb.  6-7,  7  a.  in.  to  7  a.  in 


a.  in.  to  7  a.  m 


Grams. 
4-44.5 
-28.9 


-1.3 
-  .4 


Grams. 
4-2.6 
4-3.4 


Grams. 
4-43.2 
-31.9 


4-389 
-287 


Total  for  2  days   

Average  per  day 

E.rperiment  Xo.  19. 

Fell.  8-9,  7  a.  m. to  7  a.  m 

9-10,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  in 


-6.0 
-3.0 


4-11.3 
4-  5.7 


-102 
-  51 


Total  for  2  days 

Average  per  day 

Experiment  Xo.  M. 

Feb.  10-1 1 ,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  in 

11-12,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  in 


4-38.6 
-4-19.3 


^  8.5 
-19.6 


Total  for  2  days . 
Average  per  rfay 


-11.1 
-  5.6 


Average  per  day  (experiments  18-20) 

Experiment  Xo.  .?/. 

Feb.  12-13,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

13-14,  7  a.  in.  to  7  a.  in 

14-15,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  in 


+  .3 
+  .1 


-4.3 
-4.1 


+  26.6 
+  3.6 


+  240 
+  32 


+8.4 
+4.2 


-30.2 
-15.  1 


+272 
-1-1.36 


+2.8 
+2.3 


+5.1 
-^2.6 


Total  for  3  days . 
Average  per  day 


-r  3.2 
-  8.3 
-36.8 


-41.9 
-14.0 


0 

-  .8 

—  .4 


-1.2 
-  .4 


+  .3.2 


4-  5.4 
-21.9 


-16.5 
-8.3 


+  4.2 


-3.0 
-2.  2 

-3^8 


T-  6.2 
-5.3 
—32.6 


-9.0 
-3.0 


-31.7 
-10.6 


+  48 
-197 


+  56 
—  48 
-293 


-285 
-  95 


'  Xo.  21  included  for  comparison. 


330  MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

Table  XLVI. — Income  and  outgo  of  energij — Metabolivn  experiments  Nos.  lS-30.°- 


Date  and  period. 

(o) 

1 

a 

■■So 

f 

o 

1 

(6) 

a 

3 

il 
i 

(c) 

a 

IS 

(rf) 

6 

i 

s  ° 

■s'a 

^  a 

all 

If) 

It 

III 

II 

5f,g  + 

a  c-o 

.§ST 

(A) 

1 
1 

S  cs 
aT 

'Ira 
|li 

|i| 

(ft) 

ll 

ii  + 

■So'g 

iil 
w 

1899. 

Experiment  No.  IS. 

Feb.  6-7,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

mo- 
bile, 

2,776 

Coto- 

Too 

100 

Calo- 
ries. 
130 
115 

Calo- 
ries. 
23 
20 

Calo- 

-104 
-  36 

Calo- 
ries. 
+203 
+268 

Calo- 
ries. 
2,424 
2,309 

Calo- 
ries. 
2,578 
2,397 

Calo- 
ries. 
+  154 

+  88 

Per 
.  cent, 
+6.4 

+3.8 

Total  for  2  days 

5,552 

2,776 

200 
100 

245 
123 

43 

21 

-140 
-  70 

+471 
+235 

4,733 
2,367 

4,975 

2,488 

+242 
+  121 

+5.1 

Experiment  No.  19. 
Feb.  8-9,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

2,776 
2,776 

100 
100 

110 
106 

19 
17 

-     7 
+     7 

+341 
+319 

2,213 
2,227 

2,281 
2,277 

+  68 
+  50 

+3.1 

+2.2 

Total  for  2  days 

5,552 
2,776 

200 
100 

216 

108 

36 

18 

0 
0 

+660 
+330 

4,440 
2,220 

4,558 
2,279 

+118 
+  59 

+2.7 

Experiment  No.  SO. 
Feb.  10-11,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

2,776 
2,776 

100 
100 

104 
108 

18 
23 

+  25 
0 

+215 
+181 

2,314 
2,364 

2,298 
2,308 

-  16 

—  56 

-  .7 

11-12,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

—2.4 

Total  for  2  days 

5,552 
2,776 

200 
100 

212 
106 

41 
21 

+  25 
+  12 

+396 
+198 

4,678 
2,339 

4,606 
2,303 

-  72 

-  36 

—1.5 

Average  per  day  (experiments 
18-20)            

2,776 

100 

112 

20 

-  19 

+255 

2,308 

2,356 

+  48 

+2.1 

Experiment  No.  31. 
Feb.  12-13,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

2,264 
2,264 
2,264 

100 
100 
100 

119 
132 
127 

0 

-  65 

-  32 

-236 
-168 
-297 

2,281 
2,265 
2,366 

2,226 
2,263 

2,348 

-  55 

_     2 
.-  18 

-2.4 

—  .1 

14-15,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

-  .7 

Total  for3  days 

6,792 
2,264 

300 
100 

378 
126 

-  97 

-  32 

—701 
-234 

6,912 
2,304 

6,837 
2,279 

-  75 

-  25 

-1.1 

"No.  21  included  for  comparison. 
EXPERIMENTS    NOS.  22-24 REST.       NO.   22    WITH    ALCOHOL   DIET. 

Subject. — E.  O.,  who  served  as  the  subject  of  experiments  Nos.  12, 16-17,  and  18-20,  described 
above.     His  weight  was  about  72.5  kilograms  (160  pounds). 

Occupation  durmy  exper'unent. — Reading,  writing,  etc.,  with  as  little  mental  and  muscular 
activity  as  possible. 

Duration. — The  preliminary  period  of  -t  days  began  with  breakfast,  March  9,  1899,  and  the 
subject  entered  the  respiration  chamljer  on  the  evening  of  March  12;  experiment  No.  22  beginning 
at  7  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  March  13  and  continuing  3  days.  This  experiment  was  the  first 
of  a  series  of  three  (Nos.  22-24),  each  continuing  3  days;  the  subject,  therefore,  remained  in  the 
respiration  chamber  10  nights  and  9  days,  the  .series  of  experiments  ending  on  the  morning  of 
March  22. 

Diet. — One  especial  object  of  the  experiments  of  this  series  was  to  study  the  relative  replacing 
power  of  alcohol  and  sugar  in  the  diet.  The  latter  con.sisted  of  what  may  be  called  a  basal 
ration  of  ordinary  food  to  which  was  added  a  supplementary  ration  of  either  sugar  or  alcohol. 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


The  basiil  ration  furnished  123  (jrams  of  piotoin  and  2.533  calories  of  onerofy  per  day.  To  this 
ration  was  added,  in  experiment  No.  22.  7'.'. 2  oi-anis  of  !iO.;i  per  cent  commercial  ali'ohol.  This 
contained  72  gi-ams  of  absolute  alcohol  and  furnished  .^09  calories  of  enerofy.  In  experiment  No. 
23  the  subject  had  30  yrams  of  horse-radish,  furnishing  11  calories  of  energy  per  day,  and  in 
experiment  No.  2-1.  30  grams  of  horse-radish,  furnishing  11  calories  of  energy,  and  130  grams  of 
cane  sugar,  furnishing  olo  calories  of  energy.  Leaving  the  small  quantities  of  horse-radish  out 
of  account,  the  diet  of  experiment  22  supplied  the  basal  ration  plus  alcohol.  No.  23  the  basal 
ration  alone,  and  No.  2-t  the  basal  ration  plus  an  amount  of  sugar  isodyuamic  with  the  alcohol  of 
No.  22.  In  experiment  No.  22  the  alcohol  was  taken  in  the  usual  t>  doses.  3  with  and  3  between 
meals  and  upon  retiring.  It  was  prepared  by  adding  79.2  grams  of  90.0  per  cent  alcohol  to  780. S 
grams  of  coffee  infusion  sweetened  with  40  grams  of  sugiir.  This  mixture  thus  contained  72 
grams  of  absolute  alcohol.  10  grams  of  sugar,  and  788  grams  of  water.  The  kinds  and  quantities 
of  food  served  at  each  meal  and  the  quantities  of  drink  at  different  periods  were  as  follows: 

Diet  hi  metaholmi)  exjh-n'mint^  S(*g.  ii2-;i4- 

FOOD— BASAL  RATION". 


Breakfast. 

Dinner. 

Supper. 

Total. 

Beef                                                                                                             

Grame. 
75 
15 
3.50 
55 
45 
40 

Grams, 

75 
20 
390 
100 

Grams. 

Grams. 
150 

Butter..                                         

20 
390 
155 

55 

1,130 

Bread 

310 

45 

40 

*  Used  with  the  coffee  infusion  and  alcohol  in  experiment  No.  22. 

FtiOD— SUPPLEMENTAL  RATION". 

Last  day  of  preliminary  period  and  ihiring  metabolism  experiment  Xo.  22: 

Cofiee  infusion.... grams..  7S0.  8 

Sugar do 40. 0 

Alcohol  (90.y  per  cent ) do 79.  2 

Metabolism  experiment  Xo.  23,  horse-radish do 30.  0 

Metabolism  experiment  Xo.  24: 

Horse-radish do 30. 0 

Sugar do 130.0 


Experiment  No.  22. 


Coffee  infu- 
sion, su^ar. 
and  alcohol. 


Grams, 

Breakfast !  175 

10.30  a.  m 125 

Dinner 175 

2.30  p.  m 125 

Supper 175 

11.00  p.  m 125 


Grams. 
263 


»900 


200 


•  Contains  72  grams  absolute  alcohol  and  40  grams  sugar. 

^  The  subject  did  not  always  drink  the  full  schedule  allowance  of  coffee  and  of  water.     The  actual  amount  ol 
water  consimied  each  dav  is  shown  in  the  second  column  of  Table  LVIII. 


332  MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCTE^'CES. 

Daily  routine. — The  o-eneral  I'outiDe  of  the  experiment  is  indicated  by  the  following  schedule: 

Dalhj  program — Metaholkm  experiments  Xos.  22-34- 


7.00  a.  m 

Rise,    pass  urine,   -weigh  self, 

weigh 

3.30  p.  m 

Drink  200  grams  water. 

absorbers. 

6.30  p.  m 

Supper. 

7.4-1  a.  m 

Breakfast. 

7.00  p.  m 

Pass  urine. 

iO.oOa.  m 

iJrink  200  grams  Avater. 

11.00  p.  m 

Drink  200  grams  water,  take  cap  off 

1.00  p.  m 

Pass  urine. 

food  aperture,  retire. 

1.30  p.  m 

Dinner. 

Table  XLVII  suuimarizes  the  more  important  statistics  in  the  diarv  kept  by  the  .subject 
during-  the  series  of  experiments. 

T.\BLE  XLVII. — Summarp  of  diary — Metabolism  experiments  Xos.  23-24. 


Date  and  time. 


Weight  mth-  \  Pulse  rate  per    TemDeratiire 
nut.  <>lnthps_    i        Tniniitp  lemperaiure. 


1899. 
Experiment  Xo.  22. 


Mar.  13,  7.00  a.  m  . . 
13,  3.30  p.  m.. 

13,  11.30  p.  m  . 

14,  7.00  a.  m  . . 
14,  3.25  p.  m.. 

14,  11.00  p.  m  . 

15,  7.00  a.  m  .. 
15,  4.15  p.  m  .. 
15,  11.00  p.  m  . 


Kilograms. 
72.42 


Experiment  Xo.  23. 


7.00  a.  m  .. 
.3.30  p.  m.. 
10.45  p.  m . 
7.00  a.  m  . . 
3.30  p.  m . . 
10.50  p.  m . 
7.00  a.  m  .. 
3.40  p.  m.. 
10.  .50  p.  m  . 


E.rj:>eriment  Xo.  34. 


7.00  a.  m  . . 
3.30  p.  m.. 
10.50  p.  m  . 
7.00  a.m.. 
4.00  p.  m.. 
10.50  p.  m . 
7.00  a.  m  .. 
3.50  p.  m.. 
10.00  p.  m . 
7.00  a.  m  . . 


72.70 


97.6 
97.8 
97.2 
97.0 
98.0 
98.4 
97.2 
97.8 


97.0 
98.9 
98.4 
97.0 
98.0 
98.0 
96.8 
97.6 
98.3 


96.9 


97.0 
99.0 
99.0 
96.6 
99.2 
99.4 
97.8 


'C. 
20.6 
20.2 
20.4 
20.4 
20.0 
20.6 
20.0 
20.0 
20.4 


20.2 
20.0 
20.4 
20.4 
20.0 
20.2 
20.3 
20.2 
20.1 


20.2 
19.8 
20.2 
20.0 
20.2 
20.4 
20.2 
20.2 
20.6 
20.8 


15.8 
16.2 
16.2 
15.1 
15.2 
15.8 
14.8 
15.2 
16.2 


15.3 
15.4 
16.0 
15.1 

15.2 
1.5.4 
14.6 
15.0 
15.2 


14.6 
14.6 
15.0 
14.8 
15.4 
15.6 
15.0 
15.2 
16.0 
16.8 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


333 


Di'iaihd  Ktatii<tic-t  of  Income  and  out^/o. — The  quantities  of  nutrient.s  in  the  ])a.sal  ration  and 
the  quantities  in  the  supplemental  ration  in  the  ditferent  experiments  of  thi.s  .series  arc  shown  in 
Table  XLVIII.  No  attempt  was  made  in  this  experiment  to  obtain  a  separation  of  the  feces 
between  expei'imcnts  -I'l  and  23,  since  it  was  believed  the  amount  of  such  excretion  during  the 
alcohol  experiment  would  not  differ  materially  from  the  amount  in  the  following  experiment  in 
which  alcohol  was  not  used  but  in  which  the  diet  was  otherwise  the  same,  with  the  exception  of 
the  small  amount  of  horse-radish.  It  is  our  experience  that  too  frequent  separation  of  the  feces 
renders  the  line  of  demarcation  less  accurate.  The  separation  of  the  feces  was,  however,  made 
between  experiments  23  and  24.  The  data  of  amount  and  composition  of  the  feces  of  the  two 
experiments  are  given  in  Table  XLIX. 

T.\BLE  XLVIII. —  Weight,  composition,  and  heal  of  romhustioii  of  foods — Metabolism  e.vperiments  Xos.  22-24. 


Labora- 
torr 
No. 

Food  material. 

Weight 
per  day. 

Water. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heat  of . 
combus- 
tion. 

3027 
3029 
3031 
3032 
3004 

Ba.m}  ratio,,. 

Beef 

Butter 

Skimmed  milk 

Bread 

Parched  cereal 

Sugar 

Supplemental  ration. 

E.XPEEIMEST   XO.  22. 

Alcohol           

Grams. 

150 

55 

1,130 

310 

45 

40 

Grams. 

84.9 

5.2 

1. 025. 0 

■  125.  2 

2.7 

Grams. 
52.3 
.6 
40.7 
24.5 
5.1 

Grams. 

9.2 

47.7 

1.1 

10.5 

.3 

Grams. 

"'54.'2' 
145.  7 
36.2 
40.0 

Grams. 
8.38 

.09 
6.55 
3.94 

.82 

Grams. 
35. 35 
38.03 
46.44 
86.95 
18.63 
16.84 

Gra,iis. 
5. 05 
.5.79 
6.67 
12.34 
2.78 
2.  .59 

Calories. 
395 
441 
462 
896 
183 
158 

1,243.0 

123.2 

68.8 

276.1 

19.78 

242.  24 

35.  22 

2, 535 

72 

37. 56 

9.39 

509 

Total  ration  per  day. 

E.XPERIMEXT   XO.  23. 

Horse-radii^li 

Total  ration  jierday. 

EXPERIMENT   NO.  24. 

Horse-radi.sh 

Rock  candy 

Total  ration  per  day. 

1,243.0 

123.2 

68.8 

276.1 

19.78 

279.80 

44.61 

3,044 

3069 

30 

26.  S 

.4 

2.5 

.  06 

2.  70 

.IS 

11 

1.269.8 

123.6 

68.8 

278.6 

19.84 

244.94 

3S.40 

2,546 

3069 

30 
130 

26.8 

.4 



2.5 
130.0 

.06 

2.70 
.54.  72 

.18 
8.42 

U 
515 

1,269.8 

123.6 

68.8 

408.6 

19.84 

299.66 

43.82 

3.061 

T.\-BLE  XLIX. —  Weight,  composition,  and  heat  of  combustion  of  feces — Metabolism  e.rpe,-it„c,ils  A'o.s.  22-24- 


Labora- 
tory 
No. 

Weight. 

Water. 

Protein.         Fat.        '^tSt'?/^  ^''""S™- 

• 

Carbon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion. 

3035 

Total,  experiments  22  to  23. 

Grams. 

425.  7 

70.9 

Grams. 
295.  0 
49.2 

Grams.    '•    Grams.       Grams.        G,ams. 

42. 1         22. 1         36. 2  j      6.  77 

7. 0          3. 7           6. 0         1. 13 

24.5  '      13.2         14.6  '      3.91 

8.2  j         4.4           4.9         1.30 

Gi-ams. 
61.47 
10.25 
31.  43 
10.48 

Grams. 
8.81 
1.47 
4.46 
1.49 

Calories. 
685 

114 

3036 

Total,  experiment  24 

Average  per  day 

270.0 
90.0 

204.4 
68.1 

347 
116 

334 


MEMOIES  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


The  following  table  gives  the  data  for  the  amount  and  composition  of  the  urine.  In  previous 
experiments  the  urine  was  collected  in  6-hour  intervals  throughout  the  day.  Inasmuch,  however, 
as  the  subject  at  times  found  it  difficult  to  get  to  sleep  again  after  emptying  the  bladder  at  1 
o'clock  in  the  morning,  the  urine  was  collected  at  11  p.  m.,  immediately  before  retiring,  instead 
of  1  a.  m. .  as  in  the  previous  experiment.  The  da^-  is  thus  subdivided  into  two  periods  of  6  hours, 
one  of  -i.  and  one  of  8  hours. 

During  the  first  3  days  of  the  preliminary  digestion  period,  the  subject  eliminated  17.3, 11.8, 
and  11.6  grams,  rcspectiveh',  of  nitrogen  in  the  urine.  During  these  days  alcohol  did  not  form 
a  part  of  the  diet.  On  the  third  day  of  the  preliminary  period,  which  was  the  first  day  upon 
which  alcohol  was  added  to  the  diet,  the  elimination  of  nitrogen  in  the  urine  amounted  to  13.7 
grams.  It  will  be  noticed  that  after  the  subject  entered  the  apparatus  the  amount  of  nitrogen  in 
the  ui'ine  was  larger  in  amount,  but  remained  quite  uniform  throughout  the  whole  series  of 
experiments.  As  has  previously  been  remarked,  it  is  not  inf  requenth"  the  case  that  an  increased 
elimination  of  nitrogen  takes  place  when  the  subject  enters  the  respiration  chamber.  This  may 
account  for  the  increase  in  the  pre.sent  case.  Another  explanation  of  the  increase  would  be  to 
assume  that  it  was  caused  by  the  presence  of  alcohol  in  the  diet.  It  is  noticeable,  however,  that 
it  did  not  take  place  until  the  subject  entered  the  calorimeter,  a  day  after  alcohol  was  added  to  the 
diet,  and  that  it  continued  throughout  the  Odaj's  of  the  sojourn  in  the  respiration  chamber,  during 
but  3  of  which  alcohol  was  a  part  of  the  diet.  The  urine  was  not  collected  after  the  close  of  the 
experiments. 

Table  L. — Amount,  specific  graviUj,  and  nitrogen  of  urine,  by  6-hour  periods— Metabolism  experiments  Abs.  22-24. 


Date. 

Period. 

Amount. 

Specific 
^avit}-. 

Nitrogen. 

1899. 
Mar.  13-14 

Experiment  Xo.  22. 
7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

Gram?. 
356.  6 
377.6 
268.5 
356.7 

1.022 
1.024 
1.021 
1.018 

Per  cent. 
1.27 
1.38 
1.51 
1.36 

Gram?. 
4.53 
5.21 

4.05 

4.85 

Total 

18.64 

Total  by  composite 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

I  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  11  p.  m 

II  p.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total                                          .          

1,  359.  4 

1.019 

1.40 

19.04 

14-15 

671.6 
776.8 
617.5 
310.8 

1.009 
1.007 
1.007 
1  018 

.62 

.52 

.99 

1.45 

4.16 
4.04 
6.11 
4.51 

18.82 

2, 376.  7 

1.011 

.80 

19.01 

1.5-16 

514.9 
629.9 
493.2 
633.  5 

1.009 
1.007 
1.018 
1.012 

.68 

.48 

.96 

1.04 

3.50 

3.02 

4.73 

6.59 

Total  

17.84 

Total  by  composite 

Experiment  Xo.  23. 

2,271.5 

1.012 

.80 

18.17 

16-17 

2. 299. 1 
2, 280. 0 

1. 996. 2 

2, 225. 5 
1,870.9 
1,861.5 

18.80 

17-18.   ..   . 

i.6i2 
1.013 

1.014 
1.013 
1.014 

19.61 

18-19 

18.47 

19-20. 

Experiment  Xo.  24. 

19.45 

20-21 

18.07 

oi^oo 

17.26 

MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


335 


Table  LI. — Daih/  elimination  of  carbon,  In/drogen,  tixiter,  and  energy  in  urine — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  23-24. 


riiite. 

Amount. 

Carbon. 

Water. 

Heat    of    combus- 
tion. 

Per 
gram. 

Total. 

1899. 
Experiment  JVo.  22. 
Mar.  13-14.. 

Crraina. 

1,  3.59.  4 

2,  376.  7 
2,271.5 

2, 299. 1 
2, 280. 0 
1.996.2 

2, 225. 5 
1,  870.  9 
1,861.5 

Per  (t. 

Grants. 
12.01 
12.12 
11.49 

12.11 
12.62 
11.90 

12.53 
11.64 
11.11 

Per  el. 

Grams. 
3.52 
3. 55 
3.37 

3.  55 
3.70 
3.49 

3.67 
3.41 
3.26 

Per  et. 

Grams. 
1,295.2 
2,311.8 
2,210.0 

2,  234.  3 

2. 212. 4 

1. 932. 5 

2, 1.58. 5 
1,808.6 
1,802.0 

Calorics. 

Calories. 
1.39 

14-15 

140 

1.5-16 

133 

Experiment  No.  US. 
Mar.  16-17 

140 

17-18 

146 

18-19 

137 

Experiment  No.  24. 
Mar.  19-20 

145 

20-21 

134 

01_r)0 

128 

Total,  9  days 

18,  540.  8 

.58 

107. 53 

.17 

31.52 

96.9 

17, 965. 3 

6.067 

1  242 

The  results  of  the  determinations  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  iu  the  ventilating  air  current 
are  given  in  Tables  LII-LIV.  These  statistics  are  given  in  detail  for  the  first  3  daj-s  of  the 
series  and  are  summarized  by  days  for  the  following  6  days,  in  order  to  serve  as  a  basis  of 
comparison  of  the  results  with  and  without  alcohol  as  a  part  of  the  diet. 

Table  LII. — Comparison  of  residual  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the  chamber  at  the  beginning  and  end  of  each 
period,  and  the  corresponding  gain  or  loss — Metabolism  experiment  No.  23. 


End  of  period. 

Carbon  dioxid. 

Water.  • 

Date. 

Total  amount 
in  chamber. 

Gain   {  +  )    or 
loss  (-)over 
preceding  pe- 
riod. 

Total  amount 
of  vapor  re- 
maining in 
chamber. 

Gain  (  +  )  or 
loss  (  — )  over 
preceding  pe- 
riod. 

Total  amount 

gained  (-t-)  or 

lost(-)during 

the  period. 

1899. 
Mar.    13 

7  a. 

Ip. 
7  p. 
1  a. 
7  a. 

IP 
7  Il- 
ia. 
7  a. 

Ip. 
7  p. 
la. 
7  a. 

Grams. 
28.6 

Grams. 

Grams. 
38.6 

Grams. 

Grams. 

13-14 

36.4 
37.7 
27.1 
26.2 

+   7.8 

+  1.3 
-10.6 
-     .9 

47.4 
47.0 

45.7 
42.4 

+8.8 
—  .4 
-1.3 
-3.3 

+8.8 
—  .4 

—.3.3 

Total 

-  2.4 

+3.8 

+3.8 

14-15 

39.3 
37.6 
28.7 
24.6 

+13.1 

-  1.7 

-  8.9 

-  4.1 

41.9 
40.6 
42.5 
36.0 

-  .5 
-1.3 
+  1.9 
-6.5 

—  .5 

—  1.3 

+  1.9 
—6.5 

Total 

-  1.6 

-6.4 

-6.4 

15-16 

36.8 
41.9 
30.2 
24.5 

+  12.2 
+  5.1 
-11.7 
-  5.7 

38.6 
41.5 
42.3 
35.2 

+2.6 
+2.9 
+  .8 
-7.1 

+2.6 
+2.9 
+  .8 
—7.1 

Total 

-     .1 

-  .8 

—  .8 

"In  these  experiments  there  was  no  change  in  weight  of  absorbers  and  there  was  no  drip. 


336  :^IEMOIKS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

Table  LIII. — Beconl  of  carbon  dioxid  in  vetUiJating  ah-  current — Metabolism  experiments  Xos. 


Period. 

(0) 

Ventilation. 
Number  of 
liters  of  air. 

Carbon  dioxid. 

W 

■    In  incoming  air. 

In  outgo- 
ing air. 

(e) 

Total 
excess  in 
outgoing 

(J) 

Conec- 
tion  for 
amount 
remain- 
ing in 
chamber. 

(0) 

Corrected 
amount 
exhaled 

by  subject 
e+/. 

Total 

Date. 

(ft)       i 
Per  liter. 

(c) 

Total 
axft. 

carbon 
exhaled 

1899. 
Mar.    13-14 

Experiment  Xo.  22. 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

la.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

Experiment  Xo.  23. 

Liters. 
26,  085 

26,  212 

27,  942 
27, 945 

! 

-Vs.     1 
0.  610  1 
.587  I 
.574 
.591 

Grams. 
15.9 
15.4 
16.0 
16.5 

GramB. 
241.5 
226.0 
209.3 
156.7 

Grams. 
225.6 
210.6 
193.3 

140.2 

Grams. 
+  7.8 
+  1.3 
-10.6 
-     .9 

Grams. 
233.4 
211.9 
182.7 
139.3 

Grams. 

63.6 

57.8 
49.8 
38.0 

108, 184 

63.8 

833.  5 

769.7 

-  2.4 

767.3 

209.2 

14-15 

26,  606 
27, 595 
27, 873 
27, 604 

.588 
.569 
.563  : 
.  577 

15.6 
15.7 
15.7 
1.5.9 

228.  6 
221.4 
212.8 
149.5 

213.0 
205.  7 
197.1 
133.6 

+13.1 

—  1.7 

—  8.9 

—  4.1 

226.1 
204.0 
188.  2 
129.5 

61.7 
65.6 
51.3 
35.3 

109,  678 

62.9 

812.  3 

749.4 

-  1.6 

747.8 

203.9 

1.5-16 

26, 590 
26,  841 
28, 013 
29, 057 

.564 
.576 
.582 
.576 

15.0 
15.5 
16.3 
16.7 

219.  5 
230.1 
229.2 
156.3 

204.5 
214.6 
212.9 
139.6 

+12.2 
+  5.1 
-11.7 
—  5.  7 

216.7 
219.7 
201.2 
133.9 

59.1 
59.9 
54.9 
36.5 

110,  501 

1 

63.5 

835.1 

771.6 

-     .1 

771.5 

210.4 

16-17 

106, 553 
110,227 
107, 982 

110,641 
IDS, 528 
107,  299 

68.6 
63.3 
61.3 

67.2 
61.9 
6,2.5 

865. 4 
846.9 
860.3 

887.2 
904.8 
935.7 

796.8 
783.6 
799.0 

820.0 
842.9 
873.2 

-  '.2 

-  1.4 

-  1.4 

-  3.7 
-i-  6.3 

797.5 
783.4 
800.4 

821.4 
839.2 
879.5 

217. 5 

17-18 

213.6 

18-19 

218.2 

19-20 
20-21 
21-22 

Experiment  Xo.  24- 

7  a.  -m.  to  7  a.  m 

7  a.  111.  to  7  a.  m 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

224.0 
228.8 
239.8 

]me:\ioiks  of  the  national  academy  of  sciences. 

Tahle  LI\'. — Record  of  water  in  ventilating  air  current — Metaljolis)a  experimenln  Xos.  :ii- 


337 


Period. 

Ventila- 
tion. Num- 
ber of  liters 
of  air. 

Water  in  incom- 
ing air. 

Water 

in  outgoing  air. 

(9) 

Total  ex- 
cess water 
in  outgo- 
ing air 
S-c. 

(A) 

Correc- 
tion for 
water  re- 
maining 
in  cham- 
ber. 

(0 

Total 
water  of 
respira- 
tion and 
perspira- 
tion 
a+lt. 

Date. 

Per 
liter. 

(0 

Total 
ax6. 

(rf) 

Amount 

con- 
densed in 
freezers. 

(e) 

Amount 
not  con- 
densed in 
freezers. 

(/) 

Total 
d+e. 

1899. 
Mar.    13-14 

Experiment  No.  23. 

Litem. 
26,  085 

26,  212 

27,  942 
27,  945 

0.946 

.882 
.827 

.782 

24.7 
23.1 
23.1 
21.9 

Grams. 
207.2 
225.3 
235.  6 
237.1 

Grams. 
45.7 
40.0 
43.7 
39.0 

Grams. 
252.9 
265. 3 
279.3 

276.1 

Grams. 
228.2 
242.2 
256.2 
254. 2 

Grams. 
+8.8 
-  .4 
-1.3 
-3.3 

Grams. 
237.0 

241.8 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  in 

254. 9 

250. 9 

Total      

108, 184 

92.8 

905.2 

168. 4 

1, 073. 6 

980.8 

+3.8 

984.0 

14-15 

26,  606 
27, 595 

27,  873 
27, 604 

.784 
.766 
.745 
.773 

20.8 
21.2 
20.8 
21.3 

203.  0 
197.9 
203.  9 
194.0 

40.1 
37.4 
39.9 
36.4 

243. 1 
235.3 
243.8 
230.4 

222.3 
214.1 
223.0 
209.1 

-0.5 
-1.3 
+1.9 
-6.5 

221.8 

1  p.  111.  to  7  p.  Ill 

212.8 
224.9 

202.6 

Totiil 

109, 678 

84.1 

798.8 

1.53.  8 

952.  6 

868. 5 

-6.4 

862.1 

15-16 

26, 590 
26, 841 
28,013 
29, 057 

.803 
.789 
.789 
.820 

21.4 
21.2 
22.1 
23.8 

179.1 
192.  3 
218.5 
202.1 

39.3 
36.0 
42.2 
38.6 

218.4 
228.3 
260.7 
240.7 

197.0 
207.1 
238.6 
216.9 

+  2.6 

+  2.9 
+     .8 
-  7.1 

199.6 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  111.  to  1  a.  Ill 

1  a.  111.  to  7  a.  Ill 

Total 

210.0 
239.4 
209.8 

110, 501 

88.5 

792.0 

1.56. 1 

948.1 

859.6 

-     .8 

858.  8 

Experiment  Xo.  J.j. 

16-17 

24, 857 

26,  329 

27,  749 
27,  618 

.830 
.787 
.719 
.730 

20.6 
20.7 
20.0 
20.2 

180.1 
193.5 
232. 4 
208.4 

35.5 
35.5 
42.3 
35.6 

215.6 
229.0 
274.7 
244.0 

195.0 
208.3 
254.7 
223.8 

+  5.3 

+  2.7 
+  2.4 
-7.9 

200.3 

211.0 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  Ill 

257. 1 
215.9 

Total 

106, 553 

81.5 

814.4 

148.9 

963.3 

881.8 

+  2.5 

884  3 

17-18 

110,227 

79.3 

762.1 

151.9 

914.0 

834.7 

-4.2 

830.5 

18-19 

107, 982 

83.3 

740.5 

148.8 

889.3 

806.0 

+  1.0 

807.0 

E.qx'rinient  No.  24. 

19-20 

110, 641 

85.5 

808.2 

152.3 

960.5 

875.0 

+  4.4 

879.4 

7  a.  111.  to  7  a.  in 

20-21 

108,  528 

77.2 

814.9 

143. 5 

958.4 

881.2 

—  2.  2 

879.0 

21-22 

107,299  , 

76.5 

886. 5 

142.2 

1, 028.  7 

952.2 

+  10.1 

962.3 

Total  lor  9  days 

979, 593 

748.7 

7, 322. 6 

1, 365. 9 

8, 688.  5 

7, 939.  8 

+  8.2 

7, 948. 0 

338 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


The  summary  of  the  calorimetric  measurements  during  this  series  of  experiments  is  shown  in 
Table  LV.     The  "results  of  experiments  Nos.  23  and  2-i  are  summarized  bj-  daj's,  and  those  for 
experiment  No.  22,  in  which  alcohol  formed  a  part  of  the  diet,  are  summarized  by  6-hour  periods. 
Table  LV. — Summa7->i  of  calorimetric  measurements — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  22-2^. 


Date. 

Perioa. 

(a) 

Heat 
measured 
in  terms 

ofCjo. 

Change 
of  tem- 
perature 
of  calo- 
rimeter. 

(c) 

Capacity 
correction 
of  calo- 
rimeter 
&X60. 

(d) 

Correction 
due  to 

tempera- 
ture of 

food  and 
dishes.    ' 

(e) 

Water  vapor- 
ized equals 
total 
amount 
exhaled  less 

amount 
condensed 
in  cham- 
ber. 

(/) 

Heat  used 
in  vapori- 
zation of 

water 
ex  0.692. 

(g) 

Total  heat 
deter- 
mined 

(a+c+d 
+/)■ 

1899. 
Blar.    13-14 

Experiment  No.  23. 

Calories. 
547.4 
486.1 
413.4 
280.6 

Degrees. 

Calories. 

Calmics. 
—   1.1 

+  3.2 

Grams. 
237.0 
241.8 
254.9 
250.9 

Calories. 
140.3 
143.2 
150.9 
148.5 

Calories. 
686.6 

-0.03 
+  .02 
+  .07 

-  1.80 
+  1.20 
+  4.20 

630.7 

565.5 

433.3 

Total 

1,727.5 

-f  .06 

+  3.60 

+  2.1 

984.6 

582.9 

2,  316. 1 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

14-15 

504.1 
488.7 
427.7 
267.7 

-  .06 

-  .03 
+  .01 
+  .04 

-  3.60 

-  1.80 
-1-     .60 
+  2.40 

-  0.6 

+  4.5 

221.8 
212.8 
224.9 
202.6 

131.3 
126.0 
133.1 
120.0 

631.2 
617.4 

561.4 

390.1 

Total 

1, 688.  2 

-  .04 

-  2.40 

+  3.9 

862.1 

510.4 

2, 200. 1 

15-16 

475.2 
518.3 
454.3 
310.8 

+  .03 

-  .05 

-  .01 

-  .15 

+  1.80 

-  3.00 

-  .60 

-  9.00 

-  1.8 
+  5.4 

199.6 
210.0 
239.4 
209.8 

118.2 
124.3 

141.7 
124.2 

593.4 

645.0 

595.4 

426.0 

Total        

1, 758.  6 

-  .18 

-10.  80 

+  3.6 

858.8 

508.4 

2,  259. 8 

Experiment  No.  23. 

16-17 

1,711.0 

+  .14 

+  8.40 

-41.4 

884.3 

523.5 

2,  201. 5 

17  18 

1,  700.  3 

+  .01 

+     .60 

-47.3 

830.5 

491.6 

2, 145. 2 

18-19 

1,  750. 4 

-  .06 

-  3.60 

-44.1 

807.0 

477.8 

2,  ISO.  5 

Experiment  No.  24- 

19  20 

1,737.8 

+  .09 

+  5.40 

-48.4 

879.4 

520.6 

2,  215.  4 

20-21 

1,752.7 

—  .07 

-  4.20 

-46.1 

879.0 

520.3 

2,  222.  7 

9X    99 

1,851.5 

+  .04 

+  2.40 

—44.6 

962.3 

569.7 

2,  379.  0 

The  determinations  of  alcohol  in  urine  and  freezer  water,  and  of  reducing  material  reckoned 
as  alcohol  in  the  ventilating  air  current,  were  made  in  the  usual  manner.  The  results  are  shown 
in  Table  LVI.  It  will  be  noticed  that  there  was  a  con.siderable  amount  of  reducing  material  in 
the  air  and  urine  on  days  in  which  alcohol  did  not  form  a  part  of  the  diet,  equivalent  on  an 
average  to  O.ST  of  a  gram  of  alcohol  per  day.  It  is  of  course  po.ssible  that  this  reducing  material 
may  have  been  alcohol  that  had  been  retained  in  the  sy.stem  and  was  slowly  eliminated.  This, 
however,  .seems  improbable,  especially  in  view  of  the  fact  that  the  results  are  no  larger  than  have 
been  found  in  later  experiments  in  the  ventilating  air  current  when  alcohol  had  not  formed  a  part 
of  the  diet  for  a  long  period.  To  be  strictly  accurate,  the  total  amounts  of  alcohol  excreted  on 
the  different  days  of  experiment  No.  22  should  be  reduced  by  a  certain  amount  representing  the 
average  excretion  of  reducing  material  not  alcohol.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  this  was  a  matter 
still  under  investigation  no  such  correction  was  made  in  this  experiment,  and  the  results  were 
computed  on  the  supposition  that  all  the  reducing  material  in  the  air  current  was  alcohol,  although 
from  later  investigations  it  seems  quite  certain  that  this  is  wrong.  The  error,  however,  would 
prol>ably  not  exceed  0.3  or  0.4  of  a  gram  of  alcohol,  corresponding  to  2  or  3  calories  of  energy 
per  day. 


IMEMOIRS  OP^  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


339 


T.\BLR  LXL^Alcohol  ingested  taid  e.rcrelei! — Metabolism  e.rperiment  Xo.  23. 


Alcohol  in- 
gested. 

Alcohol  excreted,  including  other  reducing  mate- 
rial calculated  as  alcohol. 

In  tirine 
(distillate). 

In  freezer 

water 
(distillate). 

In  air  cur- 
rent. 

Total. 

body. 

1899. 

'Experiment  Xo.  33. 

Mar.  13-14 

Grams. 
72.0 
72.0 
72.0 

Grams. 
0.14 
.68 

Grams. 
0.03 
.02 

Gra7ns. 
1.57 
1..36 

Gravis. 
1.74 
2.06 
2.79 

Grams. 
70.3 

Per  cent. 
<17  fi 

14-15 

69. 9              97. 1 

1,5-16         

.03   '            2.01 

69.2              96  1 

Total 

216.0 

1.57              .08  1          4.94 

6.59 

209.4 

72.0 

.52  !            .03  1          1.65 

2.20 

69.8 

97.0 

Experiment  Xn.  33. 
Mar.  16-17 

.01 

.30 

.38 
.37 

.27 
.36 

.37 

.31 

.41 
.42 

.31 

.41 
.37 

17-18 

.02 

.m 

18-19 

.04  i             .01 

Experiment  Xo.  34- 
Mar.  19-20                   

.04 



20-21 

.04 

.01 

21-22 

Balance  of  income  and  outgo  of  matter  and  energy. — The  usual  .summary  of  the  income  and 
outgo  of  nitrogen,  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  energj'  may  be  found  in  Table  LVII. 

Table  LVII. — Income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon — Metabolism  e.vperimenis  Xos.  33-34- 


Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Date  and  period. 

(<i) 

In 
food. 

(6) 

In 

feces. 

(<■) 
In 

(d) 

Gain  (,  +  ) 
or  loss 
(-)a- 
{b+e). 

(e) 
In  food. 

(/) 

In 
feces. 

(9) 

In 
urine. 

(h) 

In  respir- 
atory 
products. 

(»■) 

In  al- 
cohol 
elimi- 
nated. 

Gain(-l-) 
or  loss 

(Z+.a+A 
+  i). 

1899. 
E.rperiment  Xo.  S3. 

Grams. 
19.8 
19.8 
19.8 

Grams. 
1.1 
1.2 
1.1 

Grams. 
18.7 
18.8 
17.8 

Grams. 

'"-6.'2" 
+  .9 

Grams. 
279.8 
279.8 
279.8 

Grams. 
10.3 
10.2 
10.3 

Grams. 
12.0 
12.1 
11.5 

Grams. 
209.2 
203.9 
210.4 

Grams. 
0.9 
1.1 
1.5 

Grams. 
-+-  47.4 

+  52.0 

1,5-16,  7  a,  m.  to  7  a.  m 

+  46.1 

Total  for  3  days 

59  4 

3.4 
1.1 

,55. 3 
18.5 

+  .7 
+  .2 

839.4 
579.8 

30.8 
10.3 

35.6 
11.8 

623.5 

207.8 

3.5 

1.2 

+146. 0 
+  48.7 

Average  per  day 

19.8 

Experiment  Xo.  3.3. 

19.8 
19.9 
19.8 

1.1 
1.2 
1.1 

18.8 
19.6 
18.5 

-  .1 

-  .9 

+  .2 

244.9 
245.0 
244.9 

10.2 
10.3 
10.2 

12.1 
12.6 
11.9 

217.5 
213.6 
218.2 

+    5.1 

+    8.5 
+    4.6 

18-19,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total  for  3  days 

Average  per  day 

59.5 
19.8 

3.4 

1.1 

56.9 
19.0 

-.8 
-  .3 

734.8 
244.9 

30a7 
10.2 

36.6 
12.2 

649.3 
216.4 

+  18.2 
+    6.1 

E.rperiment  Xo.  34. 

19.8 
19.9 
19.8 

1.3 
1.3 
1.3 

19.4 
18.1 
17.3 

-.9 
+  .5 
+1.2 

299.7 
299.6 
299.7 

10.5 
10.5 
10.5 

12.5 
11.7 
11.1 

224.0    

228.8    

239.8    

+  52.7 

20-21,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

+  48.6 

+  38.  3 

Total  for  3  days 

59.5 
19.8 

3.9 
1.3 

54.8 
18.2 

+  .8 
+  .3 

899.0 
299.7 

31.5 
10.5 

3.5.3 
11.8 

692.6 
230.9 

+139.  6 
4-  46.0 

340 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES 

T.\BLE  LVIII. — Iiu-vine  (iiiii  unttjo  of  water  and  hydror/en — MeUdioligm  c.vperlments  yos.  33-24 


Water. 

Date  and  perioil. 

(«) 
In  fooil. 

In  drink. 

(c) 
In  feces. 

(d) 
In  tirine. 

In  respir- 
atory prod- 
ucts. 

(/) 

Apparent 

loss 

a+b— 

(c+d+e). 

1899. 
E.rperiment  Xo.  22. 

Grams. 
1, 243. 0 
1,243.0 
1,243.0 

Grams. 
1,  387.  8 
1,  388.  0 
1, 387.  7 

Grams. 
49.2 
49.2 
49.2 

Grams. 
1,295.2 
2,311.8 
2, 210.  0 

Grams. 
984.6 
862.1 
858.  8 

Grams. 
"+     301.8 

—      592.  1 

15-16,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

-    487.3 

Total  for  3  davs 

3,  729.  0 
1,  243.  0 

4, 163.  5 
1,387.8 

147.6 
49.2 

5, 817. 0 
1,939.0 

2,  705. 5 
901.8 

—     777. 6 

—     259. 2 

E.i-perimcnt  Xo.  23. 

1,  269. 8 
1,  269.  8 
1,  269.  8 

1,  362.  8 
1, 379. 2 
1, 378. 0 

49.2 
49.2 
49.2 

2, 234.  3 

2. 212. 4 

1. 932. 5 

884.3 
830. 5 
807.0 

—     -535. 2 

17-18,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

18-19,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

—  443. 1 

—  140. 9 

Total  for  3  days 

3,  809. 4 
1,269.8 

4, 120. 0 
1,373.3 

147.6 
49.2 

6,  379.  2 
2, 126.  4 

2, 521. 8 
840.6 

—1,119.2 

-     373. 1 

Experiment  Xo.  24. 

1, 269. 8 
1,  269.  8 
1,  269.  8 

1,376.0 
1, 382. 4 
1, 373. 4 

68.1 

■  68.1 

68.1 

2, 158. 5 
1, 808.  6 
1, 802.  0 

879.4 
879.0 
962.3 

—    460. 2 

—     103. 6 

21-22,7  a.m.to  7  a.  m 

—     189. 2 

Total  for  3  davs 

3,  809. 4 
1,269.8 

4,131.8 
1,377.3 

204.3 
68.1 

5,  769. 1 
1,  923.  0 

2,  720. 7 
906.9 

—     752. 9 

—     250. 9 

Hydrogen. 

Date  and  period. 

(ff) 
In  food. 

(A) 
In  feces. 

CO 
In  urine. 

In  alcohol 
elimi- 
naled. 

(0 

Apparent 
gam  {/— 
(h+i+k). 

(m) 

Loss  from 
water 

(n) 

Total 

gain  ( + ) 

or  loss 

(-)  l+m. 

1899. 
Experiment  Xo.  22. 

Grams. 
44.6 
44.6 
44.6 

Grams. 
1.4 
1.5 
1.4 

Grams. 

3.5 
3.5 
3.4 

Grams. 

0.2 
.3 
.4 

Grams. 
+  39.5 
+  39.3 
4   39.4 

Grams. 

+  33.5 

-  65.8 

-  54.1 

Grams. 
-1-73.0 
—26.5 

15-16,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

—14.7 

Total  for  3  davs 

133.8 
44.6 

4.3 
1.4 

10.4 
.3.5 

.9 
.3 

+118.2 
4-  39.4 

-  86.4 

-  28.8 

+31.8 

+10.6 

Experiment  Xo.  23. 

.35.  4 
.35. 4 
35.4 

1.5 
1.4 
1.5 

3.5 
.3.7 
3.5 

-1-  30  4 
+  30.3 
+  30.4 

-  59.5 

-  49.2 

-  15.7 

—29. 1 

—18.9 

18-19,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 

+14.7 

Total  for  3  davs 

106.2 
35.  4 

4.4 

1.5 

10.7  i 

3.5 1 

T-  91.1 
+  30.4 

-124.4 
-  41.5 

—33.3 

—11. 1 

Experiment  Xo.  24. 
Mar.  19-20,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m .   . 

43.8 
43.8 
43.8 

1.5 
1.5 
1.5 

3.7........ 

3.3  ! 

4  38.6 
4  38.9 
4  39.0 

-  51.1 

-  11.5 

-  21.0 

—12.5 

+27.4 
+18. 0 

21-22,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  ni 

Total  for  3  davs 

131.4 
43.8 

4.5 
1.5 

10.4  ! 

3.5    

-■-116.5 
4  38.8 

-  83.6 

-  27.9 

+  32.9 
+10.9 

'Compare  weight  of  iirini'  eliminated  on  this  day  with  that  <  n  sueceedini;  ilays. 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


841 


Table  LIX. — (Uiin  or  loss  u/  protein  (iVX  6.^5),  f<it,  and  walei — MetaboUxin  rxjieriments  Nos.  Z2-24. 


1899. 

ExpiTlincnl  No.  23. 

Mar.  115-14,  7  a.  in.  to  7  a.  iii 

14-15,  7  a.  111.  to  7  a.  Ill 

15-16,  7  a.  III.  to  7  a.  iii 

Total  for  3  days 

Average  per  day 

Kvperimenl  No.  23. 

Mar.  16-17,  7  a.  in.  to  7  a.  in 

17-18,  7  a.  111.  to  7  a.  in 

18-19,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total  for  3  days 

Average  per  day 

E.rjicriiiient  \o.  24. 

Mar.  19-20,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

20-21,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

21-22,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  in 

Total  for  3  days 

Average  per  day 


Nitrogen 
gained  (  +  ) 
or  lost  ( ~ ) . 


+  .2 


-  .1 

-  .9 
+  .2 


-  .9 

+  .5 

+1.2 


+  .8 


Protein 
gained  (  +  ) 
or  lost  (  — ), 

ax  6.2.5. 


0.0 
-1.3 
-5.6 


+4.3 
+1.4 


-  .6 
-5.6 

+1.3 


-4.9 
-1.6 


-5.6 
+3.1 

+7.5 


+5.0 

+1.7 


Total  car- 
bon gained 
(  +  1  or  lost 


+  47.4 
+  52.5 
+  46.1 


+146.  0 
+  48.7 


5.1 

8.5 
4.6 


+  18.2 
+     6.1 


52.7 
48.6 
38.3 


+139.  6 
+  46.5 


CO 

Carbon  in 

protein 

gained  (  +  ) 

or  lost  (— ), 

6x0.53. 


Grama. 
0.0 


+2.9 


+2.  2 


0.0 
-.3.0 

-  .7 


-3.0 
+  1.6 

+4.0 


+2.6 
+  .9 


(«) 

Carbon  in 

fat,  etc., 

gained  (  +  ) 

orlost  (— ), 


+  47.4 
-I-  53.2 
+  43.2 


+  143.8 
+  48.0 


+  5.1 
+  11.5 
+    3.9 


20.5 
6.9 


+  55.7 
+  47.0 
+  34.3 


+137.0 
+  45.7 


Fat  gained 
( + )  or  lost 


Grants. 
+  62.0 
+  69.5 
+  56.5 


-(-188. 0 
+  62.7 


+  6.7 
+  15.0 
+    5.1 


+  26.8 
+    9.0 


72.8 
61.5 

44.8 


+179. 1 
+  59.7 


Date  and  period. 


Total  hydro- 
gen gained 
(-l-)orlost(-) 


Hydrogen  in 

protein  gained 

(-F)orlost  (  — ), 

6x0.07. 


fatgained(  +  )L  aTS  +  ) 


Water  gained 
(-1-)  or  lost 
{-),  itx9. 


1899. 
E.rperimenl  No.  22. 


Mar.  1,3-14,  7  a.  in.  to  7  a.  in. 
14-15,  7  a.  ra.  to  7  a.  ni. 
l-Vie,  7  a.  ni.  to  7  a.  m. 


Total  for  3 days.. 
Average  per  day. 


E.iperimeiit  No.  23. 


Mar.  16-17,  7  a.  ni.  to  7  a.  m. 
17-18,  7  a.m.  to  7  a.  in. 
18-19,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 


Total  for  3  days.. 
Average  per  day. 


E.rperimnit  No.  24. 


Mar.  19-20,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 
20-21,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 
21-22,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.m. 


Total  for  3 days.. 
Average  per  day. 


+73.0 
-26.5 
-14.7 


0.0 

-  .1 

-  .4 


Gravis. 

+  7.4 
+  8.3 


GraTns. 

+65.6 
-34.7 
—21.9 


'+590.4 
-312. 3 
-197. 1 


-31.8 
-10.6 


+  .3 
+  .1 


+22.5 
+  7.5 


-29.1 
-18.9 
+  14.7 


+     . 
+  1. 


-33.3 
-11.1 


-12.5 

+27.4 
-i-18.0 


-  .4 
+  .2 
+  .5 


3.2 
1.1 


+  7.4 
+  5.4 


+32.9 
+10.9 


+  .3 

+  .1 


-h21.5 
+  7.1 


+  9.0 
+  3.0 


—29.9 
-20.3 

+  14.0 


-36.2 
-12.  1 


—20.8 
+  19.8 
+12.1 


-hll.l 
+  3.7 


81.0 
27.0 


-269. 1 
-182.  7 
+126. 0 


-325.  8 
-108.6 


-187.2 
+178.2 
+108. 9 


99.9 
33.3 


Vol.  8- 


"  Compare  weight  of  urine  eliminated  on  this  day  with  that  on  succeeding  days. 
-No.  6 8 


342 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


Table  LX. — Income  and  outgo  of  emryy — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  23-24- 


Date  aiui  period. 

(a) 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion of 
food 
eaten. 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion of 
feces. 

{<■) 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion of 

(d) 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion of 
alcohol 
eliminat- 
ed. 

Estimated 
heat  of 

combus- 
tion of 
protein 
gained 

(-l-)orlost 
{-)■ 

(/) 

Estimated 
heat  of 
combus- 
tion of  fat 

gained 
(-(-)orlost 

(B) 

Estimated 
energy  of 
material 
oxidized 
in  the 

body  o- (6 
+c+d+c 

(A) 

Heat  de- 
termined. 

(«) 

Heat  de- 
termined 

greater 
(-l-)orless 

(-)  than 

estimated 

li-g. 

m 

Heat  de- 
termined 
greater 
{+)  or  less 
(-)  than 
estimated 
i^g. 

1899. 

Erperiment  No.  2J. 

Mar.  13-14,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 
14-15,  7a.  111.  to  7  a.  m. 
15-16,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 

Calories. 

3,044 
3,044 
3,044 

C'aloHcs. 
114 
114 
114 

Calories. 
139 
140 
133 

Calories. 
12 
14 
20 

Calories. 

0 

-  8 

-f32 

Calories. 
+    583 
+     653 
+     531 

Calories. 
2,196 
2,131 
2,214 

Calories. 
2,316 
2,200 
2,260 

Calories. 
+120 
+  69 
+  46 

Per  cent. 
+5.5 
+3.2 

+2.1 

TotaUorSdays 

Average  per  day 

9,132 
3,044 

342 

114 

412 
138 

46 

15 

+24 
+  8 

+1,  767 
+    589 

6,541 
2,180 

6,776 
2,258 

+235 
+  78 

"""+3.'6 

Experiment  No.  23. 

Mar.  16-17,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 
17-18,  7a.  m.  to  7a.  m. 
18-19,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 

2,546 
2,546 
2,546 

114 
114 
114 

140 
146 
137 

-  4 
-32 
+  8 

+      63 
+     141 
+      48 

2,233 
2,177 
2,239 

2,202 
2,145 
2,181 

-  31 

-  32 

-  58 

—1.4 
-1.5 
-2.6 

Total  for  3  days 

Average  per  day 

7, 638 
2,546 

842 
114 

423 
141 

-28 
-  9 

+     252 

+      84 

6,649 
2,216 

6, 528 
2,176 

—  121 

-  40 

'""-i.'s 

Experiment  No.  34. 

Mar.  19-20,  7 a.  in.  to  7  a.  m. 
20-21,7a.  m.  to7a.  m. 
21-22,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 

3,061 
3,061 
3,061 

116 
116 
116 

145 
134 
128 

-.32 

+18 
+43 

+     684 
+    579 
+     421 

2,148 
2,214 
2,353 

2,215 
2,223 
2,379 

+  67 
+     9 
H-  26 

+3.1 

+  .4 
+  1.1 

Total  for  3  days 

Average  per  day 

9,183 
3,  061 

348 
116 

407 
136 

+29 
+10 

+1, 684 
+     561 

6,715 
2,238 

6,817 
2,272 

+102 
+  34 

"""  +  i.'5 

EXPERIMENTS   NOS.   26-28 — REST.       NO.   27    WITH   ALCOHOL    DIET. 

Subject. — J.  F.  S.,  a  cheLiist,  29  years  of  age.  His  weight  with  underclothing  was  about  64 
kilograms  (141  pounds). 

Occupation  during  experiment. — Reading,  writing,  and  miscellaneous  observations  within 
the  apparatus,  with  as  little  muscular  activity  as  was  practicable. 

Duration. — This  experiment  was  the  second  of  a  series  of  3  experiments,  each  continuing  3 
days.  The  series  was  preceded  by  a  preliminarj"  period  of  4  days,  beginning  with  breakfast 
February  10,  1900.  The  subject  entered  the  calorimeter  on  the  evening  of  February  13.  The 
first  exjieriment  of  the  series,  No.  26,  began  at  7  a.  m.  February  14;  the  second.  No.  27,  at  7  a.  m. 
February  17,  and  the  third.  No.  28,  at  7  a.  m.  February  20.  The  whole  period  of  the  metabolism 
experiments  was  thus  9  daj^s. 

Diet. — A  basal  ration  of  ordinary  food  furnished  99  grams  of  protein  and  1,982  calories  of 
energy  per  day.  To  this  was  added  in  experiment  No.  26,  63.5  grams  of  butter,  furnishing 
1  gram  of  protein  and  508  calories  of  energy;  in  experiment  No.  27,  79.5  grams  of  90.6  per  cent 
alcohol,  furnishing  509  calories  of  energy,  and  in  No.  28,  128  grams  of  cane  sugar,  furnishing 
507  calories  of  energj'-  per  day.  The  protein  and  energy  was  thus  practicallj^  the  same  in  each  of 
the  3  experiments  of  this  series.  In  experiment  No.  27  the  79.5  grams  of  commercial  alcohol, 
containing  72  grams  al)solute  alcohol,  was  added  to  792.5  grams  of  water  sweetened  with  15  grams 
of  sugar.  The  alcohol  was  taken  in  6  doses,  as  indicated  in  the  following  schedule.  The  kinds 
and  quantities  of  food  in  the  basal  ration,  as  served  for  each  meal,  the  character  and  amount  of 
the  supplemental  ration  in  the  different  experiments,  and  the  quantity'  of  drink  consumed  at 
different  periods  of  the  daj^  were  as  follows: 


MEMOniS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


343 


Diet  in  melabolism  ej'perimenU  Kot.  S6-S8. 
FOOD— BASAL  RATION. 


Breakfast. 

Dinner. 

Supper. 

Total. 

Beet"                                                                                                               

Grams. 

35 

10 

300 

50 

Grams. 

50 

12 

400 

100 

30 

Grams. 

Grams. 
85 

Butter..                                        

8 
300 

50 
30 
25 

30 

Milk 

1,000 

Bread                                              .              

200 

60 

25 
15 

50 

15 

*  Used  in  alcohol  and  water  in  experiment  Xo.  27. 
FOOD— .SUPPLEMENTAL  R.\TION. 

Experiment  Xo.  26. — 63.5  grams  butter  were  added  to  basal  ration. 
Experiment  JVb.  27. — 72  grams  absolute  alcohol  were  added  to  basal  ration. 
E.rperiment  Xo.  28. — 128  grams  sugar  were  added  to  basal  ration. 


Time. 

Experiment 
No.  26. 

Experiment '  Experiment 
No.  27.             No.  28. 

Water. 

Alcohol  and 

sweetened 

water. 

Water. 

Grams. 
100 
200 

Grams. 

150 

125 
200 

125  1 
175  i 
112  1 

Grams. 

100 

10  a.  m 

200 

200 

200 

9  p.  m                                                                                       

300 

300 

- 

800 

"887 

I 

800 

»  Contains  72  grama  absolute  alcohol  and  15  grams  sugar. 
Daily  routine. — The  general  routine  of  the  experiment  was  as  follows: 
Daily  programme — Metabolimn  experiments  Nos.  26-28. 


Take  pulse  and  temperature. 

Rise,   pass  urine,  weigh  self  dressed, 

weigh  absorbers. 
Breakfast.     Drink  100  grams  water. 
Drink  200  grams  water. 
Take  pulse  and  temperature. 
Pass  urine. 
Dinner. 
Drink  200  grams  water. 

Supper. 

Take  pulse  and  temperature. 

Pass  urine,   weigh  self  dressed, 

absorbers. 
Drink  300  grams  water. 
Take  pulse  and  temperature. 
Retire. 
Pass  urine. 

7  a.  in 

6..50p.m 

weigh 

7.45  a.  m 

10  a.  m 

9p.  m 

12.50  p.  m 

10.20  p.  m 

10.30  p.  m 

1.15  p.  m 

3  p.  m 

Table  LXI  summarizes  the  most  important  statistics  in  the  diary  kept  by  the  subject.  The 
subject  weighed  him.self  with  clothing  twice  each  day.  The  reasons  for  not  removing  all  the 
clothing  in  weighing  were  two:  It  was  desirable  to  avoid  the  muscular  work  involved  in  dressing 
and  undressing;  it  has  also  been  found  that  the  sudden  increase  of  radiation  of  heat  from  the 
skin  when  the  clothing  is  removed  causes  a  decided  rise  in  the  temperature  inside  the  chamber, 
and  thus  disturbs  the  accuracy  of  the  heat  measurements  to  some  extent.  There  was  extremely 
little  mu.scular  exercise  and  no  sensible  perspiration.  Hence  the  differences  in  weight  from  time 
to  time  must  represent  very  nearly  the  changes  in  bod}'  weight.  The  determinations  of  pulse 
rate  were  made,  of  course,  by  the  subject  himself,  when  either  sitting  or  reclining,  after  several 
minutes  rest.     The  measurement  at  6.50  a.  m.,  however,  was  made  before  rising  from  bed. 


344 


ME]MOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


The  temperature  was  determined  by  a  mercury-  thermometer  placed  in  the  axilla.  As  has 
already  been  stated,  it  was  found  that  the  thermometer  reached  as  high  a  point  in  10  minutes  as 
in  15  or  20  minutes.  The  most  of  the  temperatures,  therefore,  were  made  after  the  thermometer 
had  been  in  place  about  10  minutes.  It  was  our  belief  at  the  outset  that  the  body  teniperatures 
as  thus  taken  are  not  perfectly  accurate,  and  this  belief  has  been  confirmed  by  observations  with 
an  electrical  rectal  thermometer,  since  devised  for  continuous  and  accurate  observations  of 
internal  bodv  temperature."  While  these  axillarj'  determinations  of  body  temperature  are  not 
entirely  accurate,  the  later  observations  with  the  electrical  thermometer  lead  us  to  believe  that 
the  daily  curves  for  the  two  are  nearlj'  parallel. 

In  previous  experiments  an  h3'grometer  had  been  placed  in  the  chamber,  and  readings  with 
dry  and  wet  bulb  were  taken  at  frequent  intervals.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  these  readings  were 
not  used  in  the  computations  of  results,  and  it  is  desirable  in  rest  experiments  to  avoid  all  unnec- 
essary exertion,  even  that  of  rising  and  reading  the  hygrometer,  these  observations  were  not 
made  in  the  experiments  of  1900. 

Table  LXI. — -Summary  of  the  diary — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  26-28. 


Date  and  time. 

Weight  with 
clothes. 

Pulse  rate       Temper- 
mi^nute.           ''»"'•«• 

Date  and  time. 

Weight  with 
clothes. 

Pulse  rate 

per 
minute. 

Temper- 
ature. 

1900. 
Experiment  Xo.  26. 

Kilograms. 
64.00 

68 
78 
67 
64 

"F. 

97.8 
98.3 
98.1 

1900— Continued. 
Experiment  No.  26—C't'd. 
Feb.  15, 10.15  p.m 

Kilograms. 

70 

°F. 

10.20  p.m 

97.5 

10  27  a  m 

Feb.  16,  6.55  a.  m 

71 
82" 

12.27  p.  m 

7a.m 64.01 

8.32  a.  m 

98.1 

12  33  p  m 

97.8 

12  53  p.  m 

61 

8.40  a.  m 

98.3 

1  p.  m 

97.9 
98.5 
98.5 
98.5 

9.30  a.  m 

79 

2  27  p  m 

77 

9.37  a.m ' 

98.2 

3  47  p  m 

10.31  a.m 1 

76 
72 

98.3 

4.30  p. m 

72 
67 

11. 26  a.m 1 

5.30  p. m 

11. 30  a.m 1 

98.2 

98.7 

12.27  p.m 

70 

6.17  p.  m 

8.13  p. m 

64.88 

12.30  p.m 1 

98.1 

97.6 
97.5 
97.7 

12.58  p.m 

71 

8  30  p  m 

64 
64 
64 
69 

98.2 

9  29  p  m 

2.01  p.m 

80 
79 

81 

98.2 

10.15  p.m 

Feb.  15, 6.50  a.  m. 

2.30  p.m 

98.2 

98.1 

3..35p.  m 

98.3 

64.18 

98.2- 

7.34  a.  m 

78 

79 

7.39  a.  m 

98.3 
98.5 

4.30  p.m 

98.2 

8.33  a.  m 

82 
80 

5.30  p.m 

75 

98.5 

9.28  a.  m 

5.43  p.m 

98.7 

9.30  a.  m 

98.3 

98."5 

98.1 

6.32  p.m 

80 

10  33  a  m 

n 

6.42  p.  m 

98.4 

10.46  a.  m ' 

7  p.  m 

64.73 

77 
75 

98.5 

11.30a.  m 

70 
68 

12.31  p.m 1 

7.40  p.m 

98.0 

12.37  p.  m 

98.4 

7.50  p.  m 

98.3 

12.54  p.m 

68 

8.26  p.m 

71 

98.2 
98.2 
98.5 
98.2 

98.'i 

98.0 

8.30  p.m 

97.8 

1..59  p.m 

2.28  p.m 

75 
81 

77 
76 

9.30  p.  m 

68 
65 

97.8 

10.19  p.  m  

.3..35p.  m.. 

10.22  p.m 

97.1 

4.28  p.m 

E.vperimenl  No.  27. 
Feb.  17, 6.55  a.  m 

69 

4..30p.m 

5.30  p.  m  . 

5.49  p.m 

69 
69 
68 
75 
67 
70 

6.. 30  p.  m 

98.2 
98.2 
98.1 
97.6 

7  a.  m 

64.07 

6.55  p.m 

7.30  p.m 

64.87 

7  31  a.  m 

82 

97.8 

8.30  p.  m  . 

8.32  a.  m 

89 

8.54  p.  m 

8.38  a.  m 

97.9 

97.5 

9. .32  a.m 

98 
97 

98.1 

9.30  p.  m   . 

67 

10.29  a.  m 

9.35  p.m 

97.4 
97.6 

10..30  a.m 

98.3 

9.51  p.m 

11.30  a.m 

87 

97.9 

"See  p.  273. 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

Table  LXI. — Summari/  of  the  diary — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  Z6--2S — Continued. 


345 


Date  and  time. 

Weight  with 
clothes. 

Pulse  rate 
minute. 

Temper- 
ature., 

Date  and  time. 

Weight  with 
clothes. 

Pulse  rate 
minute. 

Temper- 
ature. 

1900— Continueil. 
Experiment  No.  37 — C't'd. 
Feb.  17, 12. .'50  p.  m 

Kilograms. 

SO 
77 
80 

"F. 
97.8 
97.8 

1900— Continued. 
Experiment  No.  27—C'i'A. 
Feb.  19, 10.31a.  m 

Kilograms. 

91 

98.2 

11.27  a.  m 

81 

11.30  a.  in 

98.0 

1.49  p.  m  

98.0 
98.1 
97.9 

12.30  p.  Ill 

73 
74 

97.7 

2  p.  ni 

::::::::;:::::: 

12..56p.  Ill 

2. 10  p. m 

12.59  p.  ni 

98.1 

2.27  p.  m 

90 

1.33  p.  ni 

1.37  p.  m 

81 

2.30  p.  m 

97.8 

98.1 

2.59  p.  m     

91 

2.30  p.  Ill 

92 
93 

88 

98.3 

97.9 

3.30  p.  Ill 

98.2 

3.27  p. m 

96 

4.30  p.  m 

3.30  p. ra 

98.1 

4.46  p.  Ill 

98.2 

4.27  p. m 

94 

5.30  p.  m 

78 
81 

98.2 

4.30  p.  m 

98.2 
98.1 

6.29  p. m 

6.33  p.  m 

5.27  p.  m   83 

98.2 

5.43  p.  m '           S3 

6..59p.  m 

85 
90 

5.46  ]).  m     

98.1 

7  p.  m 

64.49 

98.  i 

6.30  p.  m 

6.34  p.  m 

84 

7.30  p.  m 

97.7 
98.1 
98.0 

7.35  p.  m 

97.6 

6.46  p.  m 

8.27  p.  m 

83 
76 

97.6 

6.58  p.  m 

7  p.  m 

7.30  p.  m 

87 

9.30  p.  m 

97.3 

64.  55 

9.42  p.  m 

97.5 

90 
84" 

97.7 
97.8 

10.19  p.m 

74 

72 
88" 

97.3 

7.45  p.  m 

8.27  p.  m 

Experiment  No.  2S. 
Feb.  20,  6.55  a.  m     .. 

8.30  p.  m 

97.5 

8.54  p.  m 

83 

8.55  p.  m     .. 

97.5 

63.  71 

98.1 

9.  28p.  m 

79 

7.32  a.  m 

9.35  p.  ui 

97.3 
97.3 

7. .35 a.  m.. 

98.4 

9.46  p.  m     . .     . 

8.30  a.  m 

91 

10.16  p.  m 

73 

8.31  a.  m 

98.4 

10.21  p.  m 

97.1 

9.30  a.  m   .. 

99 
84 
81 
78 
70 

98.7 

Feb.  18, 6.55  a.  m 

"'"63."  7.5' 

72 
82" 

10.30  a.  m 

98.4 

7  a.  m 

98.1 

11.30  a.  in 

98.2 

7.30  a.  m 

11.36  a.  ni    

7.34a.m.    ...'.- 

97.9 
98.2 
98.4 

8.40  a.  m 

90 
96 
90 

12.33  p.m 

98.1 

9.30  a.  m 

12.57  p.  in 

70 

10.27  a.  m 

12.59  p.m 

98.1 

10.30  a.  ni 

98.3 
97.8 
98.1 

1.52  p.m.. 

81 

11.31a.  m     . 

82 

98.3 

3.34  p.m 

81 
79 
71 

98.2 

12.27  p.  m 

75 

4.30  p.  in 

98.1 

12.30  p.  m 

98.1 
98.3 

12..55p.  m 

1.42  p.  m   .    .    . 

75 
83 

5.41  p. m  . 

98.0 

6.35  p.m 

6.40  p.m 

77 

1.50  p.  Ill 

98.1 

98.1 

2.28  p.  ni 

90 

78 

88" 

72 

2.30  p. m 

98.4 

7  p.  in 

7.30  p.  Ill 

64.32 

98.1 

3.28  p.  Ill 

90 

97.8 

3.30  p.m... 

98.4 
98.3 

8.28  p.m 

4.30  p.  m 

90 

78 

8.30  p.  Ill 

97.7 

5.32  ]).  m 

9..30p.  111... 

67 

5.40  p. m 

98.  3 

9.32  p.m 

97.3 

6.27  p.  m 

80 

10.18  p.  in 

67 

6.30  p.  m 

98.1 

10.20  p.m 

97.2 

6.56  p.  ni 

81 

Feb.  21, 6.55  a.  m 

73 

87" 

6.58  p.  m... 

98.0 

7  a.  m 

7.29  a.  m 

63.83 

98.1 

7  p.  m 

64.37 

7.30  p. m 

87 
80 
72 

97.7 
97.7 
97.4 
97.4 
97.2 

7.30  a.  m 

98.1 

8.34  p.  m 

8.29  a.  in 

92 

9.29  p.  Ill 

10  ]).  in 

8.30  a.  in 

98.3 

9.30a.  m 

101 
87 

98.3 

10.25  p.  m 

10.30  a.  m 

10.28  p.m. 

77 
75 
8,=S 

10.33  a.  m 

98.4 

Feb.  19,  7  a.  ill 

98.1 
97.8 
98.0 
98.2 

11.27  a.  m 

78 

7.31  a.  m 

11.31a.  m     .   .. 

97.9 

8.  .30  a.  m 

90 

96 

12.31  p.  m 

77 
73 

98.1 

9.30  a.  m 

1  p.  m 



346 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


T.vBLE  LXI. — Summary  of  the  diary — Metabolism  exjMriments  Nos.  S6-^S — Continued. 


Date  and  time. 

Weight  with 
clothes. 

Pulse  rate 

per 

minute. 

Temper- 
ature. 

Date  and  time. 

Weight  with 
clothes. 

Pulse  rate 

per 

minute. 

Temper- 
ature. 

1900— Continued. 

Rrpcrimeiit  Xo.  i'5— C't'd. 
Feb.  21, 1.54  p.  m 

Kilograms. 

80 

°F. 

1900— Continued. 

E.vpeHment  No.  :iS — C't'd. 
Feb.  22, 10.29  a.  m 

Kilograws. 

87 

°F. 

2.01  p.  m 

98.2 

10.30  a.  m 

98.4 

2.27  p.  m 

93 

11  36  a  m 

82 
74 

98  0 

2.34  p.  m 

98.5 

12.27  p  m 

3.52  p.  m 

86 

12.30  p.  m 

98.2 

3.54  p.  m 

98.2 

12.55  p.  m 

70 

4.35  p.  m 

76 
79 
75 
77 
79 

12.58  p.  m 

98.2 

4.52  p.  m 

98.2 
98.5 

2.07  p. m 

83 

5.28  p.  m 

2.15  p.  m 

98.6 

6.32  p.  m 

2.30  p.m 

84 

6.59  p.  m 

98.2 

2.50  p.  m  ... 

98.4 

7  p.  m 

64.  63- 

3.30  p. m 

84 
78 
73 

98.4 

7.31  p.  m 

81 

97.7 
97.9 

4.29  p.m 

98.4 

7.41  p.m 

5.30  p. m 

8.27  p.  m 

79 

5.37  p.m 

98.2 

8.30  p.m 

97.7 

6.30  p. m 

73 

76 
74 

98.4 

9.27  p.m 

73 

6.57  p.m 

7.27  p.  m 

64.77 

98  1 

97.6 

Feb.  22, 6.55  a.  m 

69 
85' 

7.31  p  m 

97  7 

7  a.  m 

63.85 

98.1 

8.32  p. m 

72 

7.36  a.  m 

8.42  p.  m 

97.5 

7.40  a.  m 

97.9 

9.27  p.m  

66 

8.28  a.  m 

93 

9.30  p.m 

97.3 

8.33  a.  m 

98.3 

10.20  p.  m 

70 
76 

97.1 

9.27  a.  m 

95 

Feb.  23, 6.55  a.  m 

9.30  a.  m 

98.2 

64.05 

98  1 

Detailed  statistics  of  income  and  outgo. — The  quantities  of  nutrients  in  the  basal  ration, 
which  was  the  same  in  all  3  experiments,  and  the  quantities  in  the  supplemental  ration  in  the 
different  experiments  of  this  series  are  shown  in  Table  LXII.  The  feces  were  determined  for 
each  experiment  in  order  to  obtain  data  concerning  the  relative  digestibility  of  the  food  with  the 
different  supplemental  rations. 

Table  LXII. —  Weight,  composition,  and  heat  of  combustion  of  foods — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  S6-28. 


Lahora- 
tory 
No. 

Food  material. 

Weight 
per  day. 

Water. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbo- 
hydrates. 

Nitro- 
gen. 

Carbon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion. 

3176 

Basal  ration. 
Beef 

Grams. 
85.0 
30.0 
1,  000.  0 
200.0 
60.0 
.50.0 
15.0 

Gravis. 
53.1 
3.0 
900.0 
78.6 
2.5 
2.8 

Grams. 
28.7 
.5 
42.0 
17.8 
3.7 
5.9 

Grams. 
2.4 
25.8 
3.0 
3.2 
5.0 
.9 

Grams. 

'"ij'.O 
97.8 
47.9 
39.5 
15.0 

Grams. 

4.60 

.08 

6.70 

2.84 

.60 

.94 

Grams. 
16.62 
19.51 
46.30 
55.52 
26.59 
21.10 
6.31 

Grams. 
2.30 
3.01 
6.30 
7.98 
3.97 
2.97 
.97 

Calories. 
187 

3177 

Butter 

240 

3179 

462 

3180 

561 

3181 

266 

3168 

207 

59 

Total  for  1  day 

,     Supplemental  ration. 

EXPERIMENT   NO.    26. 

Butter 

1,440.0 

1, 040. 0 

98.6 

40.3 

247.2 

15.76 

191. 95 

27.50 

1,982 

63.5 

6.3 

in 

54.5 

.16 

41.29 

6.36 

508 

Total  for  1  day 

E.XI'EniMENT   NO.    27. 

Alcohol 

1,503.5 

1,046.3 

99.6 

94.8 

247.2 

15.92 

233.24 

33.86 

2,490 

72.0 

1 

37.56 

9.39 

509 

Total  for  1  day 

E.YI'EIiDIENT   NO.    28. 

■Sugar 

1,512.0 

1,040.0 

98.6 

40.3  1     247.2 

15.76 

229.51 

36.89 

2,491 

128.0 

128.0 

53.88 

8.29 

507 

Total  for  1  day 

1,568.0 

1,040.0 

98.6 

40.3  1     375.2 

15.76 

245.83 

35.79 

2,489 

MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NAT10X-\L  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES.  347 

T-VBLE  LXIII. —  Weight,  composition,  and  heat  of  combustion  of  feces — Metabolism  experiments  JV<m.  S6-g8. 


Laboia- 
torv 
Xo. 

Weight. 

Water. 

Protein.  ' 

Fat. 

Carbo- 
hydrates. 

Nitro- 
gen. 

Carbon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion. 

318:^ 

Experiment  Xo.  J6. 

Feces  for  3  days 

Average  per  day 

Experiment  Xo.  i7 . 
Feces  for  3  days 

Average  per  day 

Experiment  Xo.  .^S. 

Grants. 
236.5 

Gram*. 

171.0 

1 
1 
Grams. 

20.6 

Grams. 
8.5 

Grams. 
20.1 

Grams. 

3.26 

Grams. 

28.33 

Grams. 
3.41 

Calories. 

Sl- 

78. .S 

57.0 

6.9 

2.8 

6.7 

1.09 

9.44 

1.14 

ice 

3iai 

218.9 

1.52.  1 

21.0 

6.3 

21.2 

3.3.5 

26.84 

2.41 

292 

73.0 

.50.  7 

7.0 

2.1 

7.1 

1.12 

8.95 

.80 

97 

3185 

219.9 

1.55.  2 

23.3 

12.1 

16.1 

3.74 

29.93 

4.02 

3:i5 

Average  per  day 

73.3 

.51.7 

7.  S 

4.0 

5.3 

1.25 

9.98 

1.34 

112 

The  urine  was  collected  and  the  nitrogen  determined  in  the  usual  6-hour  periods  each  day. 
No  attempt  was  made  to  dry  composite  samples  of  the  urine  for  each  experiment  for  the 
deteiTuinations  of  carbon  and  hydi-ogen.  but  aliquot  portions  were  taken  from  each  day's  urine 
for  the  preparation  of  a  9  days'  composite  sample,  which  should  represent  the  urine  for  the  total 
series  of  experiments.  The  heats  of  combustion  of  the  composite  sample  for  each  day  were, 
however,  determined.  Statistics  of  the  urine  for  experiment  No.  27  are  given  in  detail,  by 
0-hour  periods,  and  those  of  experiments  Nos.  26  and  28,  in  which  alcohol  did  not  form  a  part  of 
the  diet,  are  summarized  by  days,  for  comparison. 


Table  LXIV.- 

Amount,  specific  ifrarity,  and  nitrogen  of  urine, 

hi  6-hour  periods — Metabolism  experiments  ^ 

OS.  26-28. 

Dale. 

Peri.> 

. 

.Amount. 

1 

Specific 
gravity. 

Nitrogen. 

1900. 
Feb.           14-15 
1.5-16 
16-17 

Experiment 

7  a.  ra.  to  7  a.  m 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Experiment 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

Total  by  composite  . . 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

la.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

Total  by  composite  . . 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

Total  by  composite  . . 

Experiment 
7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Xo. 

Xo. 

Xo. 

36. 
28. 

1 

1       Grams. 
1      1,216.5 

1,526.1 

1     1,340.4 

1.021 

1.0175 

1.0185 

Per  cent. 
1.38 
.99 
1.08 

Grams. 
16.63 
15.  08 
14.44 

17 

17 

17-18 

18 

378. 5 

1        576. 2 

269.0 

1        297.0 

1.0175 
1.0135 
1.021 
1.018 

.94 

.71 

1.38 

1.09 

3.56 
4.09 
3.71 
3.24 

1,-520.7 

14.60 

1,-520.7 

1.017 

.96 

14.60 

18 

18 

18-19 

19 

537.9 

444.6 

281.3 

172.6 

1.014 
1.016 
1.021 
1.0245 

.79 

.97 

1.41 

1.73 

4.25 
4.32 
3.97 
2.99 

1,436.4 

1.5. 53 

1     1,436.4 

1.018 

1.08 

15. 51 

19 

19 

19-20 

20 

291.0 

473.0 

310.  9 
219. 3 

1.0215 
1.015 
1.019 
1.0215 

1.47 
1.03 
1.36 
1.55 

4.28 
4.87 
4.23 
3.40 

1,294.2 

16.78 

1,294.2 

1.018 

1.30 

16.  82 

20-21 

1.169.8 

1.020 
1.017 
1.018 

1.36 
1.18 
1.22 

15  90 

21-22 
23-23 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

1,292.2 

1,202.5 

15.23 
14.65 

348 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES; 


Table  hX\.—Dailii  din 

ination  of  carbon,  hijdrogen,  and  water  in  the  urine — Metabolism  e.vper 

ments  Nos. 

f6-S8. 

Amount. 

Carbon. 

Hydrogen. 

Water. 

Heat  of  combustion. 

Date. 

Per  gram. 

Total. 

1900. 
Experiment  So.  26. 
Pgh   14-1.5 

Grams. 
1,216.5 
1, 526. 1 
1, 340. 4 

Per  cent. 

Grams. 
11.93 
10.82 
10.36 

Per  cent. 

Grams. 
2.87 
2.61 
2.50 

Per  cent. 

Grams. 
1,157.3 
1,472.4 
1, 289. 0 

Calories. 

0.103 

.082 

.101 

Calories. 
125 

1.5-16 

125 

16-17 

135 

4,  083.  0 

1    33.11    

7.98 

3,  918.  7 

385 

Erperiment  Ko.  27. 

Feb.  17-18 

18-19 

19-20 

1, 520.  7 
1,436.4 
1, 294. 2 

10.47 
11.14 
12.04 

2.52 
2.69 
2.90 



1,  468.  7 
1,381.1 
1,  234. 5 

.073 
.084 
.108 

111 
121 
140 

4, 251.  3 

33.65 

8.11 

4, 084. 3 

372 

Experiment  No.  28. 
Feb.  20-21              

1, 169.  8 
1, 292.  2 
1,  202.  5 

11.40 
10.92 
10. 51 

2.75 
2.63 
2.53 

1,113.2 
1, 238. 0 
1, 150. 3 

.102 
.103 
.110 

119 

21-22  

183 

22-23 

132 

3, 664. 5 

32.83 

7.91 

3, 501. 5 

384 

Total,  9  days 

11, 998.  8 

.83 

99.59 

.20 

24.00 

95.88 

11, 504. 5 

.095 

1,141 

Tables  LXVI-LXVIII  show  the  quantities  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  found  in  the  ventilating 
air  current  in  this  series  of  experiments.  These  statistics  are  given  in  detail  for  the  3  days  of 
experiment  No.  37,  in  which  alcohol  formed  a  part  of  the  diet,  and  are  summarized  by  days  for 
experiments  Nos.  26  and  28. 

Table  LXVI. — Comparison  of  residual  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the  chamber  at  the  beginning  and  end  of  each 
j)eriod,  and  the  corresponding  gain  or  loss — Metabolism  experiment  No.  27. 


End  of  period. 

Carbon  dioxid. 

Water.' 

Date. 

Total 
amount  in 
chamber. 

Gain  (  +  )  or 

loss  { — )  over 

preceding 

period. 

Total  amount 
of  vapor  re- 
maining in 
chamber. 

Gain  (  +  )  or 

loss  ( — )  over 

preceding 

period. 

Total  amount 

gained  (  +  )  or 

lost  (-)  during 

the  period. 

1900 
Feb 

17 
17 
17 
18 
18 

18 
18 
19 
19 

19 
19 
20 
20 

Grams. 
23.0 
.33.1 
37.8 
23.6 
27.0 

Grujns. 

Grams. 
31.4 
37.1 
38.6 
34.8 
33.3 

Grams. 

Grams. 

+10.1 
+  4.7 
-14.2 
+  3.4 

+5.7 
+  1.5 
-3.8 
-1.5 

+5.7 

+1.5 

-3.8 

-1.5 

+  4.0 

+1.9 

+  1.9 

31.0 
36.5 

24.1 
25.  3 

+  4.0 
+  5.5 
^12.4 

+   1.2 

37.2 
37.8 
35.3 
31.0 

+3.9 
+0.6 
-2.5 
.-4.3 

+3.9 

+0.6 

-2.5 

-4.3 

-  1.7 

-2.  3 

—2.3 

31.0 
39.1 
23.0 
26.4 

+  5.7 
+  8.1 
-16.1 
+  3.4 

37.1 
39. 0 
35.  5 
.32.9 

+6.1 
+  1.9 
-3.5 
-2.6 

+6.1 

+  1.9 

-3.5 

-2.6 

4-  1.1 

+1.9 

+1.9 

+  3.4 

+1.5 

'There  waa  no  change  in  weight  of  absorbers  and  no  drip  in  this  experiment. 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES.  349 

T.A.BLE  LXVII. — liecord  of  mrhon  dioxid  in  reiililaling  air  ciirreiit — iletabolism  ejcperiments  Nos.  26-28. 


Period. 

(a) 

Ventilation. 
Number  of 
liters  of  air. 

Carbon  dioxid. 

W 

In  incoming  air. 

(d) 

In  outgo- 
ing air. 

(e) 

Towl  ex- 
outgoing 
d-'c. 

(/) 

Correc- 
tion for 
amount 
remain- 
ing in 
chamber. 

(ff) 

Corrected 
amount 
exhaled 
bv  sub- 
ject. 

Total 

Date. 

(6) 
Per  liter. 

Total, 
axft. 

carbon 

exhaled. 

.9XA 

1900. 
Feb.     14-15 

1.5-lfi 
16-17 

Experiment  Xo.  26. 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  in 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Experiment  Xo.  27. 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  ni 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  Ill 

1  a.  111.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  ni.  to  1  a.  ni 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  Ill 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  ra.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

E.rpcriment  Xo.  2S. 
7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  ni 

titer*. 
116,602 
118,158 
119,712 

ilg. 

Grami. 
64.7 
65.7 
67.7 

Grams. 
776.3 
795.9 
782.0 

Grams. 
711.6 
730.2 
714.3 

Gram*. 
+  3.1 
-  2.7 

+  0.4 

Gramt. 
714.7 
727.5 
714.7 

Gramt. 
194.9 
198.4 
194.9 

17 

17 

17-18 

18 

29,540 
27, 207 
29,  540 
28,  762 

0.567 
.610 
..561 
.  5i4 

16.8 
16.6 
16.6 
1.5.9 

217.6 
215.5 
206.3 
146.2 

200.8 
198. 9 
189.7 
130.3 

+10.1 
+  4.7 
-14.2 
+  3.4 

210.9 
203.6 
175.5 
133.7 

57.5 
55.5 
47.9 
36.5 

11.5,049 

6.5.9 

785.6 

719.7 

^4.0 

723.7 

197.4 

18 

18 

18-19 

19 

28,  762 
28,  762 
29,540 
29,540 

^       .559 
.551 
.537 
.548 

16.1 
1.5.8 
15.9 
16.2 

220.8 
214.5 
206.2 
147.5 

204.7 
198.  7 
190.  3 
131.3 

-  4.0 

—  5. 5 
-12.4 
-r  1.2 

208.  7 
204.2 
177. 9 
132.5 

56.9 
55.  7 
48.5 
36.1 

116,604 

64.0 

789.0 

725.  0 

-  1.7 

723.3 

197.2 

19 

19 

19-20 

20 

27, 208 
27, 985 
29,540 
28,  762 

.548 
.  575 
.573 
.  551 

14.9 
16.1 
16.9 
15.8 

209.5 
218.5 
220.1 
149.2 

194.6 
202.4 
203.2 
133.4 

—  5.  7 
+  8.1 
-16.1 
+  3.4 

200.3 
210.5 
187.1 
136.8 

54.6 
57.4 
51.0 
37.3 

113, 495 

63.7 

797.  o 

733.6 

+  1.1 

734.7 

200. 3 

20-21 
21-22 

112,717    

108,830    

111,162   

134.  S 

67.6 

j      66.4 

S40.  3 
843.3 
830.6 

776.0 
775.7 
764.2 

-  2.3 

+  4.8 

-  0.2 

773.7 
780.5 
764.0 

211.0 
212.8 

22  23 

208.3 

Table  LXVIII. — Record  of  (inter  in  ventilating  air  current — Meiabolimi  experiments  Xos.  36-28. 


Period. 

(a) 

Ventilation. 
Number  of 
liters  of  air. 

Water  in  incom- 
ing air. 

Watei 

in  outgoing  air. 

(P) 

Total  ex- 
cess water 

in  out- 
going air, 

(A) 

Correc- 
tion for 
water  re- 
maining 
in  cham- 
ber. 

(0 

-  Total 
water  of 
respira- 
tion and 
perspira- 
tion, 
g+li. 

Date. 

(6) 

Per 
liter. 

(c) 

Total, 
ax6. 

1 

Amount 

con- 
densed 

in 
freezers. 

«•) 

.Amount 
not  con- 
densed in 
freezers. 

Total. 

rf-f. 

1900. 
Feb.     14-15 
1.5-16 
16-17 

Experiment  Xo.  26. 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  ni 

E.cperiment  Xo.  27. 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  Ill 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

7  a.  ra.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  ni.  to  1  a.  Ill 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

Lilert. 
116,  602 
118,158 
119,712 

itg. 

Grams. 

97.1 
101.  8 

97.8 

Gramt. 
749.3 
734.3 
724.9 

Grams. 
179.6 
175.  4 
173.3 

Grams. 
928.9 
909.7 
898.  2 

Grams. 
831.8 
807.9 
800.4 

Gram.':. 
-2.7 
-1.3 
-0.9 

Grams. 
829.1 
806.6 
799.5 

17 

17 

17-18 

18 

29,540 

27,  207 
29,540 

28,  762 

.820 
.821 
.829 

.828 

24.2 
22.3 
24.5 
23.8 

183.  9 
193.7 
184.7 
166.4 

42.5 
38.0 
45.2 
39.0 

226.4 
231.7 
229.9 
205.  4 

202.  2 
209.4 
205.4 
181.6 

—5.  7 
+1.5 
-3.8 
-1.5 

207. 9 
210. 9 
201.6 
180.1 

11.5,049 

94.8 

728.7 

164.7 

893.4 

798.  6 

-1.9 

8(K1.  5 

18 

18 

18-19 

19 

28,  762 

28,  762 

29,  540 
29,  540 

.817 
.800 
.818 
.800 

23.5 
23.0 
24.2 
23.6 

194.5 
194.5 
ia5.5 
172.0 

43.6 
41.0 
43.8 
39.4 

238.1 
2a5.5 
229.3 
211.4 

214.6 
212.5 
205.1 
187.8 

+3.9 
+0.6 
-2.5 
-4.3 

218.5 
213.1 
202.6 
183.5 

116. 604 

1 

94.3 

746.5 

167.8 

914.3 

820.0 

-2.3 

817.7 

350  :\IEMOIKS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

Taule  LXVIII. — Hecord  of  water  in  ventilating  air  current — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  36-28 — Continued. 


Period. 

(a) 

Ventilation. 
Number  ot 
liters  of  air. 

Water  in  incom- 
ing air. 

Water  in  outgoing  air. 

(ff) 

Total  ex- 
cess water 

in  ou^ 
going  air. 

(ft) 

Correc- 
tion for 
water  re- 
maining 
in  cham- 
ber. 

(i) 

Date. 

(6) 

Per 
liter. 

(c) 

Total, 
axb. 

Amount 

con- 
densed 

freezers. 

(e) 

Amount 
not  con- 
densed in 
freezers. 

(/) 

Total, 
d+e. 

Total 
water  ot 
respira- 
tion and 
perspira- 
tion. 
g+h. 

1900. 

Feb.          19 

19 

19-20 

20 

Experiment  No.  37 — 
Continued. 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  ni 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Liters. 
27,  208 

27,  985 
29,  .540 

28,  762 

Mil. 
.810 
.826 
.837 
.819 

Grams. 
22.0 
23.1 
24.7 
23.6 

Grams. 
184.3 
191.2 
195.2 
173.3 

Gra7ns. 
39.6 
38.2 
45.9 
39.0 

Grams. 
223.9 
229.4 
241.1 
212.3 

Grams. 
201.9 
206.3 
216.4 
188.7 

Grams. 
+6.1 
+  1.9 
-3.5 
-2.6 

Grams. 
208.0 
208.2 
212.9 
186.1 

Total 

113,495 

93.4 

744.0 

162.7 

906.7 

813.3 

+1.9 

815.2 

20-21 
21-22 
22-23 

Experiment  No.  28. 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

112, 717 
108,  830 
111,162 

94.8 
90.2 
97.9 

769.8 
742.4 
730.7 

163.7 
156.9 
159.9 

933.5 
899.3 
890.6 

838.7 
809.1 
792.7 

-2.1 
+4.7 
-2.1 

836.6 
813.8 
790.6 

The  heat  carried  away  by  the  water  current  and  the  latent  heat  of  vaporization  of  water  in 
this  series  of  experiments  are  shown  in  Table  LXIX.  As  in  the  previous  tables,  the  data  are 
summarized  for  experiments  Nos.  26  and  28  and  given  in  detail  for  experiment  No.  27,  in  which 
alcohol  formed  a  part  of  the  diet. 

Table  LXIX. — Summary  of  calorimetric  measurements — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  26-28. 


Date. 

Period. 

(a) 

Heat  meas- 
ured in 
terms  of  Coo- 

Change  of 
temperature 
of  calorime- 
ter. 

(c) 

Capacity  cor- 
rection of 
calorimeter 
6x60. 

id) 

Correction 
due  to  tem- 
perature of 
food  and 
dishes. 

(«) 

Water  vapor- 
ized equals 
total  amount 
exhaled  less 
amount  con- 
densed in 
chamber. 

(/) 

Heat  used 
in  vaporiza- 
tion of  water 
e  X  0.592. 

(5) 

Total  heat 
determined 
a  +  c  +  d+f. 

1900. 
Feb.    14-15 
1.5-16 
16-17 

Experiment  No.  26. 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Experiment  No.  27. 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

Calones. 
1, 584. 1 
1,618.3 
1, 592. 3 

Degrees. 
+0.1 
+  .3 

+  .1 

Calories. 
+0.60 
+1.80 
+   .60 

Calories. 
+  1.7 
+  2.5 
+12.0 

Grams. 
829.1 
806.6 
799.  5 

Calories. 
490.8 
477.  5 
473.3 

Calories. 
2, 077. 2 

2. 100. 1 

2. 078. 2 

17 

17 

17-18 

18 

513.1 
477.5 
404.6 
256.  8 

+  .1 
0 
0 

+  .1 

+  .60 
0 
0 

+  .60 

-  3.1 

-  9.3 
+  1.0 

207.9 
210.9 
201.6 
180.1 

123.1 
124.8 
119.3 
106.6 

633.7 
593. 0 
524.9 
364.0 

1,652.0 

+  .2 

+1.20 

-11.4 

800.5 

473.8 

2, 115. 6 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  ni.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total    

18 

18 

18-19 

19 

527.4 
481.6 
402.2 
243. 9 

0 
0 

-  .1 
+  .1 

0 

0 

-  .60 

+  .60 

-8.2 
-9.6 

+  4.3 

218.5 
213.1 
202.6 
183.5 

129.3 
126.2 
119.9 
108.6 

648.5 
598.2 
525.  8 
353.1 

1,6.55.1 

0 

0 

-13.5 

817.7 

484.0 

2, 125.  6 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  in 

Total 

19 

19 

19-20 

20 

515. 5 
467.9 
403.  7 
269.5 

0 
0 
0 

+  .1 

0 
0 
0 

+  .60 

-  8.4 

—  7.1 
+  3.  7 

208.0 
208.2 
212.  9 
186.1 

123. 1 
123.2 
126.0 
110.2 

630.2 
584.0 
533.4 
380.3 

1, 656. 6 

+  ■! 

+  .60 

-11.8 

815.  2 

482. 5 

2, 127. 9 

Experiment  No.  28. 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

7  a.  ra.  to  7  a.  m 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

20-21 
21-22 
22-23 

1, 599. 5 
1,589.7 
1,.594.2 

0 

-)-  .2 
-1-  .1 

0 
+1.20 
+  .60 

+  2.8 
+  2.6 
+  2.2 

836.6 
813.8 
790. 6 

495.2 

481.8 
468.0 

2, 097. 5 
2,075.3 
2, 065.  0 

MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIO^'AL  ACADEMY  OF  SC^IEXCES. 


351 


The  determination.^  of  alcohol  in  urine  and  freezer  water  and  of  reducing-  material  reckoned 
a.s  alcohol  in  the  air  current  were  made  in  the  u.sual  manner,  and  the  results  are  given  in  Table 
LXX.  It  will  he  observed  that  there  was  an  elimination  of  reducing  material  equivalent  to  an 
average  of  0.32  gram  of  alcohol  per  day  on  the  (5  days  of  experiments  Nos.  2(i  and  28.  This 
amount  has  been  deducted  from  the  values  obtained  in  e.xperiment  No.  27,  and  the  difference  is 
taken  as  a  measure  of  the  alcohol  excreted  unoxidized.  It  will  likewise  be  ob.served  that  there 
is  here  no  indication  whatever  of  an}-  lag  in  the  elimination  of  alcohol  from  the  body  as  was 
apparently  indicated  by  the  results  obtained  in  experiments  Nos.  18-20. 

T.\BLE  LXX. — Alcohol  ingested  and  excreted — Metabolism  experiment  Xo.  37. 


Alcohol 
ingested. 

.\lcohol  excreted,  including  other  reduc- 
ing material  calculated  as  alcohol. 

Alcohol 
excreted 
unoxi- 
dized." 

.\lcohol  metabo- 
lized in  body. 

Date. 

In  urine 
(distil- 
late). 

In  freezer 
water  (dis- 
tillate). 

In  air 
current. 

Total. 

1900. 

E.ipe rime  lit  Xo.  36. 
Feb.  14-15 

Grams. 

Grams. 

0.02 

.03 

.02 

Grams. 

0.01 
Trace. 
Trace. 

Grams. 
0.33 

Grams. 
0..3fi 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Per  cent. 

1.5-16 

.28  '        .31 
.45           .47 

16-17 

Experiment  Xo.  37. 
Feb.  17-18 

72 
72 

72 

.13 

■     .11 

.09 

ooo 

1.  23         1. 37 

1.04         1.16 

.98  !      1.08 

1.05 
.84 
.76 

70.9 
71.2 
71.2 

98.5 

18-19 

98  9 

19-20 

98.9 

Total 

Average  for  day 

216 

.33 

.11 

.03 
.01 

3.25 
1.08 

3.61 
1.20 

2.65 

213.3 

71.1 

988 

Kcperimenl  Xo.  3S. 
Feb.  20-21 

.02 
.02 
.01 

Trace. 
.01 
.01 

.29 
.19 
.21 

.31 
.22 
.23 

21-22 

22-23 

'  Equals  total  reducing  material  excrete<l  less  0.32  grams  of  reducing  material  not  alcohol,  the  average  for  the  days 
on  which  no  alcohol  was  consumed. 


Balance  of  income  atul  vxtgo  of  matter  and  energy. — Tables  LXXI  to  LXXIV  summarize 
the  income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen,  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  energy  according  to  the  plan  adopted 
in  previous  experiments. 

Table  LXXI. — Income  and  ouigo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon — Metabolism  experiments  Xos.  26-3S. 


Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Date  and  period. 

(a) 
In  food. 

(b) 
In  feces. 

(c) 
In  urine. 

Gain(-l-) 
orloss(-) 
a-(6-l-c). 

(e) 
In  food. 

(/) 
In  feces. 

(.9) 
In  urine. 

(A) 

In  respir- 
atory- 
products. 

(0 

In  alcohol 
eliminat- 
ed. 

(*) 

Gain  (+) 

orloss(-) 

f-(/-l-<7 

+h+i). 

1900. 

Experiment  Xo.  36. 

Feb.  14-15,  7  a.  m .  to  7  a.  m . 
15-16,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m . 
16-17,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  ui . 

Grams. 
15.9 
15.9 

15.9 

Grams. 
1.1 
1.1 
1.1 

Grams. 
16.6 
15.1 
14.4 

Grams. 
-1.8 
-   .3 

+  .4 

Groms. 
233.2 
233.2 
233.2 

ffroms. 
9.4 
9.5 
9.4 

Grams. 
11.9 
10.8 
10.4 

Grams. 
194.9 
198.4 
194.9 

Grams. 

Grams. 
+17.0 
+14.5 
-18.5 

Total 

Average  iier  dav. 


15.  9 


3.3 

1.1 


46.1        -1. 
1.5.4       -  . 


28.  3 
9.4 


33.1 

11.0 


588.  2 
196. 1 


^.50. 0 
-16.  7 


352  MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

Table  LXXI. — Income  and  outgo  vf  nitrogen  and  carlion — Metabolism  e-qieriments  Nos.  26-3S — Continued. 


Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Date  and  period. 

(a) 
In  food. 

(6) 
In  feces. 

(c) 
In  urine. 

■      id) 

Gain(+) 
or  loss  ( — ) 
a-(5+e). 

In  food. 

(/) 
In  feces. 

(ff) 
In  urine. 

(ft) 

In  respir- 
atory 
products. 

(0 

In  alcohol 
eliminat- 
ed. 

(k) 

Gain(-l-) 
or  loss  (  - ) 

+li+i). 

1900. 

Experiment  JNo  17. 

Feb.  17-18,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 
18-19,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 
19-20,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 

Grams. 
15.8 
15.7 
15.8 

Grams. 
1.1 
1.1 
1.1 

Grams. 
14.6 
15.5 
16.8 

Grams. 
+   .1 
-  .9 
-2.1 

Grams. 
229.5 
229.5 
229.5 

Grams. 
8.9 
9.0 
8.9 

Grams. 
10.5 
11.1 
12.0 

Grams. 

■  197.  4 
197.2 
200.  3 

Gravis. 

0.5 

0.4 

■    0.4 

Grams. 
+  12.2 
+  11.8 
+  7.9 

Total       

47.3 
15.8 

3.3 

1.1 

46.9 
15.7 

-2.9 
-1.0 

688.5 
229.5 

26.8 
8.9 

33.6 
11.2 

594.9 
198.3 

1.3 
.5 

+31.9 

Average  per  day 

+10.  6 

Experiment  No.  S8. 

Feb.  20-21,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 
21-22,  7  a.m.  to  7a.m. 
22-23,  7  a.m.  to  7  a.  m. 

15.8 
15.7 
15.8 

1.2 
1.3 
1.2 

15.9 
15.2 
14.7 

-1.3 

-  .8 

—  .1 

245.8 
245.8 
245.8 

10.0 
10.0 
10.0 

11.4 
10.9 
10.5 

211.0 
212.8 
208.3 

+  13.4 
+  12.1 
+  17.0 

Total       

47.3 
15.8 

3.7 
1.2 

45.8 
15.3 

-2.2 

-  .7 

737.4 
245.8 

30.0 
10.0 

32.8 
10.9 

632.1 
210.7 

+42.5 

Average  per  day 

+14.2 

Table  LXXII. — Income  and  outgo  of  water  and  hydrogen — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  26-S8. 


Date  and  period. 


In  res- 
piratory 
prod- 
ucts. 


Apparent 

loss 

a+'b-(c^■ 

d+e). 


(C)         (A)        (»)         (*) 

In  al- 
cohol 
elim- 
inat- 


(0 

Appar- 
ent 
gains 
-(h+i 


Loss 
from 
water 
/-^9. 


(«) 

Total 
gain 
(  +  )or 


1900. 

Experiment  No.  26. 

Feb.  14-15,  7  a.  m.  to 


/  a.  in 

Feb.  15-16,  7  a.  m.  to 
7  a.  m 

Feb.  16-17,  7  a.  m.  to 
7  a.  Ml 


Grams. 
1,046.3 


1,046.3 
1,046.3 


Gram 
800.0 


800.0 
800.0 


Grams. 
57.0 


57.0 
57.0 


Grams 
1,157.3 

1,  472.  4 

1, 289. 0 


Grams. 
829.1 


806.6 
799.5 


197.1 
489.7 
299.2 


33.9 
,33. 8 
33.9 


Gms. 
1.1 


Gms. 
2.9 


2.6 
2.5 


Grams. 
+29.9 


+30.0 
+30.3 


Grams 
-  21.9 


54.4 
33.2 


Grams. 
+  8.0 


-24.4 
-2.9 


Total 

Average  per  day 

Experiment  No.  37. 

Feb.  17-18;  7  a.  m.  to 
7  a.  m 

Fel).  18-19,  7  a.  m.  to 
7  a.  m 

Fell.  19-20,  7  a.  m.  to 
7a.  Ml 


3, 138. 9 
1, 046.  3 


2,400.0   171.0 
800. 0     57. 0 


3, 918.  7 
1,306.2 


2,435.21- 

811.71- 


986.0   101.6 
328.  6|     33.  9 


3.4 


8.0 
2, 


90.2 
+30. 1 


-109.5-19.3 
-  36.5-  6.4 


1,040.0  800.0,  50.7 

i 

1,040.0'  800.0  50.7 

1,040.0,  800.01  50.7 


1, 468.  7 
1,381.1 
1,2.34.5 


800.  5- 

817.  7i- 

I 

815.21- 


479.9 
409.5 
260.4 


Total 

Average  per  day 

Experiment  No.  38. 

Feb.  20-21,  7  a.  m.  to 
7  a.  Ml 

Feb.  21-22,  7  a.  ni.  to 
7  a.  tn 

Feb.  22-23,  7  a.  ni.  to 
7  a.  m 


3, 120. 0,2, 400.  0   152. 1 
1, 040.  Oj     800.  0     50.  7 


2,433.4:- 
811.1- 


-1,149.8 
-     383. 2 


36.9 
36.9 
36.9 


110.7 
36.9 


2.5 
2.7 
2.9 


0.1 
.1 
.1 


+33.5 
+33.3 
+33. 1 


-  53.3 

-  45.5 

-  28.9 


8.1 
2.7 


+99.9 
+33.3 


Total 

Average  per  day 


1,040.0     800.0     51.71,113.2 

I 
1,040.0     800.0     51.81,238.0 

I 
1,040.0;    800.0     51.7,1,150.3 


836.6- 
81.3.8:- 
790.  6  - 


161.  5  35.  8 
263.  6  35. 8 
152. 6     35. 8 


1.3 
1.4 
1.3 


2.8 
2.6 
2.5 


+31.  7 
+31.8 
+32.0 


3, 1 20.  0  2, 400.  0   1 55.  2  3, 501 .  5 
1,040.0;    800.01    51.711,167.2 


2,441.0- 
813.  7 


577.7   107. 4j    4.0 
192.  61    35.  81     1.  3 


7.9 
2.7 


+95. 5 
+31.8 


-  64.2 

-  21.4 


-19.8 
-12.2 

+  4.2 


+.31.  3 
+10. 4 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

Table  LXXIII. — Gain  or  /oji.s  of  protein  iN.Xti.^'i),  fat,  and  water — Metaholism  experiments  Nox.  X-Jfi. 


353 


Dnte  and  period. 

(«) 

Nitrogen 
gained 
(+)  or 

lost(-). 

Protein 
gained 
(  +  )  or 
lost(-) 
ox  6.2.5. 

Total 
carbon 
gained 

(  +  )  or 
lost(-). 

(d) 

Carbon 
in  pro- 
tein 
gained 
(  +  )or 
lost  ( - ) 
6X.53. 

(0 

Carbon 
in  fat, 
etc., 
gained 
(-I-)  or 
lost  ( -) 
e-d. 

(/) 

Fat 
gained 
(+)  or 
lost  (-) 
(••i-.761. 

Total  hy- 
drogen 
gained 

(  +  )or 
lost(-). 

<"' 

Hydro- 
gen in 
protein 
gained 
(  +  )  or 
lost(-) 
6X.07. 

ti) 

Hydro- 
gen in  fat 
gained 
(^-)  or 
lost  (-) 
/x.llS. 

{>■■) 

Hydro- 
gen in 
water, 
etc., 
gained 
(  +  )or 
lost(-) 

II- 
l,h+i). 

Water 
gained 
(  +  )or 
lost(-) 
ix9. 

1900. 

Experiment  No.  JCi. 

Feb.  14-15,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. . 
15-16,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m.. 
16-17,  7  a.  111.  to  7  a.  iii.. 

-iTs 

-  .3 

+  .4 

(rram^. 

-11.2 
-1.9 

+  2.5 

Grams. 
+  17.0 
+14.5 
+18.5 

Grams. 
-5.9 
-1.0 

+  1.3 

Grams. 
+22.9 
+15.5 
+  17.2 

Grants. 
+30.1 
+20.4 
+22.6 

Grains. 
+  8.0 
-24.4 
-2.9 

Grains. 

-  .8 

-  .1 
+  .2 

Grams. 
+  3.6 

+2.4 
+2.7 

Grams. 
+  5.2 
-26.7 
-5.8 

Grams. 
+  46.8 
-240.  3 
-  52.2 

Total 

Average  per  day 

-1.7 
-  .6 

-10.6 
-  3.5 

+50.0 
+16.7 

-5.6 

-1.8 

+55. 6   +73. 1 
+18.5  1+24.4 

-19.3 
-6.4 

-  .7 

-  .2 

+8.7 
+2.9 

-27.3 
-  9.1 

-245.7 
-  81.9 

Experiment  So.  i7. 

Feb.  17-18,  7  a.  in.  to  7  a.  m. . 
18-19,  7  a.  111.  to  7  a.  m. . 
19-20,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  in.. 

+  .1 
—  .9 
-2.1 

+     .6 
-5.6 
-13.1 

+12.2 
+11.8 
+  7.9 

+  .3 
-3.0 
—6.9 

+11.9 
+14.8 
+14.8 

+15.6 
+19.4 
+19.5 

-19.8 
-12.2 
+  4.2 

'-'.'4' 
-  .9 

+1.9 
+2.3. 
+2.3 

-21.7 
—14.1 

+  2.8 

-195. 3 
-126.9 
+  25.2 

Total 

-2.9 
-1.0 

-18.1 
-  6.0 

+31.9 
+10.6 

-9.6 
-3.2 

+41.5 
+13.8 

+54.5 

+18.2 

-27.8 
-9.3 

-1.3 
-  .4 

+6.5 
+2.1 

-33.0 
-11.0 

-297. 0 

Average  per  day 

-  99.0 

E.vperiment  Xo.  28. 

Feb.  20-21,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. . 
21-22,  7a.  m.  to  7 a.m.. 
22-23,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m.. 

-1.3 

-  .8 

-  .1 

-  8.1 
-5.0 

-  .6 

+13.4 
+12.1 

+17.0 

-4.3 

-2.7 
-  .3 

+17.7 
+14.8 
+17.3 

+23.3 
+  19.4 

+22.7 

+13.  8 
+  2.5 
+15.0 

-  .6 

-  .3 

+2.7 
+2.3 

+2.7 

+11.  7 
+     .5 
+12. 3 

-T-105.3 
+     4.5 

+110.7 

Total         

-2.2 

-  .7 

-13.7 

+42.5 

-7.3 
—2.4 

+49.8 
+16.6 

+65.4 

+21.8 

+31.3 

+10.4 

-  .9 

-  .3 

-1-7.7 
+2.5 

+24.5  1  +220.5 

Average  per  day 

-  4.5 

+14.2 

+  8.2 

+  73.5 

Table  LXXIV. — Income  and  outgo  of  energi/^-Metabolism  experiments  Xos.  ^'6-^8. 


(a) 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion of 
food 
eaten. 

(b) 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion of 
feces. 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion of 
urine. 

(m) 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion of 
alcohol 
elimi- 
nated. 

id) 

Estimated 
heat  of 

combus- 
tion of 

protein 
gained 
(  +  )or 

lost(-). 

(e) 

Estimated 
heat  of 
combus- 
tion of  fat 
gained 
(  +  )or 
lost  (-). 

(/) 

Estimated 
energy  of 
material 
oxidized 
in  the 
body. 
a-C6-l-c+ 
m+d+e.) 

Heat  de- 
termined. 

Heat  determined 
greater  ( -i- )  or  less 
(  — )  than  e-stimated. 

Date  and  period. 

W 

f-g- 

(0 

1900. 

E.vperiment  Xo.  26. 

Feb.  14-15,  7 a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 
15-16,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m . 
16-17,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 

Calories. 
2,490 
2,490 
2,490 

Calories. 
106 
106 
106 

Calories. 
125 
125 
135 

Calorics. 

Calories. 

-  64 

-  11 
+  14 

Caloi'ies. 
+287 
+  195 
+216 

Calories. 
2,036 
2,075 
2,019 

Calorics. 
2,077 
2,100 
2,078 

Calories. 
+  41 
+  25 
+  59 

Per  cent. 
+2.0 
+1.2 
+2.9 

Total 

7,470 
2,490 

318 
106 

385 
128 

1     -  61 

1     -  20 

+698 
+233 

6, 130 
2,043 

6,255 
2,085 

+125 
+  42 

Average  per  day 

+2.6 

E.rperiment  No.  27. 

Feb.  17-18,  7a.  ni.  to  7  a.  m. 
18-19,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.m. 
19-20,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m . 

2,491 
2,491 
2,491 

97 
97 
97 

111 
121 
140 

7  1     +     3 
6       -  32 
5        -  75 

+149 
+185 
+186 

2,124 
2,114 
2,138 

2,116 
2,126 
2,128 

-  8 
-r  12 

-  10 

-  .4 
4-  .6 

-  .5 

Total      

7,473           291 
2,491            97 

372            18  i     —104 
124  '            6-35 

+520  i    6,376       6,370 
+174       2, 125  !     2, 123 

—     6    

Average  per  day 

•1         -  .1 

E.rperiment  No.  28. 

Feb.  20-21,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 
21-22,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 
22-23,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

2,  489 

2,489 
2,  489 

112 
112 
112 

119    j     -  47 

133  1 1     -  29 

132  1 -     3 

+222 
+185 
+217 

2,083  i     2,097 
2, 088       2, 075 
2, 031       2, 065 

+  14 
-  13 
+  34 

+  .7 
-  .6 

+  1.7 

Total 

7,467 
2,489 

336 
112 

384  1 1     -  79 

+624       6,202  i     6,237 

+  35 

+  12 

Average  per  day 

i2S 

1 

-  26 

+208 

2,067 

2,079 

-    .6 

354 


aiEMOlRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


EXPERIMENTS   NOS.    29-31 — WORK.       NO.   30    WITH   ALCOHOL   DIET. 

Suijecf. — J.  F.  S.,  who  served  as  the  subject  of  the  previous  series  of  rest  experiments  Nos. 
26-28.     His  weight  with  underclothing  was  about  6i.5  kilograms  (li2  pounds). 

OccujMtion  during  ex])erhnent. — Work,  8  hours  a  daj',  upon  a  stationary  bic3^cle  arranged  as 
an  ergometer,  as  described  on  page  237. 

Duration. — This  experiment  was  the  second  of  a  series  of  3,  each  of  which  continued  3  days. 
The  preliminary  period  continued  4  days,  beginning  with  breakfast  March  12,  1900.  On  the 
evening  of  the  fourth  day,  March  15,  the  subject  entered  the  calorimeter.  The  first  of  the  3 
series  of  experiments,  No.  29,  began  at  7  a.  m.  March  16,  and  continued  until  7  a.  m.  March  19, 
when  experiment  No.  30  began  and  continued  until  7  a.  m.  March  22,  and  in  turn  was  followed 
bv  experiment  No.  31,  which  continued  until  7  a.  m.  March  25.  The  subject  therefore  remained 
in  the  respiration  chamber  9  days  and  10  nights. 

Diet. — The  object  of  this  series  of  experiments  was  to  study  the  relative  replacing  power  of 
isodynamic  quantities  of  sugar,  alcohol,  and  fat,  when  the  subject  was  at  active  exercise.  There 
was  a  liasal  ration,  as  in  the  previous  series,  which  was  practically  the  same  in  the  3  experiments, 
the  only  dilierence  being  that  due  to  slight  variations  in  the  composition  of  the  milk  consumed. 
It  furnished,  approximately^,  100  grams  of  protein  and  from  2,949  to  2,984  calories  of  energy  per 
day  in  the  different  periods.  To  this  ration  was  added,  in  experiment  No.  29,  128  grams  of  cane 
sugar  per  day,  furnishing  607  calories  of  energy.  In  experiment  No.  30  the  supplemental  ration 
consisted  of  72  grams  of  absolute  alcohol  per  day,  furnishing  509  calories  of  energy.  In 
experiment  No.  31  the  supplemental  ration  consisted  of  6S.5  grams  of  butter  per  day,  furnishing 
1  gram  of  protein  and  511  calories  of  energy. 

To  795.5  grams  of  water  sweetened  with  25  grams  of  sugar  were  added  79.5  grams  of  90.6 
per  cent  commercial  alcohol  containing  72  grams  absolute  alcohol.  This  alcohol  mixture  was 
taken  with  and  between  meals  in  experiment  No.  30  as  in  previous  experiments.  The  sugar  in 
experiment  No.  29  was  likewise  taken  with  and  between  meals,  but  the  butter  in  experiment  No. 
31  was  consumed  with  the  rest  of  the  food  in  approximately  equal  portions  at  breakfast,  dinner, 
and  supper.  The  same  amount  of  water  was  given  in  the  diink  on  each  day  of  the  experiment 
and  amounted  to  1,250  grams  per  day.  In  experiment  No.  30,  803  grams  of  this  water  was 
furnished  ])y  the  alcohol  mixture.  The  kinds  and  quantities  of  food  served  at  each  meal  and  the 
quantities  of  drink  at  different  periods  of  the  day  wei'e  as  follows: 

I>itt  in  metabolmn  experiments  Nos.  39-31. 

FOOD— BASAL  RATION.  ' 


Breakfast. 

Dinner. 

Supper. 

Total. 

Beef..   .   .                  

Grams. 

Orams. 
58 
23 
300 
150 
25 

Ch'ams. 

Orams. 
58 

Butter 

12 

300 

75 

25 

37.5 
12.5 

12 

300 

75 

25 

37.5 
12.5 

47 

900 

300 

75 

75 

25 

'Eaten  on  parched  cereal  in  experiments  Nos.  29  and  31;  added  to  water  and  alcohol  in  experiment  No.  30. 

FOOD— SUPPLEMENT  A.L  RATION. 

Experiment  No.  29,  March  lG-18. — 128  grams  of  cane  sugar  daily  in  the  form  of  loaf  sugar,  taken  with  and  between 
meals.     This  amount  also  supplemented  the  ba.sal  ration  during  the  preliminary  experiment  March  12-15. 

Experiment  No.  SO,  March  19-21.— 72  grams  absolute  alcohol  daily.  This  required  79.5  grams  of  90.57  per  cent 
alcohol,  which  was  made  up  to  900  grams  with  tlie  addition  of  25  grams  sugar  and  the  rest  water. 

Experiment  No.  .31,  March  22-24. — The  additional  energy  during  this  experiment  was  furnished  by  63.5  grams 
butter. 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


355 


Diet  in  metabolism  experiments  Nos.  29-31. 
DRINK. 


Breakfa.st . . 
10.15a.  in.. 

Dinner 

4  p.  m 

Supper 

9  p.  m 

10.20  p.m.. 

Total 


150 
200 
200 
200 
1.50 
200 
150 


Experiment  No.  30. 


Alcohol  and 

sweetened 

water. 


Grams. 
175 
100 
175 
100 
175 
100 
75 


150 
200 
200 
200 
1.50 
200 
1.50 


1,250 


"Contained  803  grama  water,  25  grams  sugar,  and  72  grams  alcohol. 

Daily  routine. — The  general  routine  of  the  series  of  experiments  is  indicated  in  the  following 
schedule: 

Daily  programme — Metabolism,  experiments  Nos.  S9-31. 


6.50  a  m 

7  a.  m 

7.30  a.  m 

8.15  a.  m 

10.15  a.  m 

Take  pulse  and  temperature. 

Pass  urine,  weigh  self  dressed,  col- 
lect drip  and  weigh  absorbers. 

Breakfast.     Drink  150  grams  water. 

Begin  work. 

Stop  work.     Drink  200  grams  water. 

Begin  work. 

Stop  work. 

Take  pulse  and  temperature. 

Pass  urine,  collect  drip  and  weigh 
absorbers. 

Dinner.     Drink  200  grams  water. 

Begin  work. 

4  p.  m 

4.15  p.  Ill 

6.15  p.  m 

6.20  p.  m 

6.50  p.  m 

Stop  work.     Drink  200  grams  water. 
Begin  work. 

Stop  work.     Change  underclothing. 
Supper.     Drink  150  grams  water. 
Take  pulse  and  temperature. 

10.30  a.  ni 

12.30  p.  m 

12..50p.  m 

9  p.  m 

10  p.  m 

10.10  p.  m 

10.20  p.  m 

10.30  p.  m 

lect  drip  and  weigh  absorbers. 
Drink  200  grams  water. 
Take  pulse  and  temperature. 
Arrange  bed. 
Drink  150  grams  water. 
Retire. 

1.25  p.  m 

2  p.  m 

Table  LXXV  summarizes  the  more  important  statistics  in  the  diary  kept  by  the  subject. 
The  pulse  rate  was  observed  during  periods  of  both  work  and  rest.  The  observations  of  body 
temperature  could  not  be  made  as  frequently  as  in  the  previous  series  of  (rest)  experiments,  but 
were  frequent  enough  to  afford  basis  of  comparison  between  the  different  experiments  of  this 
series. 

Amount  of  worh  done. — The  total  number  of  miles  registered  by  the  cj'clometer  on  different 
da3's  of  the  series  of  experiments  and  the  heat  equivalent  of  the  work  done  each  day  are  shown 
in  Table  LXXVI.  As  has  already  been  pointed  out,  the  amount  of  work  done  could  hardlv 
have  been  as  large  as  would  be  required  to  propel  a  bicycle  the  number  of  miles  recorded  by  the 
cyclometer.  It  will  be  observed  that  there  was  l)ut  little  difference  in  the  average  amounts  of 
work  done  in  different  days  in  the  different  experiments  of  this  series. 


356 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

Table  LXXV. — Summary  of  the  diary — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  S9-S1. 


Date  and  lime. 

Weight. 

Pulse  rate 

per 
minute. 

Tempera- 
ture. 

Date  and  time. 

Weight. 

Pulse  rate 
minute. 

Tempera- 
ture. 

JExperiment  No.  'J9. 

Kilograms. 
63.85 

71 
90 
85 
87 
90 
79 
101 
108 
102 
88 
83 
82 
66 
92 
96 
94 
94 
74 
93 
98 
93 
94 
77 
76 

°F. 
97.6 

Experiment  No.  30— C't'd. 
Mar.20,  7  p.  m 

Kilograms. 
64.80 

72 
77 

"F. 

97.3 

8  p.  m 

8.09  p.  m 

74 

1'  m 

9.07  p.jn  

97.2 

98.5 

10.10  p.m 

73 
64 

99' 

93 
88 
84 
70 
101 
102 
95 
89 
76 
80 
69 
74 

65 

96.8 

Mar.  21,  6.55  a.  m 

7  a.  m 

64.34 

97.7 

9  a.  m 

10  a.  m 

64.78 

98.2 
97.4 

12  m 

64.76 

1  n.  m 

98.1 

10  a.  m 

12  m 

6  p.  m 

98.4 

6.55  p.  m 

64.60 

97.  8 

97.5 

97.0 

10.15  p.m 1 

97.0 

E.xperiment  No.  31. 
Mar.  22,  6.55  a.  m 

64.09 

65. 12 

97.9 

8  08  p  m 

8  12  p  m 

97.6 
97.4 

97.6 

75 
69 

93 
87 
90 
87 
67 
99 
93 
97 
93 
71 

10  p  m 

10  a.  m 

96.9 
97.3 

64.76 

65 
88 
93 
91 
92 
69 
91 
95 
95 
93 
79 
74 

12  m 

97.8 

12  m 

98.0 

6  p.  m 

7  p.  m 

64.55 

76 
70 
67 
68 

97.5 

9  p.  m 

97.0 

.  64.  96 

97.8 

10.12  p.m 

96.5 

Mar.  23, 6.55  a.  m 

97.6 

8  23  p  in 

97.4 
97.2 

7  a.  m 

64.24 

77 
66 

100 
92 
89 
89 

10  20  p  m 

10  a.  m       

10  25  p  m 

96.4 

64.  59 

66 

12  m 

Experiment  iNo.  SO. 

97 
94 
89 
90 
74 
75 
68 
66 
65 
89 
95 
86 
88 
68 

97.6 

97 
91 
89 
69 
88 
87 
93 
93 
78 
74 
75 
72 
66 

10  35  a  m 

7  p.  m 

64.68 

97.6 

98.2 

97.5 

3  p  111 

10.10  p.  m 

Mar.  24,  6.55  p.m 

64.38 

65.  05 

97.7 
98.0 
97.4 
97.3 

10  a.  m 

11  a.  Ill 

12  m 

10  10  p  m 

12.55  p.m 

64.48 

97.8 

97.8 

3  p.  m 

98 
98 
91 
90 
76 
73 
71 

101 
91 

87 
85 
68 

10  a   111 

12  m 

7  p.  m 

64.  90 

97.4 

12  55  i>  II] 

97.3 

97.4 

95 

92 
92 
85 

9.04  p.  m  . . . 

96.9 

10.05  p.m 

66 

10.10  p.m 

96.7 

Mar.  25,  6.55  a.  m 

64.49 

68 

97.9 

MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


357 


T.\BLE  LXXVI. — Record  uf  work  done — MetaholiKm  experiments  Nos.  jg-Sl. 


lliite  nnd  time. 

Cyclometer 
reading. 

Number  of 
miles. 

AetUfll  du- 
ration of 
work. 

Rate. 

Heat  equiv- 
alent. 

1900. 
Experiment  No.  S9. 

666.0 

687.5 
708.4 
729.8 
751. 1 

.Minutes. 

Watts. 

Catories. 

10  15  am                             

21.. 5 
20.9 
21.4 
21.3 

120 
120 
120 
116 

42.0 
39.7 
39.5 
37.7 

72 

12  30  p.  m                

68 

68 

6  15  p.  m                           

62 

Total 

85.1 

476 

270 

Alar  17   10  15  a  m                                    

772.  3 
795.  9 
813.1 
837.9 

21.2 
23.6 
17.2 
24.8 

116 
120 
83 
120 

35.5 
37.0 
42.4 
.39.0 

59 

12  30  ])  in                            

63 

50 

67 

Total                                                        

86.8 

439 

239 

Mar.  18,  10.15  a.  m     

861.8 
885.0 
906.9 
930.4 

23.9 
23.2 
21.9 
23.5 

120 
120 
120 
120 

36.5 

.35.7 

37.4 

40.0 

62 

12  30  p  m                                     

61 

64 

69 

92.5 

480 

256 

947.9 

969.2 

986.8 

1, 006.  7 

17.5 
21.3 
17.6 
19.9 

96 
128 
120 
120 

40.5 
35.5 
34.0 
37.2 

55 

65 

58 

65 

76.3 

464 

243 

Mar.  20,  10.15  a.  m 

12  30  p.  in                    

1,028.8 
1,047.8 
1,068.3 
1,088.3 

20.1 
21.0 
20.5 
20.0 

120 
120 
120 
120 

35.7 
36.9 
36.2 
88.2 

61 
63 

62 

66 

81.6 

480 

252 

Mar.  21,  10.15  a.  m     

1,109.6 
1,131.4 
1,152.8 
1,173.2 

21.3 
21.8 
21.4 
20.4 

120 
120 
120 
120 

37.4 
36.2 
37.0 
36.5 

64 

62 

63 

6.15  p.  m  

63 

84.9 

480 

252 

Experiment  No.  31. 

1,194.4 
1,218.0 
1,240.9 
1,262.9 

21.2 
23.6 
22.9 
22.0 

120 
120 
120 
120 

37.4 
38.7 
39.0 
37.0 

64 

12  30  p  m                                                    

66 

67 

6. 15  p.  m     

63 

Total 

89.7 

480 

260 

Mar.  23  10  15  a.  m 

1,  289.  7 
1,306.8 
1,329.9 
1,351.4 

26.8 
17.1 
23.1 

21.5 

120 
120 
120 
120 

37.2 
37.0 
37.4 
34.4 

64 

12.30  p. m            

63 

64 

59 

Total 

88.  5 

480 

250 

Mar.  24   10.15  a.  m                                     

1, 375.  8 
1,400.7 
1,423.7 
1,447.4 

24.4 
24.9 
23.0 
23.7 

120 
120 
104 
120 

37.0 
35.7 
35.7 
34.9 

63 

12.30  p.  m                

61 

53 

60 

96.0 

464 

237 

Vol.  S— No.  6- 


858 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


Dt'faihd  sfdtisfics  of  Income  dnd  outgo. — The  quantities  of  nutrients  in  the  basal  ration 
which  was  the  same  except  for  the  slight  differences  in  the  composition  of  the  milk  already 
mentioned,  and  the  ciuantities  in  the  .supplemental  rations  in  the  different  experiments  of  this 
series,  are  sho^A•n  in  Table  LXXVII.  The  outgo  of  matter  and  energy  in  the  feces  during  the 
successive  experiments  of  this  series  is  shown  in  Table  LXXVIII. 

Table  LXXVII. — Weight,  composilioa,  and  heat  of  combusllon  of  fuoih — MrtaboUsm  experimenl.s  Nos.  29-31. 


Labo- 
ratory 
Xo. 

Food  material. 

Weight 
per  day. 

Water. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion. 

31S6 

Basal  ration . 
Beef                       

Grams. 
58 
47 
300 
75 
75 
25 

Grams. 

35.0 

4.3 

109. 5 

3.1 

3.1 

Grams. 

20.7 

.6 

28.2 

4.7 

9.0 

Grams. 
1.7 
40.6 
6.0 
6.2 
1.1 

Grams. 

"'i52.'4' 
59.9 
60.4 
25.0 

Grams. 
3.32 

.09 
4.50 

.75 
1.44 

Grams. 
12.12 
30.60 
87.42 
33.24 
32.04 
10.52 

Grams. 
1.73 
4.91 
12.90 
4.96 
4.72 
1.62 

Calories. 
135 

3187 

Butter 

■378 

3192 
3181 

Bread 

879 
333 

3193 

315 

99 

Experiment  No.  29. 

580 

155.0 

63.2 

55.6 

297.7 

10.10 

205. 94 

30.84 

2,139 

3189 

900 

760.5 

36.9 

50.4 

45.0 

5.94 

73.  80 

11.34 

841 

Total  basal  ration. .. 
Supplemental  ration. 

1,  180 
128 

915.5 

100.1 

106.0 

342.7 

128.0 

16.04 

279.  74 
53.89 

42.18 
8.29 

2,980 
507 

Total  ration,  1  day.. 

EXPERI.MENT    No.  30. 

1,608 

915.5 

100.1 

106.0 

470.7 

16.04 

333.63 

50.47 

3,487 

3190 

900 

765.0 

36.0 

48.6 

43.2 

5.76 

72.00 

10.80 

810 

Total  basal  ration... 
Supplemental  ration. 

1,480 

920.0 

99.2 

104.  2 

340.9 

15.86 

277. 94 
37.  56 

41.64 
9.39 

2,949 
509 

Total  ration,  1  day.. 

EXPEEI.MEXT  No.  31. 
Milk,  whole 

1,552 

920.0 

99.2 

104.2 

340.9 

15.86 

315.60 

51.03 

3,458 

3191 

900 

760.5 

36.9 

50.4 

45.0 

5.85 

74.25 

11.34 

845 

Total  liasal  ration. . . 

Supplemental  ration. 
Butter 

3187 

1,480 
'        63. 5 

915.5 
5.8 

100.1 
.8 

106.0 
54.8 

342.7 

15.95 
.13 

280. 19 
41.  34 

42.18 
6.63 

2,984 
511 

Total  ration,  1  day.. 

1,543.5 

921.3 

100.9 

160.8 

"342.  7 

16.08 

321.53 

48.81 

3,495 

T.\BLE  LXXVIII. — Weir/lit,  cojnposition,  and  heat  of  combustion  of  feces — Metabolism  e.rperiment  No.  29-31. 


Labo- 
rs tor}' 
.\o. 

Weight. 

Water. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion. 

3195 

Experiment  No.  S9. 

Grams. 
177.0 

Grams. 
123.7 

Grams. 
15.9 

Grams. 
9.0 

Grams. 
18.2 

Grams. 
2.55 

Grams. 
25.01 

Gravis. 
3.6 

Calories. 
279 

Average  per  day 

Experiment  No.  30. 

59.0 

41.2 

5.3 

3.0 

6.1 

.85 

8.34 

1.2 

93 

3196 

142.7 

101.6 

12.7 

6.4 

14.0 

2.04 

19.31 

2.7 

212 

Average  per  day 

*4776~ 

33.9 

4.3 

2.1 

4.7 

.68 

6.44 

.9 

71 

Etcperiment  No.  31, 

160.1 

108.1 

15.2 

8.2 

18. 1         2. 43 

24.32 

3.4 

272 

Average  per  day 

53.4 

36.0 

5.1 

2.7 

6. 0          .81 

8.11 

1.1 

91 

MEMOIRS  OF  THE  .NATIOIS'AL  ACADEMY  OF  SClEMCEti. 


^od 


The  iiniount  and  ooniposition  of  the  urine  in  thi.s  experiment  is  shown  in  Tables  LXXIXand 
LXXX.  The  .statistics  are  shown  for  6-hour  periods  in  experiment  No.  30,  in  which  alcohol 
formed  a  part  of  the  diet,  and  for  day  periods  in  experiments  Nos.  29  and  and  31  without  alcohol. 
The  heat  of  comljustion  of  the  urine  was  determined  in  the  composite  .sample  for  each  daj',  but 
the  carl)on  and  hydrogen  were  determined  only  in  a  composite  for  the  total  '.>  days  of  this  scries 
of  experiments. 

Table  LXXIX. — Amount,  specific  r/raritii,  and  nitrogen  of  urine  by  G-hour  periods — Metabolism,  e.rperiments  Xos.  29-Sl. 


Dntc. 

Period. 

Amount. 

specific 
gravity. 

Nitrogen. 

1900. 

Mar  16-17 

Ej-perimerit  No.  29. 

Grams. 
694.9 
777.2 
890.8 

1.0.34 
1.031 
1.030 

Per  cent. 
2.19 
2.07 
1.79 

arams. 
15.  24 

17  18 

16.11 

18  19 

15.97 

Total                                                                          .      . .  - 

47.32 

Experiment  No.  SO. 

19 

247.0 
358.3 
196.8 
165.2 

1.029 
1.026 
1.031 
1.031 

1.71 
1.35 
2.02 
2.18 

4.22 

19 

4.84 

19  20 

3.98 

20 

3.60 

Total          .           

967.3 

16.64 

967.3 

1.029 

1.74 

16.83 

20 

309.  5 
320.  7 
254.6 
171.9 

1.027 
1.027 
1.025 
1.029 

1.47 
1..55 
1.80 
2.15 

4.55 

20 

4.97 

20-21 

4.58 

21 

3.70 

Total                                                                             

1, 056.  7 

17.80 

1,056.7 

1.027 

1.69 

17.86 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  111.  to  7  a.  m 

Total                                      

21 

21 

21-22 

22 

355.3 
409. 5 
217.5 
154.2 

1.021 
1.020 
1.026 
1.028 

1.28 
1.18 
1.89 
2.19 

4.55 
4.83 
4.11 
3.38 

1, 136. 5 

16.87 

1,136.5 

1.023 

1.47 

16.70 

Experiment  No.  31. 

22-23 

812.3 

790. 5 

1        880. 0 

1.030 
1.030 
1.030 

1.98 
1.93 
1.71 

16. 05 

23-24 

15.24 

24-25 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Totiil                                                          

15.02 

46.31 

1 

3(i0  MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

T.\Bi.E  LXXX. — Daily  elimination  of  carbon,  htjdroyen,  and  water  in  arluc — ilctaboliiin  e.cperimenls  Nos.  119-31. 


Date. 

Amount. 

Water. 

Heat  of  combustion. 

Per  gram. 

Total. 

1900. 

Mar.  16-17 

17-18 

18-19 

Grams. 
694.9 
777.2 
890.8 

Per  cent. 

Grams. 
10.78 
11.39 
11.29 

Per  cent. 

Grams. 
2.86 
3.03 
3.00 

Per  cent.       Grams. 

1     641.0 

720.3 

834.3 

Calories. 

0. 193 

.173 

.150 

Calories. 
134 
134 
134 

Total 

2, 362. 9 

33.46 

8.89 

'2,195.6 

402 

19-20 

20-21 

21-22 

967.3 
1, 0.56.  7 
1, 136. 0 

1      11.76 

12.,59 

!      11.93 

3.13 
3.34 
3.17 

908.5 

993. 8 

1,076.8 

.141 

.]34 
.125 

136 
142 
142 

Total.: 

3, 160.  5 

1      36.28 

9.64 

2,979.1 

420 

22-23 

23-24 

812.3 
790.  5 
880.0 

,      11.35 

10.78 

10. 62 



.3.01 
2.86 
2.82 

755. 6 

736.6 

826. 9 

.162 
.163 

.145 

132 
129 

24r-''.5 

128 

Total 

2, 482.  8 

32.75  |. 

8.69 

2,319.1 



389 

Total  9  ilav.s 

8, 006. 2 

1.  28  ;     in?>  49 

0.34 

27.22 

7,493  8 



1  211 

The  quantities  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the  ventilating  air  current  are  given  in  Tallies 
LXXXI  to  LXXXIII.  The.se  statistics  are  given  in  detail  for  experiment  No.  30  in  which 
alcohol  was  used,  and  summarized  for  the  other  two  experiments  of  the  series. 

Taei.e  LXXXI. — Comparison  of  residual  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the  chamber  at  the  beginning  and  end 
of  each  period,  and  the  corresponding  gain  or  loss — Metabolism  experiment  No.  30. 


End  of  period. 

Carbon  dioxid. 

Water. 

Date. 

Total 
amount 

chamber. 

Gain  (  +  ) 
or  loss  (-) 

over 

preceding 

period. 

Total 

amount 

of  vapor 

remaining 

in 
chamber. 

Gain(  +  ) 
or  loss  (— ) 

over 

preceding 

period. 

Change 
in  weight 

of 
absorbers. 
Gain  (  +  ) 
or  loss  (— ). 

Drip" 

from 

absorbers. 

Total 

amount 

gained  (+) 

orlost(-) 

during  the 

period. 

1900.                                                                           Grams. 
Mar.          19      7  a.  m !           26.8 

Grams. 

Grams. 
48.1 
.53.4 
57.2 
52.6 
48.8 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

C) 

140.0 

367. 4 

32.4 

24.3 

Grains. 

19 
19 
20 
20 

1  p.  Ill 

7  p.  m 

1  a.  m 

7  a.  m 

Total 

1  p.  m 

7  p.  m 

79.6 
84.4 
23.9 
31.9 

+52.8 
+  4.8 
-60.5 
+  8.0 

+5.3 
+3.8 
-4.6 
-3.8 

+152 
+  11 

—  77 

—  77 

+297. 3 
+382.2 

—  49.2 

-  56.5 

1       +5.1 

+  .7 

+     9 

564.1  \      +573.8 

20 
20 

21 

76.  6         +44.  7 
63.5         -13.1 
27.  2         —36.  3 
2.5.7         —  1.5 

55.9 
51.3 
51.5 
47.3 

+  7.1 
-4.6 
+  .2 
-4.2 

+162 

-  26 

-  78 

-  79 

170. 0  1       +.3.39. 1 

365.1  +334.5 

23  1  1       —  54.7 

21 

17.  0  '       —  66.2 

Total 

-  6.2 

-1.5 

-  21 

575  2           4.552.7 

1  p.  m 

21 
21 

71.8  1       +46.1 
70.7         -  1.1 
25.  7  1      -45.0 
26. 4  ;       +     .  7 

53.2 
52.3 
47.1 
45.2 

+5.9 
-  .9 
-5.2 
-1.9 

+188 
+  10 
—101 
-102 

155.0 

359.  4 

34.4 

22.0 

+348.  9 
+368. 5 
—  71.8 

22 

22 

—  81.9 

Total 

'T                        ■        ~ 

-2.1 

-     '^ 

570.  8 

-•-563.  7 

"  Includiii);  also  the  peri-piratioii  in  underclothes. 

''  The  drip  was  collectea  and  weighed  but  once  a  day.  The  volume  was  roughly  observed  at  1  p.  m.,  7  p.  in. 
an<l  7  a.  ni.,  and  this  volume  taken  a.s  a  rough  approximation  to  the  actual  weight  of  drip  for  the  different  periods 
The  small  amount  of  drip  observed  at  7  a.  m.  was  divided  equally  between  the  two  night  iitriods. 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


361 


Tamu-:  hXXXU.—Rminl  of. 


illu.n.l  ;„  nnlilaliuii  , 


irreiil—.Vrtahollsiii  r.rprr 


■itx  Kos.  S19-S1, 


(a) 


Carbon  dioxid. 


I     In  incoming  air 

Ventila-    

Ition.  Num-' 
Iber  of  liters       (") 
of  air. 


(<•) 


Per  liter. 


Total, 


Total  e.x- 
ces.s  in  out- 
going air, 


(/) 

Correc- 
tion for 
amount 
remai.i- 

ing  in 
chamber. 


Corrected 
amount  ex- 
haled by 
subject, 
e+J. 


Total 
weight  of 

carbon 
exhaled, 

ffx  ft- 


Mar. 

16-17 
17-18 
18-19 

19 

19 

19-20 

20 

20 

20 

20-21 

21 


21 

21 

21-22 

22 


22-23 
23-24 
24-25 


Experiment  No.  29. 

'^  Liters. 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  in 110,  386 

7  a.  111.  to  7  a.  in 110,385 

7  a.  ni.  t(i  7  a.  lu 108,831 

E.rperiiiient  .Vo.  .iu. 

7  a.  in.  to  7  a.  m 25, 653 

1  p.  111.  to  7  ]).  in 25,653 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  Ill 27,208 

1  a.m.  t(i  7  a.  m 27,208 

Tntal 105,722 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  Ill 25,  (153 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 27,  208 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  in 27,  208 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  in 27,208 

Total I  107,  277 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 26,  430 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m I  26,4.30 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m i  27.985 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  Ill '  27,985 


Total 


108,  830 


E.rperijtieiit  Xo.  -31. 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m I  106,  497 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 108, 051 

7  a.  lu.  to  7  a.  m 1  108,  830 


Grams. 
65.2 
65.5 
61.4 


Gmms. 
1,306.7 
1,252.7 
1,315.2 


Grams. 
1,241.5 
1, 187. 2 
1,253.8 


Grams. 
+  0.2 
-1.9 
+  3.0 


Grams. 
1,241.7 
1,185.3 
1,  2.56.  8 


0. 575 
.587 
..577 
.573 


14.7 
15.1 

15.7 
15.6 


389.2 
442.2 
254.6 
151.6 


374.4 
427.2 
238.9 
136.0 


+52.8 
+  4.8 
-60.5 
+  8.0 


427.  2 

432!  0 

178.4 
144.0 


61.1      1,237.6 


1,176.5 


.576 

.582 
.563 

.578 


14.8 
1.5.8 
15.3 
15.7 


377.0 
439. 5 
247.9 
149.6 


362.2 
423.7 
232.6 
133.  9 


-44.7 
-13.1 
-36.3 


132.4 


61.6  j  1,214.0  1,152.4 


..587 
..581 


15.5 
15.3 
1.5.9 
16.1 


62.8 


61.7 
61.8 
62.3 


389.2 
44.5.5 
232. 5 
148.6 


373.7 
4.30.  2 
216.6 
132.  5 


+46. 1  419.  8 

-  1. 1  429. 1 

-4.5.0  171.6 

+  0.7  133.2 


1,215.8  1,1.53.0 


1,210.2 
1,223.6 
1,  224.  5 


1, 148.  5 
1,161.8 
1, 162. 2 


Grams. 
338.7 
323.  3 
:H2.  7 


116.5 
117.8 
48.7 
39.3 


5.1  j  1,181.6    322.3 


406.9  I  111.0 
410.6  I  112.0 
196.3  53.5 


36.1 


1,146.2  I      312.6 


114.5 
117.0 
46.8 
36.3 


+  0.  7     1, 153.  7  ;      314. 6 


0.7  1,147.8  t  313.1 
1.0  1,160.8  I  316.6 
2.9  I  1,165.1         317.8 


Table  LXXXIII. — Record  of  center  In  rentilatlmj  air  current — MctahoUam  c.cpcriments  Nos.  39-.31. 


(a) 

Water  In  incoming 
air. 

Wate 

r  ill  outgoing  air. 

(,'/) 

CO 

Total 
water  of 
respira- 
tion and 

Date. 

Period. 

Ventila- 
tion. Num- 
ber of  liters 

(b) 

(c) 

Amount 

(f) 
Amount 

(.n 

Total  ex- 

ce.s.s  water 

in  out- 

Correc- 
tion for 
water  re- 

of air. 

Per 

Total, 

condensed 

Total, 

./"-c. 

in 

liter. 

a  X  b. 

densed  in 

d  +  c. 

g  -\-h. 

freezers. 

freezers. 

1900. 

E.rp 

•riinenl  Ko 

J9. 

Liters. 

Mg. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Mar.    16 

-1/ 

7  a. 

in.  to  7  a. 

m.. 

110,386 

89.8 

1,025.5 

176.7 

1,  202.  2 

1,112.4 

+555. 1 

1, 667. 5 

17 

-18 

7  a. 

m.  to  7  a. 

m.. 

110,385 

91.1 

992. 5 

179.4 

1,171.9 

1,080.8 

+3.58.  6 

1,439.4 

18 

-19 

7  a.  in.  to  7  a. 
E.rperinmil  .V« 

m . . 

.  ■jii. 

108,  831 

92.8 

1, 033. 9 

175. 6 

1,  209.  5 

1,116.7 

+619.  8 

1,736.5 

19 

7  a. 

in.  to  1  p. 

m. . 

25,  653 

0.970 

24.9 

239. 5 

44.3 

283.8 

258.9 

+297.  3 

556.  2 

19 

Ip. 

m.  to  7  p. 

in.. 

25,  653 

.969 

24.9 

257.1 

40.1 

297.2 

272.3 

+382. 2 

654.5 

19 

-20 

'  1>- 

m.  to  1  a. 

m.. 

27,  208 

.939 

25.6 

256. 5 

45.  5 

302.0 

276.4 

-  49.2 

227.  2 

20 
20 

1  a. 
7  a. 

m.  to  7  a. 

Total  . 

1,1.  to  1  p 

in. . 

27,  208 

.875 

23.8 

253.  7 

38.7 

292.4 

268.6 

-  56.5 

212.1 

105, 722 



99.2 

1, 006.  8 

168.6 

1, 175. 4 

1,076.2 

+573.  8 

1,650.0 

111. . 

25,  653 

.977 

25.1 

-  250.  6 

41.8 

292.4 

267.3 

+3.39.  1 

606.4 

20 

U' 

111.    in  7  \, 

111. . 

27,  208 

.892 

24.3 

270. 5 

42.6 

313.1 

288.  8 

+  334.5 

623.3 

20-21 

'  l'- 

in.  tw  1  a. 

111. . 

27,  208 

.'814 

22.1 

256.1 

45.  2 

301.3 

279.2 

-  .54.  7 

224.  5 

21 

1  a. 

111.  to  7  a. 
Total  . 

lu.  . 

27,  208 

.78] 

21.2 

261.8 

37.7 

299.  5 

278.  3 

-  66.2 

212.1 

107,277 

02.  7 

1,039.0 

167.  3 

1,206.3 

1, 113.  6 

^.552.  7 

1 ,  666.  3 

362 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


T.-iBLE  LXXXIII. — Record  of  wafer  in  ventilating  air  current — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  29-31 — Continued. 


(a) 

Ventila- 
tion. Kum- 
ber  of  liters 
of  air. 

Water  in  incoming 
air. 

Water  in  outgoing  air. 

(ff) 

Total  ex- 
cess water 

in  out- 
going air, 
f-c. 

(A) 

Correc- 
tion for 
water  re- 
maining 

chamber. 

(0 

Total 
water  of 
respira- 
tion and 
perspira- 
tion, 
g+li. 

Date. 

Period. 

(b) 

Per 
liter. 

(c) 

Total, 
axb. 

(d) 

Amount 
condensed 

freezers. 

(e) 

Amount 
not  con- 
densed in 
freezers. 

(/) 

Total, 

d+e. 

1900. 

Mar.         21 

21 

21-22 

22 

Experiment  No.  39 — 
Continued. 

7  a.  m.  tolp.  m.. 
1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m.. 
7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m.. 
1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m.. 

Liters. 
26, 430 
26, 430 

27, 985 
27, 985 

Mg. 

.828 

.816 

.782 

.767 

Gya7ns. 
21.9 
21.6 
21.9 
21.5 

Grams. 
250.4 
268.1 
253.3 
249.9 

Grains. 
39.8 
38.8 
43.3 
37.4 

Grams. 
290.2 
306.9 
296.6 
287.3 

Grams. 
268.3 
285.  3 
274.7 
265.8 

Grams. 
+348.  9 
+368. 5 

-  71.8 

-  81.9 

Grams. 
617.2 

653.8 
202.9 
183.9 

Total 

Experiment  Xo.  SI. 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m.. 
7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m.. 
7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m.. 

108,  830 

86.9 

1,021.7  1     159.3 



1,181.0 

1, 094. 1 

+563.  7 

1,657.8 

22-23 
23-24 
24-25 

106,497 
108, 051 
108, 830 

87.2 
90.3 

88.7 

994. 4       156.  4 

999.  0       160. 3 

1,015.0       162.6 

1, 150.  8 
1, 159. 3 
1,177.6 

1,063.6 
1,069.0 
1,088.9 

+573. 8 
+521. 1 
+566.0 

1,  637. 4 
1, 590. 1 
1, 654. 9 

Table  LXXXIV  .summarizes  the  calorimetric  measurements  in  experiments  Nos.  29  and  31, 
and  gives  the  details  of  these  measurements  in  6-hour  periods  during  e^pei'iment  No.  30. 

T.\BLE  LXXXIV. — Summary  of  calorimetric  measurements — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  29-31. 


Heat  meas- 
ured in 
terms  of 


Change  of 
temperature 
of  calori- 
meter. 


Capacity 
correction 
•of  calori- 
meter, 6x60, 


id) 


Correction 


{e) 


Water 
vaporized 
d'ueto'tem-   equals  total 

W^^^'exStss 
amount  con- 
densed in 
chamber. 


Heat  used 
in  vaporiza- 
tion or  water, 
ex  0.592. 


(P) 


Total  heat 
determined, 
a+c+d+f 


1900. 
Mar.    16-17 
17-18 
18-19 


19 

19 

19-20 

20 


Experiment  No.  39. 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  ni 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 


Calories. 

2. 997. 4 
2,  783. 0 

2. 988. 5 


Degrees. 
+0.13 
+  .09 
+  .20 


Calories. 
+  7.80 
+  5.40 

+12. 00 


Calories.  Grams. 

+5. 43  1, 112.  8 

+3.52  1,078.4 

+6. 00  1, 120. 1 


Experiment  No.  30. 


7  a  m.  to  1  p.m. 
1  p.  m.  to  7  p.m. 
7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m . 
1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  ni  . 


1,060.4 

1,114.7 

449.3 

241.6 


Total 2,866.0 


+  .03 
+  .01 
+  .01 
+  .02 


+  1.80 

+  .60 

+  .60 

+  1.20 


+9.40 
—2.23 
+1.53 


+  .07 


4.20 


^8.70 


20 

20 

20-21 

21 


21 

21 

21-22 

21 


7  a.m. to  1  p.m i  1,029.1 

Ip.  m.to7p.  m ]  1,089.0 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m |  410. 0 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 245.  7 


+  .02 
+  .01 
+  .01 
+  .02 


+  1.20 

+  .60 

+  .60 

+  1.20 


+6.35 
+  .81 
+  .70 


Calories. 
658.7 
638.4 
663.0 


Calories. 
3, 669. 3 
3, 430. 3 
3, 669. 5 


264.2 
276.1 
271.8 
264.8 


156.4 
163.4 
160.9 
156.8 


274.4 
284.2 
279.4 
274.1 


Total . 


.  773.  8 


7a.m.tolp.m ,     1,067.1 


1  p.  m.  to  V  p.  ni. 
7  p.m.  to  1  a.  ni. 
1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 


1,094.9 
403.  8 
236.6 


Total 2,802.4 


+  .06  I     +  3.( 


+7. 


1,112.1 


162.4 
168.2 
165.4 
162.3 


658.3 


-  .01 
+  .01 
+  .01 
+  .01 


-  .60 

+  .60 

+  .60 

+  .60 


+7.81 
-8.17 

+2.44 


274.2 

284.4 
269.5 
263. 9 


162.3 
168.4 
1.59.  5 
156. 2 


+  .02 


1.20 


2.08       1,092.0 


646.4 


1, 228. 0 

1, 276. 5 

612.3 

399.6 


637.5  1      3,516.4 


1,199.0 

1,  258. 6 

576.  7 

409.2 


3,  443.  5 


1,236.6 

1,  2.55.  8 

566.  3 

393.4 


3, 4.52. 1 


22-23 
23-24 

Experiment  No. 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  . 
7  a.  in.  to  7  a.  m  . 
7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  . 

31. 

:  I 

2 

797.6 
780.9 
702.2 

'"  +  " 
+ 

.'64' 

.01 

'"+ 
+ 

2.' 40': 
.60 

-f2.  07 
-3. 33 
+8.30 

1 
1 
1 

063.6, 
069.0 
091.6 

629.6 
632.8 
646.1 

3,  42H.  3 
3,  412.  8 

24-25 

3,417.2 

MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


363 


The  alcohol,  or  reducing  material  equivalent  to  alcohol,  was  determined  in  the  urine  and  freezer 
water  of  eaeh  day  of  experiment  No.  30,  and  ou  the  3  days  of  the  preeedino;  and  following 
experiment,-;.  Nos.  liH  and  31.  respectively.  The  amount  of  reducing  material  in  the  air  current 
on  each  day  of  the  !»  days  of  this  series  of  experiments  was  also  determined.  Table  LXXXV 
summarizes  these  determinations.  The  determinations  of  the  reducing  material  in  the  urine  on 
the  first  day  of  experiment  No.  29  was  lost,  so  that  we  can  only  estimate  the  total  reducing 
material  on  that  day.  It  was.  however,  probably  not  far  dift'erent  from  the  second  and  third 
days  of  this  experiment.  The  average  elimination  of  reducing  material  per  da\-  from  all  sources 
in  experiments  Nos.  -2^  and  31  amounted  to  the  ec[uivalent  of  0.32  gram  of  alcohol.  In  the 
third  from  the  last  column  of  Table  LXXXV  is  given  the  total  outgo  of  alcohol  in  experiment 
No.  30.  which  amounts  to  (1.76  gram  per  da.v.  This  value  is  obtained  In'  subtracting  from  the 
l.Oy  grams  of  total  alcohol  and  reducing  material  eijuivalent  to  alcohol  the  0.33  gram  of  reducing 
material  determined  during  the  experiments  in  which  alcohol  did  not  form  a  pait  of  the  diet. 
The  total  alcohol  metabolized  in  the  body  was  9S.9  per  cent  of  that  ingested. 

Table  LXXXV. — Alcohol  ingeMed  and  excreted — Jlelabolism  experiment  Xos.  29-Sl. 


Alcohol 
ingested. 


In  urine  In  drip 
(distil-  (distil- 
late).      .  late). 


Alcohol 

excreted, 

unoxi- 

dized.* 


1900. 
Experiment  So.  39. 


17-lS.       .                                      '                1 

18-19 -    -1 

Experiment  Xo.  SO. 
Mar.  19-20 . . . 

1 
72.0  ' 

20-21  

72.0  1 

21-22 

72.0 

Total 

...      216.0 

Gratm. 


1.02    \ 
•02  jj 

.05    1 
.06    \ 

.06    I 


Gramt.    '    Grame. 

f  Trace. 

0.01   \     0.01 

Trace. 


Grams. 

0.35 

.33 

.35 


Gram*. 
"6."36 


Grams.    '    Grami. 


0.02  1 

.95  I 

1.06 

.01  1 

1.00  1 

1.11 

.01 

1.00 

1.11 

71.3 
71.2 
71.2 


Averse  per  day 

E.rperiment  -No.  SI. 


99.0 
98.9 
98. 9 


Mar.  22-23 

.02 
.01 
.02 

\      .01   {Trace. 
1                 Trace.  1 

.30 
.28 
.26 

.33 

23-24 

30 

24-25 

.28 

*  Equals  total  reilucing  material  excreted  less  0.33  gram  ot  reducing  material  not  alcohol,  the  average  for  the  days 
on  which  no  alcohol  was  consumed. 
^  Xot  determined. 


364 


ME]\IOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


Balamv  of  income  and  outgo  of  matter  and  energy.— T\\c  income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen, 
ciirbon,  liydroo-en,  and  energy  in  the  different  experiments  of  this  series  are  shown  in  Tables 
LXXXVi  to  LXXXIX. 

T.vBLE  LXXXVI. — Income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  29-31. 


Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Date  and  period. 

(a) 
In  food. 

(b) 
In  feces. 

(e) 
In  urine." 

(d) 

Gain  (  +  ) 
orloss(-), 
a-lb+c). 

(«) 
In  food. 

(/) 
In  feces. 

(g) 

In  urine. 

W 

In  respira- 
tory prod- 
ucts. 

(■'■) 

In  alcoliol 
elimina- 
ted. 

Gain  {  +  ) 

orloss(-), 

e-{f+g 

+h+i). 

1900. 

Experiment  No.  29. 

Mar.  16-17,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 
17-18,  7  a.  ai.to7a.  m. 
18-19,  7  a.  m.to  7  a.  ni. 

Grams. 
16.0 
16.1 
16.0 

Grams. 

0.9 

.8 

.9 

Grams. 
15.4 
16.3 
16.2 

Grams. 
-0.3 
-1.0 
-1.1 

Grams. 

■     333. 6 

333.7 

333.6 

Grams. 
8.3 
8.4 
8.3 

Grams. 
10.8 
11.4 
11.3 

Grams. 
338.7 
323. 3 
342.7 

Gi-a))is. 

Grams. 
-24.2 
-  9.4 
-28.7 

Total          

48.1 

2.6 

47.9 

-2.4 

1, 000.  9 

25.0 

33.5 

1,004.7  ' '     -62.3 

Average  1  day 

16.0 

.8 

16.0 

-  .8 

333.6 

8.3 

11.2 

334. 9 

-20.8 

— 1 

Experiment  No.  SO. 

Mar.  19-20,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 
20-21,  7  a.m.  to  7  a.  m. 
21-22,  7  a.  m.to  7  a.m. 

15.9 

15.8 
1.5.9 

.6 

.7 

16.8 
18.0 
17.1 

-1.6 

-2.8 
-1.9 

315. 5 
315. 5 
315.5 

6.4 
6.5 
6.4 

11.8 
12.6 
11.9 

322.3 
312.6 
314.6 

.4 

.4 
.4 

-25.4 
-16.6 
-17.8 

Total                 

47.6 

2.0 

51.9 

-6.3 

946.5 

19.3 

36.3 

949.5 

1.2 

-59.8 

Average  1  day 

15.9 

.  7 

17.3 

-2.1 

315.5 

6.4 

12.1 

316.5 

.4 

-19.9 

Experiment  No.  31. 

Mar.  22-23,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 
23-24,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 
24-25,  7  a.  m.to  7  a.m. 

16.1 
16.0 
16.1 

.8 
.8 
.8 

16.3 
15.4 
15.2 

-1.0 
-  .2 

+  -1 

321.5 
321.6 
321.5 

8.1 
8.1 
8.1 

11.3 
10.8 
10.6 

313.1 
316.6 
317.8 

-11.0 
-13.9 
-15.0 

Total                   

48.2 

2.4 

46.9 

-1.1 

964.6 

24.3 

32.7 

947.5 

-39.9 

1 

Average  1  day 

16.1 

.8 

15.6 

-  .3 

321. 5 

8.1 

10.9 

315.8 

-13.3 

°  Nitrogen  in  perspiration,  0.2  gram  per  day,  is  included  in  this  column. 
Table  LXXXVII. — Income  and  outgo  of  water  and  hydrogen — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  29-Sl. 


Water. 

Hydrogen. 

Date  and  period. 

(a) 
In  food. 

In 
drinli. 

In 

feces. 

(rf) 

In 
urine. 

(c) 

In  respi- 
ratory 
prod- 
ucts. 

(/) 

Appar- 
ent loss, 
a+b— 

{C+(l  + 

e). 

(9) 

In 
food. 

(A) 

In 
feces. 

(J) 

In 
urine. 

(S) 

In  al- 
cohol 
elimi- 
nated. 

W 

Appar- 
ent 
gain, 

i+k). 

Cm) 

Loss 
from 
water, 
/•^9. 

(n) 

Total 
gain(-f) 
or  lo.sa 

1900. 
Erperimnit  No.  29. 

Mar.  16-17,  7  a.  m. 

to  7 a.  m. 
17-18,  7  a.  m. 

to  7  a.  m . 
18-19,  7  a.  m. 

to  7  a.  m. 

Grams. 
915.5 

915.5 

91.5.5 

Grams. 
1,  250. 0 

1,250.0 

1,2.50.0 

Grams. 
41.2 

41.3 

41.2 

Grams. 
641.0 

720.  G 

834. 3 

i.'eeTs 

I,  439.  4 
1,  736.  5 

Grams. 
184.2 

35.5 

446.5 

Grams. 
50.5 

50.5 

50.  5 

Grams. 
1.2 

1.2 

1.2 

Grams. 
2.9 

3.0 

3.0 

Grams. 

Grams. 
46.4 

46.3 

46.  3 

Qrame. 
20.5 

3.9 

49.6 

Grams. 
+25.9 

+42.4 

-  3.3 

Total 

Average  1  day.. 

2,  740.  5 
915. 5 

3.750.0  123.7 

1.250.01  41.2 

2,195.6 
731.9 

4, 843. 4 
1,614.5 

666.  2 
222.1 

151.5 
50.5 

3.6 
1.2 

8.9 

3.0. 

139.0 
46.3 

74.0   +65.0 
24.6;  +21.7 

MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES.  365 

Table  LXXX  VII. — Inrcme  and  outgo  of  water  and  hydrogen — Mel'iMism  erperimentu  Son.  3!*-Sl — Continued. 


Dale  and  period. 


Hydrogen. 


drink,     feces,     urine. 


1       «)      I       (/)      I     (9)  (h)  a, 

In  respi-    .\ppar-  ' 
ratoo'    ent  loss,  i      In      '      In  In 

prod-      a-rb —      food,     feces,     urine, 
ucts.      (e-Til— 


(tl  1.1}  (mi  (I., 

I°»l-h?S?'"      Loss        Total 
elimi-l^?-.     water,     "^'f 


1900. 
E.rj^merii  Xo.  SO. 

Mar.  19-20.  7  a.  m. 

to  7a.  m. 
20-21.  7  a.  m. 

to  7  a.  in. 
21-22.  7  a.  m. 

to  7  a.  m . 

Total 

Average  1  day.. 

Erperiment  Xo.  SI. 

Mar.  22-23.  7  a.  m. 

to  7a.  ni. 
23-24,  7  a.  m. 

to  7  a.  ni- 
24-25,  7  a.    m. 

t>)  7  a.  m. 


Grams.      Gramf.    Grami.    Gramf.     Grams.  Gramt.    Granu.  Graims.  Gramt.  Grams. 

920.01,250.0|    33.9     908.51,650.0;  422.4     51.0       0.9       3.1       0.1 

920.01.2.50.0!    33.8     993.81,666.3  523.9|    51.0       0.9       3.3         .1 

920.01.2.T0.0     33.91.076.S1.&57.  S  .598.  .5     .51.0       0.  ft       3.2        .1 


2.  760. 0  3.  7.50.  0   101 . 6  2.  979. 1  4. 974. 1 1. 544.  S   1.53.  0 
920.01.2.50.0     3:3.9     993.01,6.58.0     514.9     51.0 


Grams.   Grams.    Grams. 
46.9\    46.9 


46.7  58.2  —11.; 

46.8  66.5  —19.; 


140.4   171.6    -31.2 

46.  s     r,7.2   —10.4 


921.  ai,  250.0  36.0  7.5-5.61,637.4;  2.57.7  48.8  1.1, 
921.  Sjl,  2.50.0!  36.1  736. 61.. 590. 1  191.5  48.8  1.2j 
921.31,2.50.0     36.0     826.91,6.54.9     346.5     48.8       1.  li 


3.0. 
2.9. 

2.81. 


44.7  28.6  -16.1 
44.7  21.3  -23.4 
44.9     38.5-6.4 


Total 

Average  1  day.. 


.763.93.750.0  108.12,319.14,882.41     79.5.7  146.4 
921.31,250.0,    36. 0;     773.01,627.5     26.5.2,    48.8 


3.4 
1.1 


134.3     88.4   -45.9 
44,8     29.5    -15.3 


Table  LXXXVIII. — Gain  or  logg  of  protein  {XX6.S5),fat,  and  leater — iletaboligm  erperiments  Xos.  S9-31. 


Dale  and  period. 


Nitrogen 

I  gained 

(-Hior 

ilost(-). 


Protein 
gained 

(Tior 
lost(-), 


Total 
carbon 
gained 

(-i-)or 


carbon 
in  pro- 
tein 
gained 
(-=-)or 


in  fat.  Fat 

etc..  gained 

gained  ( ^ )  or 

(  +  )or  llost(-). 


Total 
hydro- 
gen 
gained 


Hydro- 
gen in 
protein 
gained 

.(-!-)  or 


ax6.25. 

lost  (-). 

lost(-). 
6X.53. 

lost  (-). 
c-tf. 

<.=-.761. 

lost(-). 

lost(-) 
6X.07. 

1900. 

Erperiment  Xo. 

29. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams.     Grams. 

Grams. 

Grmas. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Mar.  16-17. 

<  a.  m 

to 

1  a. 

m.. 

-0.3 

-  1.9 

-24.2  ,-  1.0 

-23.2 

-30.5 

.-^25.9 

-0.1 

17-18. 

.  a.  ni 

to 

1  a. 

m.. 

-1.0 

-6.2 

-  9.4  t-  3.3 

-  6.1 

-8.0 

^42.4 

-  .4 

18-19, 

I  a.  m 

to 

1  a. 

m.. 

-1.1 

-  6.9 

-28.7 

-  3.7 

-25.0 

-32.9 

-3.3 

—    ..5 

gen 

water. 

Water 

in  fat 

etc.. 

gained 

gained 

gained 

(  +  )  or 

(-i-)or 

(-i-)or 

lost  (-), 

lost(-). 

lost 

ty9. 

/X.U8. 

(-).g- 
(*+0- 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

-3.6 

-^29. 6 

-r26e.4 

-   .9 

-^43.  7 

-i-393.3 

-3.9 

-L  1.1 

^    9.9 

Total 

-Average  1  day 

Exj)erinient  Xo.  -SO. 

19-20.  7  a.  ni.  to  7  a.  m . . 
20-21,  7  a.  111.  to  7  a.  in. . 
21-22, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  in . . 

Total 

.\  verage  1  day 

/•>/xt>;h«i/  Xo.  SI. 

22-23,  7 a.m.  to  7 a. m.. 
23-24, 7 a. ui.  to  7 a.  in.. 
24-25,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  ni . . 

Total 

-\  verage  1  day 

-2.4 

-1.5. 0 

-  .5.0 

-62. 3 

-20.8 

-8.0 

—54.3 
-18.1 

-71.4 
-23.8 

-6-5.0 
-21.7 

—1.0 
-  .3 

-8.4 

-2.8 

^74.  4 
-24.8 

-669.6 
-223.2 

Mar 

-1.6 

-2.8 
-1.9 

—10.0 
-17. 5 
-11.9 

—2.5.4 
-16.6 
-17.  S 

-  5.3 
-9.3 

-  6.3 

-20.1 

-7.3 
—11. 5 

-26.4 

-9.6 
-1.5.1 

-ii.5" 
-19.7 

-l!2 

-  .8 

-3.1 
-1.1 

-1.8 

-  3.8 

—  9.  2 
—17.  1 

-  34.2 

—  82.  8 
-1.53.9 

-6.3 
-2.1 

-.39.4 
-13.1 

—59.  8 
—  19.9 

-20.9 
-6.9 

-13.0 

-51. 1 
-17.0 

-31.2 
-10.4 

—  .y 

-6.0 
-2.0 

—  22.5 

—  7.  .5 

-202.5 
67.5 

Mar 

-1.0 
-  W 

-6.2 

-  1.3 

-  .6 

-11.0 
-13.9 
-1.5.0 

-  3.3 

-1.^2 
-1.5.  3 

-10.1 
-17.3 
-20. 1 

-16.1 
-2:i.  4 
-6.4 

—  .4 

—  .1 

-1.2 
-2.0 
-2.4 

—  17.7 
.-25. 5 

—  8.8 

-159.3 
-229.5 
-  79.2 

-1.1 
-  .3 

-  6.9 
-2.3 

-39.9 
-13.3 

-3.7 
-  1.2 

-36.  2 
-12.1 

-47.  5 
-1.5.9 

-4.5.9 
-  1.5.  3 

—  .  -5 

-  .1 

-5.6 
-1.9 

—52.0 
-17.3 

—468. 0 
-1-56.0 

366 


MEMOIES  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


Table  LXXXIX.  — ///cvj»ic  and  uultjo  of  energy — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  29-31. 


(a) 

Heat  of 

combustion 

of  food 

eaten. 

W 

(0 

(m) 
Heat  of 

Estimated 
■  heat  of 

(«) 

Estimated 
heat  of 
combus- 
tion of 
fat  gained 
(-f)or 
lost(-). 

(/) 

Estimated 
energy  of 
material 
oxidized 
in  the 
body, 
a-{b+c+ 
m+d+e). 

(s) 

Heat 
deter- 
mined. 

Heat  determined 
greater  (  +  )  or  less 
(— )  than  estimated. 

Dntennd  period. 

combus- 
tion of 
feces. 

combus- 
tion of 
urine. 

tion  of 
alcohol 
elimi- 
nated. 

tion  of 
protein 
gained 

(-l-)or 
lost  (-). 

(A) 

f-g- 

(i) 

1900. 

Experiment  Xo.  29. 

Mar.  16-17, 7a.  m.  to  7a.m. 
17-18,7a.m.to7a.m. 
18-19,  7a.  m.  to  "a.m. 

Calories. 
3,487 
3,487 
3,  487 

Calories. 
93 
93 
93 

Calories. 
134 
134 
134 

Calories. 

Calories. 

-  11 

-  35 

-  39 

Calories. 

—  291 

—  76 

—  314 

Calories. 
3,562 
3,371 
3,613 

Calories. 
3,669 
3,430 
3,669 

Calories. 
+  107 
+    59 
+    56 

Calories. 
+    3.0 
+    1.7 

-F    1.5 

Total 

Average  1  day 

Experiment  Xo.  30. 

Mar.  19-20, 7  a.  m.  to  7a.  m . 
20-21, 7a.  m.to7a.m. 
21-22,  7a.  m.to7a.  m. 

Total 

Average  1  day 

Experiment  Xo.  31. 

Mar.  22-23, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m . 
23-24,  "a.m.  to  7  a.m. 

24-25,  7 a.m.  to 7 a.m. 

Total 

Average  1  day 

10,  461 
3,487 

279 
93 

402 
134 



-  85 

-  28 

—  681 

-  227 

10, 546 
3,515 

10,768 
3,589 

+  222 

+     74 

■+'"2."i 

3,458 
3,458 
3,458 

71 
70 
71 

136 
142 
142 

5 
5 
6 

-  57 

-  99 

-  67 

-  252 

-  92 

-  144 

3,555 
3,432 
3,450 

3, 516 
3,443 
3,452 

-     39 
+     11 
+      2 

-     1.1 
+      .3 
+      .1 

10,  374 

3, 458 

212 

71 

420 
140 

16 
5 

-  223 

-  74 

-  488 

-  163 

10, 437 
3,479 

10,411 
3,470 

-  26 

-  9 

'-"".'3 

3, 495         '  91 
3, 495            90 
3,495            91 

132 
129 
128 

-  35 

-  7 
+       3 

-  96 

-  165 

-  192 

3,403 
3,448 
3,465 

3,429 
3,413 
3,417 

+    26 

-  35 

-  48 

+      .8 

-  1.0 

-  1.4 

10, 485 
3,495 

.  272 
91 

389 
129 

-  39 

-  13 

—  453 

-  151 

10, 316 
3, 439 

10, 259 
3,420 

-  57 

-  19 

■-■""."6 

EXPEKIMENTS    NOS.   32-34 — WORK.       NO.   33    WITH    ALCOHOL    DIET. 


His 


Suhject. — J.  F.  S.,  the  same  as  in  experiments  of  the  two  previou.s  series,  Nos.  26-31. 
weight  with  underclothing  was  about  66.5  kilograms  (146i  pounds). 

Occupation  during  crjjeriment. — Work,  8  hours  a  day,  upon  a  stationary  bicj^cle,  as  in  the 
previous  series  of  experiments. 

Duration. — This  experiment  was  the  second  of  a  .series  of  3,  each  of  which  continued  3  days. 
A  preliminary  period  of  -i  days  preceded  the  first.  The  series  was  intended  to  be  as  nearly  as 
possible  a  repetition  of  the  previous  series,  Nos.  29-31,  with  the  exception  that  the  order  in  which 
the  supplemental  materials  were  added  to  the  basal  ration  was  butter,  alcohol,  sugar,  while  in 
the  previous  series  the  order  was  sugar,  butter,  alcohol.  The  preliminary  period  l)egan  with 
breakfast  April  16, 1900,  and  the  subject  entered  the  respiration  chamber  on  the  evening  of  April 
19.  The  tir.st  experiment  of  the  series.  No.  32,  began  at  7  a.  m.  April  20;  the  second,  No.  33,  at 
7  a.  m.  April  23,  and  the  third.  No.  34.  at  7  a.  m.  April  26.  The  subject  thus  spent  9  days  and 
10  nights  within  the  respiration  chamber. 

Diet. — As  has  already  been  indicated,  this  series  was  a  duplicate  in  reverse  order  of  the 
previous  series.  There  was  a  basal  ration  differing  slightly  in  the  different  experiments  on 
account  of  differences  in  the  composition  of  the  milk.  This  ration  furnished  approximately  100 
grams  of  protein  and  2,980  cak;ries  of  energ}-,  or  practically  the  sauie  as  in  the  previous  series. 
To  this  lia.sal  ration  were  added:  In  No.  32,  63.5  grams  of  butter  per  day,  furnishing  1  gram  of 
protein  and  509  calories  of  energy;  in  No.  33,  79.5  grams  of  90.6  per  cent  alcohol,  furnishing  72 
grams  of  absolute  alcohol  and  509  calories  of  energy  per  day,  and  in  No.  34,  128  grams  of  cane 
sugar,  furnishing  5()7  calories  of  enorgj-.  The  total  ration  therefore  in  this  scries  of  experiments 
furnished  100  grams  of  protein  and  3,490  calories  of  energy  per  day.  The  alcohol  was  taken  in 
6  doses,  as  usual,  and  the  sugai-  was  also  taken  at  fi'Pr|uent  intervals,  but  tlie  butter  was  consumed 


MEMOIKS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


y67 


in  iibuut  oiiiuil  poitioiLS  at  breakfast,  dinner,  and  supper.  The  total  amount  of  water  in  the  drink 
on  each  da^^  of  the  .series  of  experiments  amounted  to  1,250  grams.  The  kinds  and  quantities  of 
food  .served  at  each  meal  and  the  (juantities  of  drink  at  ditlerent  periods  of  the  da}'  were  as 
follows: 

Diet  In  metaljulimn  crjifrlmfiils  i^'os.  3i-34. 

FOOD— BASAL  RATION. 


Beef 

Butter 

Bread 

(linger  snaps  . . 
Parched  cereal . 

Sugar"  

Milk,  whole 


9.0 
75.0 
25.0 
37.5 
17.5 
340.  0 


58 

17 

1.50 


9.0 
7.5.0 
25.0 
37.5 
17.5 
340.0 


Grams. 
58 
35 
300 
75 
75 
35 
1,020 


■'Eaten  on  parched  cereal  in  experiments  Nos.  32  and  34;  mostly  added  to  water  and  alcohol  in  experiment  No.  33. 

FOOD— SUPPLEMENTAL  RATION. 

Experiment  Xo.  SJ,  April  )i0-22. — Sixty-two  grams  butter  added  to  basal  ration.     This  amount  also  supj)leniented 
the  ration  during  the  preliminary  period. 

Experiment  JVo.  S.S,  April  23-35. — Seventy-two  grams  absolute  alcohol  daily.     This  was  supplied  in  79.5  grams  of 
90.57  per  cent  alcohol,  which  was  made  up  to  900  grams  with  the  addition  of  25  grams  sugar  and  the  rest  water. 
Experiment  No.  34,  April  J6-2S. — The  basal  ration  was  increased  by  the  addition  of  128  grams  of  cane  sugar. 


Experiment 
No.  32. 

Experiment  No.  33. 

Experiment 
No.  34. 

Water. 

Alcohol  and 
sweetened 
water. « 

Water. 

Water. 

Grams. 
1.50 
200 
200 
200 
150 
200 
150 

"'l75 
100 
175 

Gram/^. 
75 
75 

75 

i50 

10.15  a.  ni 

200 

200 

100                75 

175                75 

100                      79 

200 

150 

200 

10.20  p.  m 

75 

150 



Total 

1,2.50 

900                 447 

1  250 

"Contained  803  grams  water,  25  grams  sugar,  and  72  grams  alcohol. 

Daily  routine. — The  general  plan  of  the  series  of  experiments  was  identical  with  that  of  the 
previous  series,  and  is  shown  in  the  following  .schedule: 


Daily  pro(/ramine. — Metaholwm  experiments  Nvs.  32-S4. 


6.50  a.  m 

Take  pulse  and  temperature. 

4  p.  m 

Stop  work,  drink  200  grams  water. 

7  a.  m 

Pass  urine,  weigh  self  dressed,  collect 

i  4.15  p.  m 

Begin  work. 

drip,  and  weigh  absorbers. 

1  6.15  p.  m 

Stoji  work,  change  underclothing. 

7.30  a.  m 

Breakfast,  drink  150  grams  water. 

6.20  p.  m 

Supjicr,  drink  1.50  grams  water. 

8.15  a.  m 

Begin  work. 

6..50p.  m 

Take  pulse  and  temperature. 

10.15  a.  Ill 

Stop  \\'ork,  drink  200  grams  water. 

7  ]).  m 

Pass  urine,   weigh  self  dressed,  collect 

10.30  a.  ni 

Begin  wcirk. 

drip,  and  weigh  absorbers. 

12.30  p.  m 

Stop  work. 

9  p.  m 

Drink  200  grams  water. 

12..50p.  m 

Take  pulse  and  temperature. 

10  p.  m 

Take  pulse  and  temperature. 

1  p.  m 

Pass  urine,  collect  drip,  and  weigh  ab- 

10.10 p.  m 

Arrange  bed. 

sorbers. 

10.20  p.  m 

Drink  1.50  grams  water. 

1 .  25  p.  m 

Dinnei-,  drink  200  grams  water. 

10.30  p.  m 

Retire. 

2  p.  m 

Begin  work. 

1  a.  m 

Pass  urine. 

368 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


The  more  important  stati.stks  in  the  diary  kept  by  the  subject  are  .--ummarized  iu  Table  XC 
Frequent  determinations  of  both  pulse  rate  and  body  temperature  were  taken. 

T.\BLE  XC. — Summarii  of  iliarij — Metuljolism  experiments  Xos.  32-34. 


Date  and  rime. 

Weight 

with 

clothes. 

Pulse  rate 

per 
minute. 

Temper- 
ature. 

Date  and  time. 

Weight 

with 

clothes. 

Pulse  rate 

per 
minute. 

Temper- 
ature. 

1900. 

Experiment  Xo.  33. 

Apr.  20, 6.55  a.  m 

7  a.  m 

9a.m 

Kilograms. 
'"""66."i9" 

66 

87" 
83 
85 
82 
65 

93" 

90 
87 
83 
84 
72 
69 
64 
62 
64 

9i" 

88 
89 
90 
67 
94 
96 
97 
97 
85 
74 
73 

^F. 

1900. 
Experiment  Xo.  3-i— C't'd. 

Apr.  23, 2.05  p.  m 

3  p.m 

4  p.  m 

5  p.  m 

6  p.  m 

7  p.m 

8  p.m 

9  p.m 

10.10  p.m 

Apr.  24,  6.55  a.m 

I                 7  a.  m 

9  a.  m 

10  a.m 

11  a.m 

12  m 

Ip.m 

2.07  p.m 

3  p.m 

4  p.m 

5  p.m 

6  p.m 

7  p.  m 

8  p.  m  - 

9  p.  m 

9.04  p.m 

10.10  p.m 

10.15  p.m 

-ipr.  25, 6.55  a.  m 

7  a.  m 

9  a.  m 

10  a.  m 

11  a.  m 

12  m 

1  p.  m 

2.05  p.m 

3  p.  m 

4  p.  m 

5  p.  m 

6  p.  m 

7  p.  m 

8  p.  m 

9  p.  Ill 

10. 10  p.  m 

E.cpjeriment  Xo.  34. 

Apr.  26,6.55  a.m 

7  a.  m 

9  a.  m 

10  a.  Ill   . 

KUogrami. 

65.  74 
"""'6.5.' 27' 

""""6.5."  69" 
""""6.5.'i3" 

65. 47 
(54.94 

97 

'        100 

102 

102 

97 

76 

74 

75 

72 

67 

""169" 

102 

96 

95 

79 

98 
102 
108 
104 
100 

78 

75 

71" 

69' 

""169' 

102 

101 

100 

74 

102 

112 

107 

104 

105 

76 

76 

78 

75 

68 

'"'ioe' 

102 
96 
97 
66 

98 
99 

97 
9S 
97 

74 

69 
65 

'-F. 

97.8 

10  a.  m 



97.'7 

11  a.  m 

12  m 

12.55  p.  m 

Ip.m 

2.05  p.m 

3  p.m 

91.1 
97.5 
97.2 
97.0 

97.8 

6  p.  m 

97.'8 

97.7 
97.1 
96.6 

97.'8 

7  p.m 

66.95 

9  p.  m  1 

97  9 

10  p.m 

Apr.  21, 6..55  a.  m 

"""'66.' 36" 

10  a.  m 

11  a.m 

98."6 

97.7 

12m 

97  6 

1  p.  m 

2.15  p.  Ill 

3  p.m 

4  p.m 

5  p.m 

6  p.  m 

7  p.  m 

"'""66.'27" 

97.1 
96.7 

97.'9 

97.5 
97.1 

96.'6 

97  .'7 

97.7 

8.08  p.m 

9p.m 

10.05  p.m 

10.12  p.  Ill 

Apr.  22, 6.55  a.  m 



67 
66 

6S' 

"""'ioi' 

96 

92 

98 

68 

100 

103 

104 

102 

100 

79 

74 

71 

67 

«9 

"162' 
106 
95 
96 
95 
70 
73 

97.'9 

65.  83 

10a. m 

12lTl 

97."7 

97.'7 

97.5 
97.3 
96.9 

97.8 

97  6 

2.05  p.  Ill 

97.2 

5  p.  m 

6  p.  in 

'"""6.5.' .59' 

97  7 

8  p.  m 

10.10  p.  m 

Ua.ni 

12m 

Ip.  m 

2.05  p.  Ill 

3  p.  m 

4  p.  Ill 

5  p.  Ill 

Exj>eriment  Xo.  33. 

97.7 

Apr.  23, 6.55  a.  in 

7  a.  Ill 

65.  21 

97.7 

9  a.  Ill 

9.02  a.  in 

10  a.  m 

~     "P-i" 

8  p.  Ill 

9  p.  in 

10.10  p.  in 

.Vpr.  27, 6.55  a.  m 

65.  44 

97  7 

97.6 

12  m 

98.' 6 

97  4 

]  p.  Ill 

97.2 

1.57  j).m 

:me.moiks  of  the  national  academy  of  sciences. 


369 


T.\BLE  XC. — Swiimari/  nf  iluinj — MelitbuliiDa  cipa-hncids  Xos.  .i^'-.i.f — Continued. 


Date  imd  time. 


1900. 
E.vpci-I)nritt  Xo.  ;14—C"t'd. 


Apr.  27,  7  a.  ni 

9  a.  m 

10a.  ni... 
Ua.  m... 

12  ni 

1  p.  m 

2.05  p.m. 

3  p.  m 

4  p.  ni 

5  p.  ni 

6  p.  m 

7  p.  m 

8  p.  m 

9  p.  m 

10  p.m... 
Apr.  28,6.55  a.m. 

7  a.  m 


Weight 

with 

clothe.i. 


Kilograms. 
65.09 


Pulse  rate 


103 
98 

100 
96 
71 

100 
99 
99 

100 
97 
73 
73 
71 
68 
67 


97.7 
97.5 
97.5 
97.3 


97.9 


Date  and  time. 


Exjh; 


nil  Xo.  .14—C'V<\. 


Apr.  28,  9  a.  m 

10  a.  m 

11  a.  m 

12m 

1  ]i.  m 

2.05  p.  m. . . 

3  p.  Ill 

4p.  m 

5  p.  m 

(ip.  m 

7  I'- 1" 

8  p.  m 

9p.  m 

10.10  p.m.. 
Apr.  29,6.55  a.  m... 


Weight       Pulse  rate 

with       I       per 
clothes.     !  minute. 


90 
93 
66 
96 
97 
102 
99 
97 
73 
75 
67 
69 
69 


97.0 
97.5 
97.4 
97.3 


37.7 


Aitiount  of  mork  doiie. — The  total  number  of  miles"  registered  by  the  cyclometer  and  the 
heat  equivalent  of  the  work  done  each  day  are  shown  in  Table  XCI. 


T.VBi.E  XCI. — Recnril  iif  work  dune — Metal lolisin  c.rpcrinnnts  Xos.  3.2-34. 


DiUc  unci  time. 

Cyclometer 
reading. 

Number 

of 

miles. 

Actual 
duration 
of  work. 

Rate. 

Heat 
eiiuivalent. 

Apr. 

1901. 

E.rpcrimenI  Xo.  32. 
20,  8. 15  a.  m 

1,510.4 
1,.527.2 
1,,546.5 
1,562.8 
1,579.1 

Miniitfs. 

IlnHs. 

Calories. 

16.8 
19.3 
16.3 
16.3 

120 
120 
120 
120 

18.8 
21.0 
16.7 
17.4 

32 

12..30p.  m 

36 

29 

30 

T.  ital 

68.7 

480 

127 

21,  10.15  a.  m 

Apr. 

1,599.2 
1,626.0 
1,6.54.0 
1,681.7 

20.1 
26.8 
28.0 
27.7 

120 
120 
120 
120 

21.0 
25.8 
.30. 5 
29.6 

36 

12.30  p.  Ill 

44 

4  p.  m 

52 

51 

Total 

102.-6 

480  1 

183 

22,  10. 15  a.  m 

12.30  p.  Ill 

Apr. 

1,711.6 
1,744.6 
1,774.5 
1,  806. 1 

29.9 
33.0 
29.9 
31.6 

120 
120 
120 
120 

36.  2 
47.4 
38.1 
40.0 

62 
81 

65 

6. 15  p.  Ill 

69 

Total 

124. 4 

480 

Experiiiiei}!  Xo.  33. 

23,  10. 15  a.  Ill 

12.30  p.  Ill 

Apr. 

1, 825.  3 

1,8.54.1 

1, 880.  8 

'1,908.2 

19.2 
28.8 
26.7 
27.4 

120 
120 
120 
120 

20.6 
23.9 
26.6 
27.5 

35 
41 

46 

6. 15  p.  Ill 

47 

Total 

102.1 

4S0 

169 

370  me:\ioirs  of  the  national  academy  of  sciences. 

Table  XCI. — Uecord  of  work  done — Metaboliam  exjMrimenis  Xos.  S3-34 — Continued. 


Date  and  time. 


Cyclometer 
reading. 


Heat 
equivalent. 


1901. 

Experiment  jS'o.  33 — Continued. 

Apr.  24,  10.15  a.  m 

12. 30  p.  m 

4  p.  m 

6.15  p.  m 


Total 


Apr. 


10.15  a.m. 
12.30  p.  in. 

4  p.  ni 

6.15  p.  m.. 


Total 


Experiment  No.  34- 


Apr.  26,  10.15  a.m. 
12.30  p.m. 

4  p.  m 

6.15  p.m.. 


Total 


Apr.  27,  10.15  a.m. 
12..30p.  m. 

4  p.  m 

6.15  p.  m. . 


Total 


Apr.  28,  10.15a.m. 
12..30p.  m. 

4  p.  m 

6.15  p.  m. . 


Total 


1,  935.  9 
1, 965.  2 
1,993.8 
2,021.6 


2, 049.  3 
2, 079.  2 
2, 108. 1 
2, 138. 0 


2, 166. 9 
2, 196.  7 
2,  226. 1 
2,  254. 1 


2, 283.  8 
2,  318.  7 
2,  347. 5 
2,  379. 0 


2, 409.  6 
2,441.5 
2, 472. 6 
2,  503.  8 


•Ai.  I 
29.3 
28.6 
27.8 


3£imttcs. 
120 
120 
120 
120 


113.4 


27.7 
29.9 
28.9 
29.9 


116.4 


28.9 
29.8 
29.4 
28.0 


116.1 


29.7 
34.9 
28.8 
31.5 


124.9 


30.6 
31.9 
31.1 
31.2 


124.8 


480 


120 
120 
120 
120 


120 
120 
120 
120 


120 
120 
120 
120 


120 
120 
120 
120 


Watts. 
26.2 
31.2 
30.5 
30.5 


29.6 
33.3 
31.6 
33.7 


34.3 
35.4 
34.3 
33.7 


35.7 
36.8 
38.1 
38.7 


37.4 
38.1 
38.1 
38.1 


Detailed  statistics  of  income  and  outgo. — The  quantities  of  nutrients  in  ti;e  basal  ration  and 
the  quantities  in  the  supplemental  rations  for  the  different  experiments  are  shown  in  Table  XCII. 
The  outgo  of  matter  and  energv  in  the  feces  during  the  different  experiments  is  shown  in 
Table  XCIII. 

Table  XCII. —  ]Velr/lil,  composition,  and  heat  of  combustion  of  foods — Meiaholism  expieriments  Kon.  32-34. 


Labora- 
tory 
No. 


Food  material. 


Weight 
per  day. 


Hydro- 
gen. 


Heat  of 
combus- 
tion. 


3205 
3206 
3204 
3207 
3193 


Basal  ration 

Beef 

Butter 

Bread 

Ginger  wnapw 

Parched  cereal 

Sugar , 


Gravis. 
58 
35 
300 
75 
75 
35 

578 


Grams. 

37.4 

2.9 

113.4 
2.8 
3.1 


Grams. 
18.6 
.4 
25.8 
4.1 
9.0 


1.6 
30.7 
7.5 
5.4 
1.1 


Grams. 

Grams. 

2.98 

.07 

149.4 

4.14 

61.2 

.66 

60.4 

1.44 

35.0 



Grams. 
10.  76 
22.95 
84.81 
32.  90 
32.  04 
14.74 

198.  20 


Grams. 
1.54 
3.63 
12.90 
5.40 
4.73 
2.27 

30.47 


Calories. 
120 
287 
861 
333 
.315 
139 

2,  055 


MEMOIKS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCE:!?.  371 

Table  XCII. —  ^y'eighl,  composilion,  and  heat  of  combuglion  of  food* — Metabollxm  experimetUg  Xog.  Si-34 — C'ontinue<l. 


Labors' 
torr 
Xo. 


Foo*l  materiHl. 


:  ■^fifi'i       Water.       Protein. 
;  per  oay. 


^        *^i!^"   ^•'"^°-  i  C«'bon.  i    ^1^ 


Heat  of 

combiu'^ 

tion. 


E.\PERIMENT  XO.  32. 

Gram*.    '■    OranUL 
3200  ,  Milk,  whole !    1,020       871.1 


Gtromt.       Grnmt. 
41.8  51.0 


Granw.        Grami.*  '    Gramt.    \    Gram*.      Caloriu. 
47.9  I      6.73       81.09  i     12.14  923 


3201 


Total  basal  ration . . . . '     1, 598   1 ,  030.  7  i      99.  7         97. 3 
Supplemental  ration. 
Batter 62  5.2  1  .8         .>1.3 


3.53.9        16.02     279. 2*J       42.  rtl  2. 97S 


12       40. 66         6. 43 


Total  ration  fori  day.      1,660     1.035.9  i     100.5        151.6 

EXPERIMENT   NO.  33.  i  I 


.509 
353.9         16.14      319.95        49.04  3.487 


Milk,  whole 

Total  basal  ration 

Supplemental  ration. 
Alcohol 

Total  ration  for  1  day. 

EXPERIMENT  NO.  34.  i 

3202     Milk,  whole' 1,020  !     869.0         41.8 


1, 020  I  868. 0    41. 8    53. 0    49. 0    6.  73   .S3.  .S4   12. 6.5 


1,598  1.027.6    99.7    99.3   3.5.5.0   16.02  2s2.  W   43.12 


922 
.977 


37.  56         9.  .39 


1.670     1.027.6  99.7  99.3        355.0         16.02      319.60        52.51  3,486 


Total  l>a^l  ration I    1, 598   1, 028. 6        99. ; 


.5.3.0         4.3.9         6.73  1     83.64       12.34 


349. 9        16. 02      2S1.  S4        42.  ^1  2. 986 


Supplemental  ration. 
Sugar 

Total  ration  for  1  da  v. 

"    1 

12S        

12S.0 

.53.  89 

.8.29 

.507 

1,726     1,028.6 

99.7 

99.3 

477.9 

16.02 

335.73 

51.10 

3.493 

T.vBLE  XCIII. —  Weight,  compogition,  and  heat  of  cumhmtion  of  feces — Metabolism  ejcperimenti  Xr,.<i.  .a,  .J.J,  .34. 


Labors 
tory 
Xo. 


Weight 
per  day. 


Water.       Protein.         Fat. 


H^,^-'  Nitrogen.    Carbon.       °>iL"^      combus- 
drate>.  '       I  gen.  ,jp„ 


Experiment  Xo.  32. 

3209  Feces  for  3  days 

Average  per  ilay. 
I  Erperiment  Xo.  SS. 

3210  j  Feces  for  3  days 

Average  per  ilay. 
I  Experiment  Xo.  34- 

3211  I  Feces  for  3  days 

Average  jier  day. 


Grow*.        Grana.        Grams.        Grams. 
293.3       214.7         22.3         13.2 


Grams.        Grams.        Grams.    1    Grams.       Cnlories. 
28. 2         3. 55  '    37. 75         5. 46  425 


97.8 

71.6 

7.4 

4.4 

9.4 

I.IS 

12.  .5S 

1.^2 

142 

2.58.  5 

183.5 

22.0 

12.9 

24.3 

3.  .54 

34.17 

4.96 

375 

86.2 

61.2 

7.3 

4.3 

.■^.1 

I.IS 

11.39 

l.iw 

12-5 

2.5.5.9  ' 

179.9  ■ 

22.0 

14.8 

23.3. 

3.  .53 

:}4.  70 

4.94 

377 

So.  3         60.  0 


372 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


Tublo  XCIV  .shows  the  quantity  of  urine  eliminated  on  different  daj's,  and  the  quantity'  of 
urine  and  nitrogen  in  the  urine  for  each  6-hour  period  of  experiment  No.  33.  The  heat  of 
combu.stion  of  the  urine  was  determined  in  the  composite  sample  for  each  day  and  the  carbon 
and  hj'drogen  in  the  composite  for  the  total  9  days  of  the  series. 

Table  XCIV. — Amoauts,  specific  r/ravity,  and  nitrogen  of  wine — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  33-34- 


Date. 

Period. 

Amount. 

Specific 
gravity. 

Nitrogen. 

1900. 
Apr.  20-21 

9]    99 

Experiment  Ao.  32. 

Grams. 
1,237.6 
1,487.9 
1, 104. 1 

1.021 
1.018 
1.024 

Per  cent 
1.28 
1.01 
1.38 

Grams. 
15.90 

14.94 

22  23 

15.20 

Total                              

46.04 

.   Experiment  No.  33. 

Apr.  23-24 

256.  7 
425. 4 
239.6 
167.4 

1.025 
1.019 
1. 02.J 
1.026 

1.59 
1.10 
1.77 
1.99 

4.08 

4.68 

4.24 

3.33 

Total 

1, 089. 1 
1,  089. 1 

16.33 

1.024 

1.50 

16.34 

Apr.  24-25 

328.1 
.347. 6 
319.2 
151. 0 

1.022 
1.023 
1.021 
1.028 

1.28 
1.40 
1.51 
2.17 

4.20 

4.87 

4.82 

3.28 

Total                            

1,145.9 
1,145.9 

17.17 

1.024 

1.51 

17.30 

Apr.  25-26 

262.5 
337.2 
242.1 
147.8 

1. 025 
1.024 
1.026 
1.030 

1.66 
1.48 
1.91 
2.  25 

4.36 

4.99 

4.62 

3.33 

Total 

989.6 
989.6 

17.30 

1.026 

1.75 

17.32 

Experiment  No.  34- 

\nr   ^iy-^l 

851.4 

909.0 

1, 095. 4 

1.030 
1.026 
1.024 

2.00 
1.74 
1.46 

17.02 

"      27  28 

15.86 

28-29 

16.04 

Total                                     

48.92 

Table  XCV.—Vaili/  elim'im 

dion  of  carl 
Amount. 

on,  hydrogen,  and  water  in  urine — Metabolism 

e.rperiments  Nos.  32- 

-34. 

Cai'bon. 

Hydrogen. 

Water. 

Heat  of  combustion. 

Per  gram. 

Total. 

1900. 
Apr.  20-21 

Grams. 
1,237.6 
1,487.9 
1, 104. 1 

Per  cent. 

Grams. 
11.35 
10.67 
10.85 

Per  cent. 

Grams. 

3.13 
2.95 
3.00 

Per  cent. 

Grams. 
1,179.7 
1,43.3.4 
1,048.7 

Calories. 

0.104 

.076 

.105 

Calories. 
129 

o^-O'? 

113 

22-23 

116 

Total . 

32.87 



9.08 

358 

2.3-24 

1, 089. 1 

1, 145. 9 

989.6 

11.66 
12.26 
12.35 

3.22 
3.38 
3.41 

1,029.6 

1,  083.  3 

926.6 

.115 
.113 
.134 

125 

24-25  

129 

25-26 

133 

Total    ... 

36.27 

10.01 

387 

26-27 

851. 4 

909.0 

1, 095, 4 

12.15 
11.32 
11.45 

3.  .36 
3.13 
3.16 



789.4 

851.2 

1,  036.  9 

.154 

.137 
.112 

131 

27-28 

125 

28-29 

123 

9, 910.  6 

'"V.m 

.34.  92 
104.06 



.29 

9  65 

379 

Total  9  (lavs 

28.  74 

94.  64 

(.112) 

1,124 

MEMOlllS  OK  THE  NA'LIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


:373 


Tables  XCVI  to  XCVIII  show  the  results  of  earbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the  ventilating-  air 
current.  Those  stati.sties  are  given  in  detail  for  experiment  No.  83,  in  which  alcohol  formed  a 
part  of  the  diet,  and  summarized  for  the  other  ^  e.xperiments  of  the  series.  Similar  statistics 
of  the  heat  measurements  ar(>  given  in  Table  XCIX. 

Table  XCVI. — Compurison  of  rc!<idn<(l  (tmoitnts  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the  chamber  at  the  beyiniiin<j  mid  end  of 
each  jMriod,  and  the  corresponding  gain  or  loss — Metabolism  experiment  No.  33. 


Endofperio.l. 

Carbon  dioxid. 

Water. 

riat.'. 

Total 
ftUKiunt  in 
chamber. 

Gain(+)or 

loss  ( - )  over 

preceding 

period. 

Total 
amount  of 

nnuning  in 
chamber. 

"S?"' 

ChiiriKi-  in 
ali^orhcrs." 
'"l'oss'( -).'"' 

Drip  from 
absorbers. 

Total 

amount 

gained  (  +  ) 

or  lost  (-) 

during  the 

period. 

1900 
Ai>r. 

23 
23 
23 
24 
24 

24 
24 
25 

25 

25 
25 

26 
26 

"'27.' 0 

S2.  8 
80.2 
29.5 
28.5 

Grams. 

46.7 
53.  2 
.52.1 

48.5 
48.1 

drams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Crmwjj. 

1  11.111 

+  55.8 

-  2.6 
-50.7 

-  1.0 

+6.5 
-1.1 
-3.6 

-  .4 

+  147 

-  9 

—  74 

171.7 

424.9 

31.0 

31.0 

+325.  2 
+414. 8 
—  46.6 

7  a.  Ill 

—  42.4 

Total 

+  1.5 

+1.4 

—     9 

658.6 

+651. 0 

84.4 
SO.  8 
28.9 
27.  0 

+55.9 

-  3.6 

-51.9 

-  1.9 

54.5 
52.3 
48.8 
46.4 

+6.4 
-2.2 
-.3.5 
-2.4 

+  172 

-  28 

-  76 

-  76 

263.4 

434.3 

19.0 

19.0 

+441.8 
+404. 1 
—  60.5 

7  a.  m    

—  59  4 

Total 

-  1.5 

-1.7 

-     8 

735.  7 

4-726.0 

1  p.  m 

7  p.  m  .         

85.  7 
So.  7 
27.6 
26.0 

+58.7 

54.7 
53.0 
49.8 
46.0 

+8,3 
-1.7 
-.3.2 
-3.8 

+166 

-  4 

-  82 

-  82 

241.0 

471.0 

24.0 

24.0 

+41.5.  3 
+465. 3 

-  61.2 

—  61.8 

1  a.  m 

-58. 1 
-  1.6 

Total 

-  1.0 

-  .4 

-     2 

760.0 

+757.  6 

T.\BLE  XCVII. — Record  of  carbon  dioxid  in  rentilatiny  air  cnrrcnt — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  32-34. 


Period. 

(«) 

Ventilation. 
Number  of 
liters  of  air. 

Carbon  dioxid. 

I'O 

In  incoming  air. 

(<0 
In  outgoing 

(e)                (/) 

(») 

Corrected 
amount 
exhaled 

by  subject, 
e+f. 

Total 
weight 
of  car- 
bon 
exhaled, 

(6) 
Per  liter. 

(c) 

Total, 
(1x6. 

Total  excess 
in  outgoing 

d~c. 

Correc- 
tion for 
amount 
remain- 
ing in 
chamber. 

1900. 

Apr.    20-21 
21-22 
22-23 

Experiment  No.  33. 

7  a.  ra.  to  7  a.  m 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Experiment  No.  S3. 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total  ... 

Liters. 
107,  275 
105, 542 
106,  320 

Mil. 

Grams. 
66.1 
66.2 
63.4 

Gram.'i. 
1, 145.  8 
1,273.4 
1,3.59.1 

Grams. 
1,079.7 
1,207.2 
1,295.7 

Grams. 
+     .6 
+  2.8 
-  3.4 

Grams. 

1,080.3 
1,  210.  0 
1,292.3 

Grams. 
294.6 
329.9 
352.4 

23-24 

25,  952 
25, 175 
26, 430 

26,  430 

0.583 
.593 
.609 
.600 

15.1 
14.9 
16.1 
1.5.9 

383.  8 
462.9 
258.  9 
158. 5 

368.  7 
448.0 
242.8 
142.6 

+55.8 

-  2.6 
-50.7 

-  1.0 

424. 5 
445.4 
192.1 
141.6 

11.5.8 
121.5 
52.3 
38.6 

103,  987 

62.0 

1,264.1       :,202. 1 

+  1.5  1  1,203.6 

328  2 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

24-25 

25. 175 

26,  730 

27, 208 

27,  208 

.598 
.5.58 
.581 
.642 

15.1 
14.9 
1.5.8 
17.'5 

406.6 
477.6 
248.7 
1.54. 1 

391.5 
462.7 
232.9 
136.6 

+.55. 9 

-  3.6 
-51.9 

-  1.9 

447.4 
459.1 
181.0 
134.7 

122.0 
125.2 
49.4 
36.7 

106, 321 



63.3 

1,  287.  0 

1,223.7 

—   1.5      1-922  2 

333  3 

"Absorbers  not  weighed  between 
between  the  two  periods. 


p.  m.  and  7  a.  m.     The  change  in  weight  during  this  time  is  divided  equally 


Vol.  8— No.  6- 


-10 


874  MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

T.\BLE  XCVII. — Recorf}  of  carbon  dioxkl  in  rmtilating  air  current — Melabolistn  cvperiments  Xos.  5i'-5.^— Contiimeil. 


«•) 


Ventilation. 
Number  of 
liters  of  air. 


Carbon  dioxid. 


In  incoming  air 


cn 


(b) 


(<•> 


Per  liter.!     Total, 


Total  excess 
jn  outgoing 

air. 

d-c. 


Correc- 
tion for 
amount 
remain- 
ing in 


Corrected 

amount 

exhaled 

by  subject, 

chaihber. .       ^"W- 


(A) 


Total 
weight. 

of  car- 
bon 
exhaled, 


1900. 
Apr.    25-26 


26-27 
27-28 
28-29 


E.rperiment  Ko.  S3— C't'd 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  ill 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

E.rperiment  Xo.  34- 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

7  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 


Liters. 
25, 952 
25, 175 
27, 985 
27, 985 


Mg. 
0.587 
.  577 
.580 
.601 


107, 097 


Grams. 
15.2 
14.5 
16.2 
16.8 


62 


Grams. 
410.0 
478.7 
262.9 
153.2 


Grams. 
394.8 
464.2 
246.7 
136.4 


Grams. 
^58.7 


1,  304.  8       1,  242. 1 


-58.1 
—  1.6 


Grams. 
453.5 
464.2 
188.6 
134.8 


108, 654 
114, 094 
114,  272 


64.0 
66.1 
67.0 


1, 305. 0 
1,353.1 
1, 339.  7 


1, 241.  0 
1, 287. 0 
1, 272.  7 


1, 241. 2 
1, 286. 6 
1,272.0 


123.7 
126. 6 
51.4 
36.8 


1,241.1  I    338.5 


338.5 
350.9 
346.9 


T.\BLE  XCVIII. — Record  of  water  in  rentilating  air  current — Metaholism  e.rperiments  Xos.  3i-S4. 


Period. 

(o) 

Ventilation. 
Number  of 
liters  of  air. 

Water  in  incoming 
air. 

■\A'ater  in  outgoing  air. 

(g)            (A) 

I^ll^e'v  Correction 

to  out         iorsvatev 

^o|Jair,    ---el 

(0 

Date. 

(6) 
Per  liter. 

(<■) 

Total, 
axil. 

w 

Amount 

con- 
densed in 
freezers. 

ie) 

Amount 
not  con- 
densed in 
freezers. 

(/) 

Total, 
d+c. 

Total 
water  of 
respira- 
tion and 
perspira- 
tion, 3-rA. 

1900.        '  Experiment  Xo.  33. 

Apr.    20-21  1  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. . 
21-22  ;  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.m.. 
22-23     7  a.  m.  to  7  a.m.. 

Liters. 
107,  275 

105,  542 

106,  320 

-Vff. 

Grams. 
100.9 
100.1 
110.2 

Grams. 
894.0 
917.2 
994.8 

Grams. 
171.0 
181.2 
176.6 

Grams. 
1, 065. 0 

1.098.4 
1,171.4 

i 
Grams.         Grams. 
964.1   -     232.8 
998.3   -L     612.1 
1,061.2   -1,0.33.1 

Grams. 
1,196.9 

1.  610.  4 

2,  094.  3 

23 

23 

23-24 

24 

Experiment  Xo.  S3. 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.  m.- 
1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m.. 
7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m.. 
1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m.. 

Total 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m.. 
1  p.  in.  to  7  p.  111.. 
7  p.  111.  to  1  a.  m.. 
1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m.. 

Total 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m.. 
1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m.. 
7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m.. 
1  a.  in.  to  7  a.  m.. 

Total 

Experiment  Xo.  34- 

7  a.  m.  1x)  7  a.  m.. 
7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m.. 
7  a.  1)1.  to  7  a.  m.. 

25, 952 
25, 175 
26,430 
26, 430 

1.040 

1.137 

1.030 

.930 

27.0 
28.6 
27.  2 
24^6 

235.3 
238.6 
233. 2 
241.3 

4.3.5 
43.1 

42.7 
40.3 

278. 8 
281.7 
275.9 
281.6 

251.8  i+    325.2 
253.1  1+    414.8 
248.7  1-      46.6 
257.0   -      42.4 

577.0 
667.9 
202.1 
214.6 

103, 987 

107.4 

948.4 

169.6 

1,118.0 

1,010.6  !--     651.0 

1, 661. 6 

24 

24 

24-25 

25 

2,5, 175 
26,  730 
27, 208 
27, 208 

1.088 
1.033 
.923 
.855 

27.4 
27.6 
25.1 
23.3 

236.1 
250.0 
243.9 
246.8 

44.3 
43.9 
43.1 
39.0 

280.4 
293.9 
287.0 
285. 8 

253.0  ;+    441.8 
266.3  1+    404.1 
261.9   —      60.5 
262.5  |-      59.4 

694.8 
670.4 
201.4 
203. 1 

106, 321 

103.4 

976.8 

170.3 

1,147.1 

1,043.7  '^     726.0 

1, 769.  7 

25 

25 

25-26 

26 

25, 952 
25, 175 
27, 985 
27,985 

.951 
.972 
.871 
.783 

24.7 

24.5 

'     24.4 

21.9 

188. 9 
253. 5 
243.8 
2.53. 1 

44.0 
41.7 
45.9 
38.6 

232. 9 
295.2 
289.7 
291.7 

208.2   -f     415.3 

270.7  -^     465.3 
26.5.3   -      61.2 

269.8  -      61.8 

623.0 
736.0 
204. 1 
208. 0 

107,097  j 

95.5 

939.3 

170.2 

1, 109. 5 

1,014.0    -      757.6 

1,771.6 

26-27 
27-28 
28-29 

108,654  ! 

114,094  i 

114,272  ' 

95.6 
100.5 
105.1 

995.9 
1,026.2 
1,021.8 

166.6 
173.8 
180.5 

1,162.5 
1,  200. 0 
1,  202. 3 

1,066.9   -r     708.9 
1,099.5    -f-     724.8 

1,097.2    —     710,4 

1,775.8 
1,824.3 

1.807.6 

MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


375 


Table  XCIX. — Siiiiiniarn  of  calorimdric  measurements — Metabolism  e.vpei'hnenti  Noa.  SS-34. 


Date. 

Period. 

(a) 

Heat  meas- 
ured in 
terms  of  C.,,,. 

(6) 

Change  of 
temperature 
of  calorime- 
ter. 

(c) 

Capacity  cor- 
rection of 
calorimeter 
&X60. 

(<0                  (e)                  (/) 

Water  vap- 

Correction   orizerl  eiiuals  „     ^       ^  . 

due  totem-  total  amount  "f^^'V^^S'" 

peratureof  exhaled  les8™P,°vatef 

food  and    iamount  con-     °Vn  =qo  ' 

dishes."        den.sed  in        exu.aa.. 

chamber. 

(SI) 

Total  heat 
determined, 

a-hc+ri-F/. 

1900. 
Apr.    20-21 
21-22 
92  23 

E.vperiment  No.  S3. 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

7  a.  111.  to  7  a.  m 

7  a.  in.  to  7  a.  in 

E.cjierimext  Nv.  ,33. 

7  a.m.  to  1  ji.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p  m 

7  p.  111.  to  1  a.  Ill 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Calories. 
2, 666.  3 
2, 959. 4 
3, 275. 2 

Degrees. 
+0.32 
+  .07 

Calorics. 
+  19.2 
+  4.2 

Calories. 

-  6.0 

—  6.8 
—12.4 

Grams. 

968.2 
1, 004. 6 
1 .  058.  5 

Calories. 
573.2 
594.7 
626.7 

Calories. 
3, 252.  7 
3, 551. 5 
3, 889. 5 

23-24 

1, 088. 6 

1, 207. 6 

455.  7 

269.3 

+  .07 
+  .01 

+  4.2 
+  0.6 

-  3.3 
-14.4 
+  1.2 

258.3 
252. 0 
245.1 
256. 6 

152.9 
149.2 
145.1 

1, 242. 4 

1, 343. 0 

602.0 

+  .01 

+  6.6 

151.9             421.8 

Total 

3,021.2 

+  .09 

+  5.4 

-16.5 

1,012.0 

599.  1 

3, 609.  2 

24-25 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  Ill 

1  p.  111.  to  7  p.  in 

7  p.  in.  to  1  a.  in 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

1, 153.  8 

1, 189. 9 

437.1 

248.4 

-  .04 

-  .02 

-  2.4 

-  1.2 

-  5.1 
-15.3 
+  1.4 

259.4 
264.1 
258.4 
260.1 

153. 5 
156.3 
1.53. 0 
154.0 

1,  299. 8 

1, 329.  7 

591.5 

+  .01 

+  0.6 

403. 0 

3, 029. 2 

-  .05 

-  3.0 

-19.0 

1,042.0 

616.8 

3, 624.  0 

7  a.  111.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  111.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  ni.  to  1  a.  Ill 

1  a.  111.  to  7  a.  in 

Total 

25-26 

1,180.4 

1,  226.  8 

429.2 

239.9 

—  .04 

—  2.4 

-  2.5 
-10.4 
+  2.3 

216.5 
269.0 
262.1 
266.0 

128.2 
1.59.  2 
155.2 

157.5 

1,  303.  7 
1,375.6 

586.7 

+  .01 

+  0.6 

398.0 

3,076.3         -  .03 

-  1.8 

-10. 6 

1,013.6 

600.1 

3,  664. 0 

Experiment  No.  34- 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  Ill 

7  a.  111.  to  7  a.  in 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  Ill 

26-27 
27-28 
28-29 

2, 948.  7 
2, 989. 9 
2, 924. 1 

-  .07 

-  .11 

-  .01 

-  4.2 

-  6.6 

-  0.6 

-  7.7 

—  0.7 
-11.4 

1, 067. 1 
1,098.3 
1, 095.  7 

631.7 
650.2 
648.6 

3, 568.  5 
3,  6.32.  8 
3, 560.  7 

"  Including  4.8  calories  during  each  day  period  generated  b}'  the  electric  current  used  to  magnetize  the  fields  of 
the  dynamo. 

The  alcohol,  or  reducing  material  equivalent  to  alcohol,  given  off  from  the  body  in  different 
ways  was  determined  in  the  usual  manner,  and  the  result  appear  in  Table  C.  The  usual 
correction  is  made  for  the  total  amount  of  reducing  material  in  the  urine,  drip,  freezer  water, 
and  air  current,  as  found  in  experiments  Nos.  32  and  3i,  in  which  alcohol  did  not  form  a  part  of 
the  diet.  It  will  be  observed  that  about  one-third  of  the  total  reducing  material  in  experiment 
No.  33  must  be  considered  as  due  to  other  compounds  than  the  unoxidized  alcohol.  As  in  the 
previous  series  of  experiments,  there  was  no  indication  of  a  lag  in  the  elimination  of  unoxidized 

alcohol. 

Table  C. — Alcohol  ingested  and  excreted — Metaholisni  experiments  Nos.  32-34- 


Alcohol 
ingested. 

Alcohol  excreted,  including  other  reducing 
material  calculated  as  alcohol. 

Alcohol 
excreted 
unoxi- 
dized." 

Date. 

In  urine 

(dis- 
tillate). 

In  drip 

(dis- 
tillate). 

In  freezer 
water 
(dis- 
tillate). 

In  air 
current. 

Total, 

.\lcoliol  metaholized 
in  body. 

1900. 

E.rfieriment  No.  33. 

Apr.  20-21 

Grams. 

Grams. 

0.02 

.01 

.03 

Grams. 
1     '■'' 

Grams. 
\    0.01 
{  Trace. 
[       .01 

Grams. 

0.41 

.30 

.20 

Grams. 

0.44 

.32 

,25 

Grams. 

Grams.     Per  cent. 

21-22 

22-23 

"Equals  total  reducing  material  excreted  less  0.32  gram  of  reducint;  material  not  alcohol,  the  average  for  the 
days  on  which  no  alcohol  was  consumed. 


376  .AIEMOIKS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

Table  C. — Alcohol  liKjcslcd  and  cccnicd — Mdabolism  experiments  Nos.  33-34 — Continued. 


Date. 

Alcohol 
ingested. 

Alcohol  excreted,  including  other  reducing 
material  calculated  as  alcohol. 

Alcohol 

excreted 

unoxi- 

dized." 

In  urine 

(di.s- 
tillate). 

In  drip 

(dis- 
tillate). 

In  freezer 
water 
(dis- 
tillate). 

In  air 
current. 

Total. 

Alcohol  metaooiizea 
in  body. 

Apr 

1900. 

Experiment  No.  33. 

23-24 

24-25 

25-26 

Total 

Average,  1  day 

Experiment  Xo.  34- 

•'•6  -'7 

Grams, 
72.0 
72.0 
72.0 

Grams. 

0.05 

.06 

.05 

Graaw. 
i     0.22 

Grams. 
1     0.01 
]       .02 
[      .02 

Grams. 

0.88 

.92 

.93 

Grams. 
1.02 
1.07 
1.07 

Gram3. 

0.70 

.75 

.75 

Grams. 
71.3 
71.3 
71.2 

Pe 

ecnt. 
99.0 
99.0 
98.9 

216.0 
72.0 

.16 
.05 

.22  i         -05 

2.73 
.91 

3.16 
1.05 

2.20 
.73 

213.8 
71.3 

.07 

.01 

99.0 

Apr 

.04 
.02 
.01 

i       .04 

OOO 

.32 

.26 
.20 

.37 
.30 
.24 

•->-  98 

28-29 

"  Equals  total  reducing  material  excreted  less  0.32  gram  of  reducing  material  not  alcohol,  the  average  for  the 
days  on  which  no  alcohol  was  consumed. 

Balance  of  income  and  outgo  of  matter  and  energy. — From  the  preceding  statistics  are 
computed  the  income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen,  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  energy  on  the  different 
dav.s  of  each  of  this  serie.s  of  experiments.  The  results  of  these  computations  are  shown  in 
Tables  CI-CIV. 

Table  CI. — Income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  32-34- 


Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Date  and  period. 

(o) 
In  food. 

ib) 
In  feces. 

(c) 
In  urine." 

(d) 

Gain  (+) 
or  loss 

(e) 
In  food. 

(/) 
In  feces. 

iff) 
In  urine. 

W 

In  respi- 
ratory 
products. 

(»■) 

In  alcohol 
elimi- 
nated. 

(fc) 

Gain  {  +  ) 
or  loss 

(-),<;-(/ 
+a+h+i). 

1900. 

Experiment  No.  32. 

Apr.  20-21,7a.  m.  to7a.  m. 
21-22,7a.  m.  to7a.m. 
22-23,7a.m.to7a.m. 

Grams. 
16.1 
16.2 
16.1 

Grams. 
1.2 
1.2 
1.2 

Grams. 
16.3 
15.3 
15.6 

Gratns. 
-1.4 

-  .3 

-  .7 

Grams. 
320.0 
320.0 
320.0 

Grams. 
12.6 
12.6 
12.6 

Grams, 
11.3 
10.7 
10.9 

Gratiis. 
294.6 
329.9 
352.4 

Grams, 


Grams, 
+     1.5 

-  33.2 

-  55.9 

Total 

48.4 
16.1 

3.6 
1.2 

47.2 
15.7 

-2.4 
-  .8 

960.0 
320.0 

37.8 
12.6 

32.9 
11.0 

976.9 
325.  6 

-  87.6 

Average,  1  day 

-  29.2 

Experiment  No.  .33. 

Apr.  23-24,7a.  m.  to 7a.  m. 
24-25,7a.  m.  to7a.  m. 
25-26,7a.  m.  to7a.  m. 

16.0  !        1.2 
16.0  1         1.2 
16.0  \         1.2 

16.7 
17.6 
17.7 

-1.9 
-2.8 
-2.9 

319.  6 
319.6 
319.6 

11.4 
11.4 
11.4 

11.7 
12.3 
12.3 

328.2 
333. 3 
338. 5 

0.3 

.4 
.4 

-  32.0 

-  37.8 

-  43.0 

Total 

48. 0  !        3.  6 
16.  0  1        1.  2 

52.0 
17.3 

-7.6 
-2.5 

958.8 
319.6 

34.2 
11.4 

36.3 
12.1 

1,000.0 
333.  3 

1.1 
.4 

-112.8 

Average,  1  day 

-  37.6 

Experiment  No.  .34. 

Apr.  26-27,7a.  m.  to7a.  m. 
27-28,7a.  m.  to7a.  m. 
28-29,7a.m.  to7a.m. 

16.0           1.2  '      17.4 
16.0  .         1.2         16.3 
16.0  '         1.2         16.4 

-2.6 
-1.5 
-1.6 

335.7 
335.8 
335.7 

11.6 
11.5 
11.6 

12.2 
11.3 
11.4 

338.5 
350. 9 
346.9 



-  26.6 

-  37.9 

-  34.2 

Total 

48.0 
16.0 

3.6 

1.2 

50.1 
16.7 

-5.7 
-1.9 

1,007.2 
335.7 

34.7 
11.6 

34.9 
11.6 

1, 036.  3 
345.4 

-  98.7 

Average,  1  day 

-  32.9 

'  Nitrogen  in  perspiration,  Q.  4  grams  per  day,  is  included  in  this  column. 


.MEM01K6  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 
Table  CII. — Income  and  outgo  of  uxilfr  and  hydrogen — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  32-34. 


377 


Date'  and  period. 


1900. 
Experiment  Xo.  32. 

Apr.  20-21,  7  a.  m.  to 
7  a.  in , 

Apr.  21-22,  7  a.  m.  to 
7  a.  ui 

Apr.  22-2.3,  7  a.  ni.  to 
7  a.  m 


Hydrogen. 


Grams. 
1, 035.  9 
1,035.9 
1,03.5.9 


Grams. 
1,250 
1,  250     71.  5 
1,250'     71.6 


Grams. 
1,179.7 
1,433.4 
1,048 


Total 

Average,  1  clay 

Experiment  No.  S3. 

Apr.  23-24,  7  a.  m.  to 
7  a.  lu 

Apr.  24-25,  7  a.  m.  to 
7  a.  m 

Apr.  2.5-26,  7  a.  m.  to 
7  a.  m 


.'3,107.7 
.,1,035.9 


In  res-  I  .\ppar- 

piratory  ent  lots, 

prod-      a-i-6  — (c 

ucts.      -^dJre). 


Grams.      Gramf.    Grams. 
I 
1,196.9     162.31    i^.O 

1,610.4     829. 4j    49.0 

2,094.3     928. 7j    49.0 


Gms. 
1.8 
1.8 
1.8 


(i) 


(t) 


(I) 


1°  «lco-,  -^PPf - 
In        hoi    :    „^?' 
urine,   elimi-    „S  ,,  ;  .■ 
nated.   ^-<*:' 


Loss 
from 
water. 

/4-9. 


Gms.    Grams. 

3.1 

3.0 


-I-  44.1—  1 
-I-  44.2;-  92.2 


-  44.2-103.2 


3,7.50214.7  3,661.84,901.61,920.4  147.0,    .5.4     9.1. 
1,2.50     71.61.220.61,633.8     640.1     49. 0'     1.8     3.0. 


Total 
gain 
(-l-)or 
loss(-) 
l+m. 


Grams. 
+26.  i 
-48.0 
-59.0 


-  132.5-213.4-80.9 

-  44.2-  71.  1  -26.9 


1,027.6 
1.027.6 
1,027.6 


1.2.50J     61. 2 1,029. 61, 661. 6i    474.8     52.5;     1. 
1.2-50     61.  ifl,  083. 3 1,769.  7     636.5     52.5,     1. 


3.4. 

I 


1,2.50,    61.2    926.61,771.6     481.8;    52.5     1.6     3.4 


0. 1 
.1 

.l' 


Total 

Average,  1  day  . . 

Kvperiment  No.  34. 

Apr.  26-27,  7  a.  m.  to 
7  a.  m 

Apr.  27-28,  7  a.  m.  to 
7  a.  m 

Apr.  28-29,  7  a.  m.  to 
7  a.  m 


;5,  082. 8 
1,027.6 


Total 

Average,  1  day 


3,750   183.5  3,039.5.5.202.91,593.1'  1.57.5     4.9   10.0 
1.2.50     61.2  1,013.21,734.3     .531. 0^     52.5     1.6     3.4 


47.6-  52.8-  5.2 
I  i 

47.3-  70.71-23.4 

47.4-  53.5-  6.1 

142.3—177.0-34.7 
47.4-  .59.0-11.6* 


1,028.6 
1,028.6 
1,028.6 


3,  085. 8 
1,028.6 


1,  250     60. 0 
1,250'    59.9 


789. 4 1,  775.  8 
851. 2 1, 824. 3 


1,250     60.01,036.91,) 


346.61     51.  i;  1.7     3.4' 

I  I 

456.8'    51.1  1.6     3.1 

!  !  I 

62.5.9     51.1  1.7     3.2 


3,7.50   179.92,677.5.5,407.71,429.3    153.3     5.0     9. 
1,2.50'     60.0     892.51,802.5     476.4     51.1      1.7     3. 


46.0-  38.5—  7.5 
46.  4  -  50.  8  -  4.  4 
46.  2  -  69.  5  -23.  3 


138.6-158.8-20.2 
46.2-  .52.9—  6.7 


378  MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

Table  CIII. — Gain  or  loss  of  prokin  (.Y  X6\;?-5),  fat,  and  water — Melaholism  experiments  Xos.  33-S^. 


Date  and  period. 

(a) 

Nitro- 
gen 
gained 
(  +  )or 
lost 
(-)■ 

(h) 

Protein 

gained 

(  +  )or 

lost 

a'xlk 

(c) 

Total  car- 
bon 
gained 

(+)0T 

lost(-). 

(rt) 

Carbon 
in  pro- 
tein 
gained 
(-t-)or 
lost 

bxO.53. 

(c) 

Carbon 
in  fat, 
etc., 
gained 
(-h)or 
lost(-), 
c-d. 

(/) 

Fat 
gained 
(-1-1  or 
lost  (-), 
e-i-0.761. 

(?) 

Total 

hydrogen 

gained 

(-l-)or 

lost(-). 

m 

Hydro- 
gen in 
protein 
gained 
(-h)or 
lost, 
(-) 
6x0.07. 

Hydro- 
gen in 

fat 
gained 
(4-)  or 
lost(-) 
/x  0.118. 

m 

Hydrogen 
in  water, 

etc., 

gained 

(-l-)or 

lost  (-), 

g~{h+i). 

(0 

Water 
gained 
(-t-)or 
lost  (-), 
tx9. 

1900. 

Rrperiment  No.  32. 

Apr.  20-21,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 
21-22,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 
22-23,  7  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 

Grams. 
-1.4 
-  .3 

Grams. 
-8.7 
-1.9 
-4.4 

Grams. 
+     1.5 

-  33.2 

-  55.9 

Grams. 

-  4.6 

-  1.0 

-  2.3 

Grams. 
+  6.1 
-32.2 
—53.6 

Grams. 
■4-8.0 

-  42.3 

—  70.4 

Grams. 
+26.1 
-48.0 
-59.0 

Grams. 
-0.6 

-  .1 

—  .3 

Grams. 
+  0.9 

-  5.0 

-  8.3 

Grams. 
+25.8 
-42.9 
-50.4 

Grams. 
+232.  2 

-38a  i 

-453. 6 

Total 

-2.41-15.0 

-  .8-  5.0 

—  87.6 

—  29.2 

-  7.9 

-  2.6 

-79.7 
-26.6 

-104.  7 
-  34.9 

-80.9;  -1.0 
-26.9'  -  .3 

-12.4 

-  4.1 

—67. 5 
-22.0 

—607.  5 

Average,  1  day 

-202. 5 

E.vperiment  No.  S3. 

Apr.  23-24,  7  a.  m  to  7  a.  m. 
24-25,  7  a.  m  to  7  a.  m. 

25-26,  7  a.  m  to  7  a.  m . 

-1.9 
-2.8 
-2.9 

-11.9 
-17.5 
-18.1 

—  32.0 

—  37.8 

—  43.0 

-  6.3 

-  9.3 

-  9.6 

-25.7 
-28.5 
-33.4 

—  33.8 

—  37.5 

—  43.9 

-  5.2 
-23.4 

-  6.1 

-  .8 
-1.2 
-1.3 

-  4.0 

-  4.4 

-  5.2 

-     .4 
-17.8 

+     .4 

-    3.6 
-160.2 
+    3.6 

Total  

-7.6 
-2.5 

-47.5 
-15.8 

-112.8 
-  37.6 

—25.5? 
-  8.4 

-87.6 
-29.2 

-115.2 
-  38.4 

-34.7 
-11.5 

-3.3 
-1.1 

-13.6 

-  4.5 

—17.8 
-  .5.9 

-160. 2 

Average,  1  day 

-  .53. 1 

Experiment  No.  34. 

Apr.  26-27,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 
27-28,  7  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 
28-29,  7  a.  m.  to  7a.m. 

-2.6 
-1.5 
-1.6 

-16.3 
-9.4 
-10. 0 

-  26.6 

-  37.9 

-  34.2 

-  8.6 

-  5.0 

-  5.3 

-18.0 
-32.9 

—28.9 

-  23.7 

-  43.2 

-  38.0 

+  7.5 
—  4.4 
-23.3 

—1.1 

—  .7 

—  .  7 

-  2.8 

-  5.1 

-  4.5 

+11.4 
+  1.4 
-18.1 

+102. 6 
+  12.6 
-162. 9 

Total 

—5.  7 —.35.  7 

-  98.7 

-  32.9 

-18.9 
-  6.3 

-79.8 
—26.6 

-104.  9 
-  35.0 

-20.2 
-  6.7 

-2.5 
—  .8 

-12. 4 
—  4.1 

-  5.3 

—  1.8 

—  47.7 

Average,  1  day 

-1.9 

-11.9 

-  15.9 

Table  CIV. — Income  and  outgo  of  energy — Metabolism  e.vperimenis  Nos.  32-34- 


Date  and  period. 

(a) 

Heat  of 

combustion 

of  food 

eaten. 

(b) 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion of 
feces. 

(c) 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion of 
urine. 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion of 
alcohol 
elimi- 
nated. 

(d) 

Estimated 
heat  of 
combus- 
tion of 
protein 
gained 
(-l-)or 

lost(-). 

(e) 

Estimated 
heat  of 
combus- 
tion of 

fat 

gained 

(-t-)or 

lost  (-). 

(/) 

Estimated 
energy  of 
material 
oxidized 
in  the 
body, 
a-{b+c+ 
m+d+e). 

(ff) 

Heat 
deter- 
mined. 

Heat  determined 

greater  (  +  )  or 

less  ( - )  than 

estimated. 

m 

S-g- 

(0 

1900. 

Experiment  No.  32. 

Apr.  20-21, 7a.  m.  to  7a.m. 
21-22, 7a.m.  to  7a.m. 
22-2.3, 7a.m.  to  7a.m. 

Calorics. 
3,  487 
3,487 
3,487 

Calorics. 
142 
141 
142 

Calorics. 
129 
113 
116 

Calorics. 

Calories. 

-  35 
+     3 

—  11 

Calories. 
+      77 

-  404 

-  672 

Calorics. 
3,174 
3,634 
3,912 

Calones. 
3,253 
3,551 
3,890 

Calories. 
+  79 

-  83 

-  22 

Per  cent.  ■ 
+2.5 
-2.3 
—  .  5 

Total 

10,461 
3,  487 

425 
142 

358 
119 

-  43 

—  14 

-  999 

-  333 

10,  720 
3,573 

10,  694 
3,565 

-  26 

-  8 

Average,  1  day 

—  .2 

Experiment  No.  33. 

Apr.  23-24, 7  a.  m .  to  7  a.  m . 
24-25, 7a.  ra.  to  7a.m. 
25-26,7a.m.to7a.m. 

3,486 
3,486 
3, 486 

125 
125 
125 

125 
129 
133 

5 
5 
5 

-  .54 

-  86 

-  90 

-  322 

-  357 

-  419 

3,607 
3, 670 
3,732 

3,609 
3,624 
3,664 

+     2 

—  46 

-  68 

.0 
-1.3 

—  l.S 

Total 

10,4.58          375 
.3,486  1         125 

387 
129 

15 
5 

-230 
—  76 

-1,098 
-     366 

11,009 
3,  669 

10,  897 
3, 632 

-112  ' 

Average,  1  day 

-  37         -1.0 

Experiment  Ao.  34. 

Apr.  26-27, 7a.  m.  to  7a.m. 
27-28, 7  a.  m.  to  7a.m. 
28-29, 7  a.m.  to  7a.m. 

3, 493          126 
3,493          125 
3, 493           126 

131 

125 

.     123 

-  79 

-  40 

-  43 

-  226 

-  413 

-  363 

3,541 
3,696 
3,650 

3,568 
3, 633 
3,561 

+27         +  . 7 

—  63         -1.7 

-  89         —2.  4 

Total 

Average,  1  day 

10,479          377 
3,493  1        126 

379 
126 

,     -162  1-1,002 

—  54   -    334 

10, 887 
3,629 

10,  762 
3, 587 

-125  1 

—  42  !      -1.1 

MEMOIKS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


879 


STATISTICAL  DETAILS  OF  DIGESTION   EXPERIMENTS. 

As  has  already  been  explained,  each  metabolism  expei'iment  or  series  of  experiments  was 
preceded  by  a  dijjestion  experiment  and  each  metabolism  experiment  includes  a  digestion 
experiment  The  result.-  of  those  digestion  experiments  in  which  alcohol  formed  a  part  of  the 
diet  are  detailed  herewith.  Those  of  the  corresponding  experiments  without  alcohol  are  given 
in  connection  with  the  description  of  the  latter,  as  elsewhere  published."  The  results  of  the 
digestion  experiments  with  and  without  alcohol  are  summarized  beyond. 

The  weights  of  the  ditlerent  food  materials,  as  shown  in  the  first  column  of  Tables  CV-CVIII, 
together  with  the  figures  for  percentage,  composition,  and  heat  of  combustion,  as  shown  in 
Tables  I-III  above,  sufiice  for  the  cominitationsof  the  nutrients  and  energy  in  the  food  and  feces. 
In  computing  the  protein  from  the  nitrogen,  the  factor  6.25  has  been  used  for  all  animal  foods 
and  5.70  for  the  vegetable  foods  used  in  the  experiments.*"  The  total  organic  matter  as  shown 
in  the  tables  is  the  sum  of  the  organic  constituents — protein,  fat,  carbohydrates,  and  alcohol. 

DETAILS   OF   DIGKSTIOX    EXPERIMENT   XO.    -tl. 

This  was  preliminary  to  metabolism  experiment  No.  7,  began  with  breakfast  June  3, 1897,  and 
continued  5  days.  The  diet  was  the  same  in  kind  and  practically  the  same  in  the  relative  amounts 
of  the  diflerent  ingredients  as  in  the  following  metabolism  experiment.  The  subject  was  E.  O., 
the  laboratory  assistant  who  served  in  a  large  number  of  the  experiments  here  recorded. 
His  weight  at  the  beginning  of  the  experiment  was  not  recorded;  at  the  end  it  was  without 
clothing.  66.7  kilograms  (147  pounds).  He  was  occupied  in  his  usual  duties  about  the  laboratory, 
but  did  as  little  muscular  work  as  practicable,  in  order  that  the  conditions  of  exercise  should  not 
differ  greatly  from  those  in  the  following  rest  experiment  in  the  respiration  apparatus.  The 
results  of  the  experiment  are  shown  in  Table  CV. 

DETAILS    OF    DIGESTION    EXPERIMENT    NO.    i'2. 

This  experiment  followed  immediately  after  No.  41  and  formed  a  part  of  metabolism  experi- 
ment No.  7.  It  began  with  breakfast  June  8,  189S,  and  continued  4  days.  The  subject,  E.  O., 
weighed  without  clothing  66.7  kilograms  (147  pounds)  at  the  beginning  and  iiC)  kilograms 
(145i  pounds;  at  the  end  of  the  study.  The  subject  had  as  little  muscular  activity  as  was 
practicable  during  the  experiment.     The  details  are  given  in  Table  CVI. 

Table  CV. — Delails  of  digestion  experiment  Xo.  41  (jirelimhumj  to  metabolism  experiment  Xo.  7). 


Labora- 
tory 
No. 

sample. 

Weight 
material. 

Total  or- 
ganic 
matter. 

Nitrogen. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

Alcohol. 

Ash. 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion 
(deter- 
mined). 

2795 
2796 
2798 
•'801 

Beef,  fried 

Beef,  dried 

Eggs,  boiled 

Butter 

Gramg. 

850 

125 

722 

75 

2,875 
750 
225 
625 
750 
363 

Gramf. 
274 

34 
138 

65 
351 
420 
225 
169 
145 
363 

Grami). 
34.7 
4.8 
11.5 
.2 
16!2 
10.1 

Grains. 
217 
30 
72 
1 
101 
58 

Gratm. 

57 

4 

66 

64 

138 

4 

Grame. 

Grams. 

Grams. 
11 

9 
5 
3 
22 
12 

Calories. 
1,709 

199 

j 

1,028 

1 

595 

2800 

Milk 

112 

358 
225 
124 
139 

2,133 

2804 

1,862 

■'786 

891 

2797 

6.2 
.3 

39 

6 
4 

"362.5" 

12 

786 

577 

2,566 

Total             

7,360 

2, 184 

84 

520 

343 

958 

362.  5 

76 

12, 346 

2809 

404 

15 

7.7 

4S 

22 

26 

15 

19 

632 

Alcohol     excreted     unoxi- 
dized  

106 

590 

2,  073 

76.  3  - 

472 

321 

932 

347.  5 

57 

11,018 

Coefficients  of  availability.. 

Per  cent. 
94.9 

Per  roil. 
90.8 

Per  rail. 

90.8 

Per  cent. 
93.6 

Per  cent. 
97.3 

Per  cent. 
95.9 

Per  cent. 
75 

Per  cent. 
89.2 

"See  page  241. 

■"See  discussion  of  nitrogen  factor  for  protein.     .Vtwater  and  Bryant,  Rept.  Storrs  (Conn. )  Exi^t.  Sta.,  1899,  p.  76. 


380 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIO^"AL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

Table  CVI. — Details  of  digestion  e.i-])eriment  Xo.  4^'  (part  of  metabolism  escperimeni  Xo.  7). 


Labom- 
tory 
No. 

sample. 

Weight 
material. 

Total  or- 
ganic 
matter.  ' 

Nitrogen. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

Alcohol. 

Ash. 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion 
(deter- 
mined). 

2795 

Grams. 

675 

100 

564 

60 

2,300 
600 
180 
500 
600 
290 

Grams. 
217 

27 
108 

52 
281 
336 
180 
135 
116 
290 

Grams. 
27.5 
3.8 
9.1 
.2 
13" 
8 

Grams. 
172 
24 
57 
i 
81 
46 

Grams. 

45 

3 

51 

51 

110 

4 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 
9 
7 
4 
2 
18 
10 

Calories. 
1,357 

2796 

160 

2798 

Eggs,  boiled 

Butter                        

803 

2801 

476 

2800 

Milk 

90 
286 
180 

99 
111 

1,707 

2804 

1,490 

2786 

713 

2797 

5 
.3 

31 
2 

5 
3 

'"290""" 

10 

1 



628 

Pears,  canned 

461 
2,050 

Total 

5, 869 

1,742 

66.9 

414 

272 

766 

290 

61 

9,845 

2810 

198 

47 
11.9 

3.5 

22 

10 

15 

11.9 

10 

303 

Alcohol     excreted     unoxi- 

84 

i 

490 

Amount  available 

CoeflScients  of  availability. . 

1,  683. 1 

63.4 

392 

262 

751 

278.1 

51 

8,968 

Per  cent. 

96.6 

Per  cent. 
94.8 

Per  cent. 
94.7 

Per  cent. 
96.3 

Per  cent. 
98.1 

Per  cent. 

95.9 

Per  cent. 
83.6 

Per  cent. 
91.1 

DETAILS   OF    DIGESTION   EXPERIMENT   NO.    4:7. 

Thi.s  experiment  began  with  breakfast  February  11,  1898,  and  continued  i  daj's.  The  diet 
was  the  .same  in  kind  and  practically  the  same  in  amount  as  in  metabolism  experiment  No.  10,  which 
immediately'  followed  and  of  which  this  experiment  formed  the  preliminaiy  period.  The  subject, 
E.  O..  weighed  without  clothing  67. -4  kilograms  (l-±8i^  pounds)  at  the  close  of  the  study.  His 
weight  at  the  beginning  was  not  recorded.  He  was  engaged  about  the  laboratory  in  his  usual 
occupation,  but  avoided  muscular  exertion  so  far  as  practicable.    Table  CVII  gives  the  details. 

DETAILS    OF   DIGESTION    EXPERIMENT   NO.  iS. 

This  experiment,  which  formed  a  part  of  metabolism  experiment  No.  10.  began  with  break- 
fast February  1.5,  1898.  and  continued  -i  davs.  The  subject,  E.  O.,  weighed  without  clothing 
67.1:  kilograms  at  the  beginning  and  67.6  kilograms  (149  pounds)  at  the  end  of  the  experimental 
period.     Table  CVIII  gives  detailed  I'esults. 

Table  CVII. — Details  of  digestion  e.rperirnent  Xo.  47  {preliminary  to  metabolism  ccperiment  Xo.  10). 


Lab. 

No. 

sample. 

Weight 

of 
material. 

Total 
organic 
matter. 

Nitrogen. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

Alcohol. 

Ash. 

Heat  of 

,  ombus- 

tion 

(deter- 
mined). 

2839 

Beef 

Grams. 

1,080 
60 

3,  000 
500 
200 
200 
240 
280 
290 

Grams. 
329.0 
.53. 0 
261.0 
288.0 
187.0 
182.0 
223. 0 
280.0 
290.0 

Grams. 
46.9 

Grams. 
293 

Grams. 
36 
53 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

21 

1 

24 

3 

4 

Calories. 
1,961 

2843 

Butter 

479 

2845 

14.9 
6.7 
.3.8 
3.5 
2.2 

93 
38 
23 
20 
13 

3 
1 

16 
3 

15 

165 
249 
148 
1.59 
195 
280 

1,206 

2844 

Bread 

1,277 

2842 
2840 
2841 

Maize  breakfa.st  food 

Wlieat  T)reakfa."t  food 

887 

810 

1,019 

1,109 

290.0 

2,050 

Total 

5, 850 

2, 093. 0 

78.0 

480 

127 

1,196 

290,0 

67 

10,  798 

2847 

267 

59.0 
4.4 

4.0 

25 

10 

24 

-■■■-- 

12 

360 

Alcohol  excreted  unoxidized 
Urine 

31 

569 

2, 029. 6 

74.0 

4.55 

117 

1,172 

2s5.  6 

55 

9,838 

Coefficients  of  availability . . 

Per  cent. 
97.0 

Per  cent. 
94.9 

Per  cent. 
94.8 

Per  cent. 
92.1 

Per  emit. 
98.0 

Per  cent. 
98.5 

Per  cent. 

82.1 

Per  cent. 
91.1 

MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


381 


T.\nLE  GVIIL— /><'/(//7.s 

<;/'  dif/cili 

,.n  ,'.,;,n-i 

HCit  Xo. 

4S  (pari  , 

fweUthi,! 

'.fin  e.i'pt'V 

iiieiil  Xo. 

10). 

Lab. 

No. 

sample. 

Wfight 

of 
material. 

Total 
organic 
matter. 

Nitrogen. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbohv- 
drates'. 

Alcohol. 

Ash. 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion 
(deter- 
mined). 

2839 

Beef 

Butter 

Grams. 

1,080 
60 

3, 000 
500 
200 
200 
240 
280 
290 

Grams. 

329.0 
53. 0 
264.  0 
288.0 
187.0 
182. 0 
223.0 
280.0 
290.0 

Grams. 
46.9 

Gravis. 
293 

Grams. 

36 

53 
3 
1 

16 
3 

15 

Grams. 

Gi-ams. 

Grams. 

21 

1 

24 

3 
4 

7 

Calories. 
1,961 

2843 

479 

2846 

15.8 
6.7 
3.8 
3.5 
2.2 

99 
38 
23 
20 
13 

162 
249 
148 
1.59 
195 
280 

1  '4'' 

2844 

Bread 

1277 

2842 
2840 
2841 

Maize  breakfast  food 

Wheat  Ijreakfast  food 

887 

810 

1,019 

1   109 

Alcoliol 

290.0 

2  050 

Total 

5, 850 

2,  096.  0 

78.9 

486 

127 

1,  193 

290. 0 

67 

10,  834 

2848 

351 

85.0 
4.4 

5.4 

34 

15 

36 

--.:.- 

17 

507 
31 

Alcohol  excreted  uik  ixidized 
Urine 

565 

Amount  available 



2,  006.  6 

73.5 

452 

112 

1,  157 

285. 6 

50 

9  731 

Per  cent. 
95.7 

Per  «•«(. 
93.1 

Per  cent. 
93.0 

Per  cent. 
88.2 

Per  cent. 
97.0 

Per  cent. 
98.5 

Per  cent. 
74.6 

Per  cent. 
89.8 

• 

DETAILS    OF    DIGESTION    EXPERIMENT   NO.   51. 

This  stud}'  was  preliminary  to  metabolism  experiment  No.  12.  with  the  .same  kinds  and 
amounts  of  the  different  food  materials.  The  subject,  E.  O.,  was  engaged  in  his  usual  laboratory 
work,  but  in  addition  took  considerable  muscular  exercise  on  the  bicycle  and  otherwise,  in  order 
to  make  the  conditions  of  muscular  activity  not  greatly  different  from  tho.se  in  the  following- 
metabolism  experiment.  The  study  began  with  breakfast  April  8,  1898,  and  continued  i  days. 
The  subject  weighed,  without  clothing,  70.5  kilograms  (155. -i  pounds)  at  the  beginning  and  70.1 
kilograms  (15-±.5  pounds)  at  the  end  of  the  studj'. 

DETAILS   OF    DIGESTION    EXPERIMENT   NO.   52. 

This  experiment,  which  formed  a  part  of  metabolism  experiment  No.  12,  began  with 
breakfast  April  12,  1898,  and  continued  4  days.  The  subject,  E.  O.,  weighed,  without  clothing, 
70.9  kilograms  (156.3  pounds)  at  the  beginning  and  70.3  kilograms  (155  pounds)  at  the  end  of 
the  study.  He  worked  8  hours  a  day  upon  a  stationary  bicycle  within  the  chamber  of  the 
calorimeter. 

Table  CIX. — Detalh  of  digestion  e.rperiment  No.  51  {jyreliminary  to  metaholi.^iii  e.rperiment  Xo.  13). 


Lab. 

No. 

sample. 

weight 
material. 

Total 
organic 
matter. 

Nitrogen. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

Alcohol. 

Ash. 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion 
(deter- 
mined). 

2860 

Beef 

Grams. 
700 
380 
3,600 
1,200 
240 
200 
280 
290 

Grams. 
231.0 
330. 0 
482.0 
702.0 
224.0 
110.0 
280.0 
290.0 

Grams. 
30.7 
.3 
19.0 
18.1 
4.5 
5.9 

Grams. 
192 
2 
119 
103 
27 
37 

Grams. 
39 
328 
180 
12 
20 
73 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 
18 
8 
25 
13 
4 
8 

Calories. 
1  400 

2861 

Butter 

3,  004 
3,114 
3,196 
1,065 
873 

2856 

Milk 

183 
587 
177 

2859 

Bread  ..... 

2842 

Maize  breakfast  food 

2858 

Deviled  ham 

Sugar 

280 

1  109 

Alcohol 

290.0 

2,050 

Total  ... 

6,890 

2,  649.  0 

78.5 

480 

652 

1,227 

290.  0  i          76 

15, 811 

2862 

Feces 

Alcohol  excreted  unoxidized 

495  1     120.0 
6.0 

7.2 

45 

38  j          37 

'""o.'o' 

27 

791 
42 

Urine L_            1 

544 

Amount  available 

Coefficients  of  availability.. 

j2,  .523.0 

71.3 

435 

614 

1,190 

284.0 

49 

14,  434 

Per  cent. 
95.2 

Per  cent. 
90.8 

Per  cent. 
90.6 

Per  cent. 
94.2 

Per  cent. 
97.0 

Per  rent. 

97.9 

Per  cent. 
64.5 

Per  cent. 
91.3 

382 


^lEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


Tablf.  CX.—Ddaih  o 

f  (liijestion  experim 

'))(  No.  5~ 

(part  of  metaholi.wi  c.rperin 

ent  No.  12). 

Lab. 

Xo. 

sample. 

Weight 

of 
material. 

Total 
organic 
matter.  ■ 

Nitrogen. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

Alcohol. 

\ 
Ash. 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion 
(deter- 
mined). 

2S66 
2861 
2857 
2,S5H 
2842 
2858 

Beef 

Grams. 
700 
380 
3,  600 
1,200 
240 
200 
280 
290 

Grams. 
231.0 
330.0 
425.  0 
702.0 
224.0 
110.0 
280.0 
290.0 

Grains. 

30.7 

0.3 

17.9 

18.1 

4.5 

5.9 

Grams. 
192 
2 
112 
103 
27 
37 

Grams. 
39 
328 
162 
12 
20 
73 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 
18 
8 
25 
13 
4 
8 

Calories. 
1,400 

3,004 

Milk                       

151 
587 
177 

2,873 

Bread                    

3,196 

Maize  Ijreakfast  food 

1,065 
873 

280 

1,109 

290.0 

2,050 

Total 

6,890 

2,  592.  0 

77.4 

473 

634 

1,195 

290.0  1           76 

15, 570 

2863 

370 

79.0 
6.0 

5.0 

31 

26 

22 

""h'.Q 

16 

545 

Alcohol  excreted  unoxidized 
Urine 

42 

553 

2, 507. 0 

72.4 

442 

608 

1,173 

284.0 

60 

14,430 

Per  cent. 
96.7 

Per  cent. 
93.5 

Per  cent. 
93.4 

Per  cent. 
95.9 

Per  eait. 
98.2 

Per  cent. 
97.9 

Per  cent. 
78.9 

Per  cent. 
92.7 

DETAILS   OR   DIGESTION    EXPERIMENT   NO.   SO. 

This  experiment  formed  the  preliminary  period  to  the  .series  of  metabolism  experiments  Nos. 
15-17.  It  began  with  breakfast  January  12,  1899,  and  continued  4  days.  The  subject,  E.  O.,  as 
in  previous  experiments  here  reported,  was  engaged  in  very  light  work  about  the  laboratory. 
His  weight  at  the  end  of  the  study,  without  clothing,  was  70.9  kilograms  (156  pounds).  The 
alcohol  during  this  period  was  taken  in  the  form  of  commercial  alcohol  in  sweetened  coffee  infusion, 
as  in  metabolism  experiment  No.  15.  In  metabolism  experiment  No.  16  the  alcohol  was  taken  in 
the  form  of  whisky,  and  in  No.  17  in  the  form  of  brandy. 

DETAILS   OF    DIGESTION    EXPERIMENT   NO.  81. 

This  experiment,  which  formed  a  part  of  the  series  of  metabolism  experiments  Nos.  15,  16, 
and  17,  began  with  breakfast  January  16,  1899,  and  continued  6  days.  The  subject,  E.  O., 
weighed,  without  clothing,  70.9  kilograms  at  the  beginning  arid  70.1  kilograms  (15-1.5  pound,s)  at 
the  end  of  the  experiment. 

T.\BLE  CXI.— i»f<«(7.f  ofdigenlion  experimc.it  No.  SO  (preHminury  to  nielahoUsm  cvperiment  No.  1.5). 


Labora- 
tory 

sample. 

Weight 
material. 

Total 
organic 
matter. 

Nitrogen. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

Alcohol. 

Ash. 

Heat  oJ 

combu.s- 

tion 

(deter- 
mined). 

3009 
3003 
3005 
3004 

Grams. 
640 
120 

3,  450 
120 

1,240 
204 
290 

Grams. 
184 
104 
334 
111 
707 
204 
290 

Grams. 

26.7 

.2 

22.1 

2.2 

15.7 

Grams. 

167 

1 

138 

13 

89 

Grams. 

17 

103 

3 

1 

35 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 
14 

3? 
2 
16 

Calories. 
1,076 

955 

Milk,  skimmed 

193 

97 
583 
204 

1,611 

487 

2968 

Bread                

3,360 

808 

\lcohol 

290 

2,256 

Total                        

6,  064 
185 

1,9.34 

66.9 

408 

1.59 

1,077 

290 

66 

10, 553 

55 
6.8 

.3.2 

20 

13 

22 

""e.'s" 

14 

383 

3007 

Alcohol  excreted  unoxidized 

48 

485 

1 

1,872.2 

6.3.7 

388 

146 

1,055 

283.  2 

52 

9,  (i37 

Per  cent. 
96.8 

Per  cent. 
95.2 

Per  cent. 
95.1 

Per  cent. 
91.8 

Per  cent. 
98 

Per  cent. 
97.6 

Per  cent. 
7S.8 

Per  cent. 
91.4 

MEMOIKS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES.  3b8 

Table  CXII. — Iklails  of  diijesiion  cxperUnaii  Xo.  SI  (part  of  mdnholixm  fj-pcrhneiils  Xos.  J.'j,  If!,  atnl  17). 


Labora- 
tory 

No. 
sample. 

Weight 

of 
material. 

Total 
organic 
matter. 

Nitrogen. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Carboliy- 
(IratoK. 

Alcohol. 

Ash. 

Heat  ui 
ccimljus- 

lion 
(deter- 
mined). 

3009 

Beef 

Grams. 
960 
180 

5,700 
180 

1,860 
342 
435 

Crams. 
275 
157 
553 
166 
1,060 
342 
435 

Grams. 

40.0 

.3 

37.5 

3.2 

23.5 

Grams. 

250 

2 

234 

18 

134 

Grams. 

25 

1.55 

6 

1 

52 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 
21 

5 
46 

3 
24 

Calories. 
1,615 

3003 

Butter 

1,433 

3006 

313 
147 
874 
342 

2  667 

3004 

730 

2968 

5,040 
1  354 

435 

3,075 

Total 

9,657 

2,988 

104.5 

638 

239 

1,676 

435 

99 

1.5,914 

3008 

316 

76 
10.3 

5 

31 

18 

27 

"'io.'s' 

24 

529 

Alcohol  excreted  unoxiclized 
Urine 

73 

759 

2,901.7 

99.5 

607 

221 

1,649 

424.  7 

75 

14, 553 

Per  cent. 
97.1 

Per  cent. 
95.2 

Per  cent. 
95.2 

Per  cent. 
92.5 

Per  cent. 
98.4 

Per  cent. 
97.6 

Per  cent. 
75.8 

Per  cent 
91  5 

DETAILS   OF    DIGESTION    EXPERIMENT   NO.   83. 

Thi.s  experiment  was  preliminary  to  and  formed  a  part  of  metabolism  experiments  Nos. 
18-21.  The  subject  was  A.  W.  S.,  a  physicist.  He  was  engaged  in  the  investigations  of  which 
this  experiment  forms  a  part.  The  study  began  with  breakfast  February  2, 1899,  and  continued  4 
days  outside  the  apparatus.  During  the  following  9  daj's,  beginning  with  February  G,  the  subject 
was  inside  the  respiration  chaml)er.  It  was  the  intention  to  subdivide  the  13  days  covered  by  this 
digestion  experiment  into  three  separate  experiments,  comprising  the  4  preliminaiy  days  previous 
to  the  time  when  the  subject  entered  the  respiration  calorimeter;  the  6  days  in  the  calorimeter 
in  which  alcohol  formed  a  part  of  the  diet,  either  as  commercial  alcohol,  whisky,  or  brandy;  and 
the  3  days  of  experiment  No.  21  in  which  alcohol  was  omitted  from  the  diet.  Unfortunately  no 
satisfactory  separation  of  the  feces  was  obtained  between  the  preliminary  period  and  the  end  of 
the  experiment  No.  21.  The  whole  time  is  therefore  included  in  one  digestion  experiment.  The 
body  weight  of  the  subject  at  the  beginning  of  the  period  was  72.1:  kilograms,  and  at  the  end  72.7 
kilograms  (160.3  pounds).  During  the  preliminary  days  veiy  little  muscular  work  was  done, 
and  during  the  sojourn  in  the  apparatus  practically  no  exercise  was  taken.  The  kinds  and  daily 
amounts  of  foods  were  the  .same  during  the  1  preliminary  days,  and  the  6  daj's  of  metabolism 
experiments  Nos.  18-20,  except  that  alcohol  was  taken  in  the  form  of  commercial  ethyl  alcohol  in 
the  preliminary  period  and  in  No.  IS,  whisky  in  No.  19,  brandy  in  No.  20.  In  experiment  No. 
21  the  alcohol  was  omitted  from  the  diet. 


384  ^lEMOIRS  OF  THE.  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

Taule  CXlll.—Ikiails  of  dir/eslion  exjjerbnent  Xo.  S^  {preHminanj  to  am!  port  of  metabolism  e.vperiments  Xos.  lS-21). 


Labora- 
tory   j 
Xo.    1 

sample. 

Weight  of 
material. 

Total  or- 
ganic 
matter.- 

Nitrogen. 

Protein. 

F«t-        h?drn?es.'  Alcohol. 

Ash. 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion 
(deter- 
mined). 

3022 

3021 

3023-i 

3004 

2968 

Grams. 
Beef :     2,080 

Grams. 

634 

341 
1,  232 

360 
2,297 

58,5 

Grams. 
92.9 

49^6 

7.2 

50.9 

Grams. 

581 

4 

310 

41 

290 

Grams. 
53 
337 
430 
2 
113 

Grams.    \    Grams- 

Grams. 
43 
10 
78 
6 
52 

Calories. 
3,'800 

3,148 

Milk 

Parched  cereal 

Bread 

9,  7.50 
390 

4,030 
585 

■""l92 

317 

1,894 

585 

7,6.58 

1,582 

10, 921 

2,317 

Alcohol 

Total 

Feces 

Alcohol  excreted  unoxidized 
Urine 

725  i     725 

725 

5,331 

17.9.50  6,174 

201.3 

1,226 

935 

3,288  1        725 

189 

34,  757 

3033 

832  1     188 
''4  5 

13.5 

84 

52 

52 

""24."5' 

39 

1,307 
173 

i 

1,427 

Amount  available 

17,118 

5,961.5 

187.8 

1,142 

883 

3,236  1     700.5 

150 

31,850 

Per  Cftit. 
96.6 

Per  cent. 
93.8 

Per  cent. 
93.2 

Per  cent. 
94.4 

Per  cent.  \  Per  cent.  :  Per  rent. 
98. 4  !      96.  6  1      79.  4 

Per  cent. 
91.6 

DETAILS    OF    DIGESTION   EXPERIMENT   NO.   83. 

This  experiment  began  witli  breakfast  March  9,  1899,  and  continued  4  days.  It  was 
preliminary  to  the  series  of  metabolism  experiments  Nos.  22-24,  and  was  made  with  the  .same 
subject.  E."  O. .  who  served  in  the  majority  of  the  digestion  experiments  here  described.  The 
diet  during  the  first  3  days  contained  no  alcohol.  On  the  last  day  72.5  grams  of  absolute  alcohol 
were  added  in  the  form  of  commercial  ethyl  alcohol.  The  subject  was  engaged  in  his  usual  work 
about  the  laboratory  and  performed  very  little  manual  labor.  His  weight,  without  clothing, 
was  72.rl:  kilograms  (159.6  pound.s)  at  the  close  of  the  experiment. 

DETAILS    OF    DICJESTION    EXPERIMENT    NO.  81. 

The  experiment  began  with  breakfast  March  13,  1899,  and  continued  6  days,  forming  a  part 
of  metabolism  experiment  Nos.  22  and  23,  details  of  which  are  given  above.  Alcohol  formed 
a  part  of  the  diet  on  the  first  3  days  (metabolism  experiment  No.  22)  while  on  the  last  3  days 
(metabolism  experiment  No.  23)  only  the  basal  ration  was  eaten.  The  subject,  E.  O.,  weighed, 
without  clothing,  at  the  beginning  of  the  experiment  72.1  kilograms  and  at  the  end  72.7  kilo- 
grams (160.3  pounds).  He  had  as  little  muscular  activity  during  the  series  of  experiments  as  was 
practicable. 


Taisi.e  CXiy.— Detail.''  rjf  digestion  experiment 

Xo.  83  {prelirnhwry  to  metabolism  e.i 

periment  Xo.  SS) . 

Labora- 

torj- 

Xo. 
sample. 

Weight 
j  material. 

Total 
organic 
matter. 

Nitrogen. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

Alcohol. 

Ash. 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion 
(deter- 
mined). 

3027 
3029 
.3031 
3004 
3032 

Grann. 

Beef 600 

Butter 220 

Milk,  skimmed 4,  .520 

Cereal,  parched 180 

Bread  1,240 

Sugar 160 

■Vlcohol                                              72 

Grams. 
246.0 
193.0 
384.  0 
166.0 
723. 0 
160.0 
72.0 
9.0 

Grams. 

33.4 

.3 

26.1 

3.2 

15.7 

Grajns. 

209 

2 

163 

18 

89 

Grams. 

37 

191 

4 

1 

42 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 
6 
6 

36 
3 

16 

Calories. 
1,580 

1,766 

217 
147 
.592 
160 

1,849 
730 

3,483 
634 

72.0 

i' 

509 

3069 

Horse-radij^'h 98 

.2 

1 



8 

37 

Total 7,090 

1 ,  953.  0 

78.9 

482 

275 

1,124 

72.0 

68 

10, 588 

3034 

Face." :        267 

Alcohol  excreted  unoxidized 

Urine 

04.0 
2.2 

4.6 

29 

15 

20 

""2."2' 

19 

417 
16 



566 

Atnount  available 

1,886.8 

74.3 

453 

260 

1,104 

69.8 

49 

9,589 

Coefficiente  of  availability . . ' 

Per  cent. 
90.6 

Per  cent. 
94.2 

Per  cent. 
94.0 

Per  cent. 
94.5 

Per  cent. 
98.2 

Per  cent. 
97.0 

Per  cent. 
72.1 

per  rent. 
90.5 

MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


385 


T.VBLE  CXV.  — A/(((7.s-o/ (/;;/(. s^'r,»  r.cjifriiiiad  .v..  S-i  (pint  nf  iiul'iholl.'^ji}  ,:.q„r:ii,ciil.<!  Xo.'i.  .i^  and  Zi). 


Labora- 
tory 
Nil. 

sample. 

Weight 

material. 

Total 
orgunie 
matter. 

Nitrogen. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

.\lcohol. 

Ash. 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion 
(deter- 
mined). 

30"  7 

Beef 

Grams. 

900 

330 

6,  780 

270 

1,860 

240 

216 

90 

Grams. 
369.0 
290.0 
576.  0 
249.0 
1,084.0 
240.  0 
216.  0 
8.0 

Grams. 
50.2 

39^0 
o.O 

Grams. 

314 

4 

244 

28 

134 

5.5 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 
9 
8 

54 
4 

24 

i 

Caloriee. 
2,370 
2,649 
2,773 

30"'9 

Butter 

286 

1 
63 

3031 

325 
220 
887 
240 

"216""" 

3004 

1,095 

3032 

Bread  

5,  225 

950 

3069 

Alecihol 

1 

1,526 
34 

Total 

Feces 

Alcohol  excreted  uiioxiilized 

10,  686 

3, 032.  0 

118.6 

725 

412 

1,679 

216 

100 

16,622 

3035 

426 

100. 0 
6.6 

6.7 

42 

22 

36 

""h'.e 

30 


686 
47 

854 

Amount  available 

Coefficients  of  availability. - 

2,  92.5.  4 

111.9 

683 

390 

1,643 

209. 4 

70 

15,  035 

Pircnl. 
96.  5 

I'lr  call. 
94.4 

Pa-  m,t. 
94.2 

Per  call. 
94.7 

Per  call. 
97.9 

Per  cent. 
97.0 

Per  eeal. 
70.0 

Per  cent. 
90.5 

DETAILS   OF    DIGESTION    EXPERIMENT   NO.    1.51. 

This  experiment  formed  a  part  of  metabolism  experiment  No.  '21  in  series  26-28,  studying 
the  comparative  etieets  of  fat,  alcohol,  and  sugar  in  the  diet.  The  subject,  J.  F.  S.,  was  a  chemist 
engaged  in  the  investigation  here  reported.  His  weight,  in  underclothing,  was  <34.1  kilograms  at 
the  beginning  and  63.7  kilograms  (140. -t  pounds)  at  the  end  of  the  study.  The  experiment  began 
with  breakfast  Februarv  17,  I'.ttiO.  and  continued  3  days. 

T.iBLE  CXVI. — iMails  of  digestion  e.vperiment  Xu.  131  [part  of  metabrjlism  e.rperiment  Xo.  37). 


Labora- 
tory 
Xo. 

sample. 

Weight 

of 
material. 

Total 
organie 
matter. 

Xitrogeu. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

Alcohol. 

Ash. 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion 

( deter- 
mined). 

3176 

Beef 

Grams. 

255 

90 

3,  000 

600 

180 

1.50 

45 

216 

Grams. 
93.0 
78.0 
276.0 
356.  0 
170.0 
140.0 
45.0 
216.0 

"iTs 

2 

20!l 

8.5 

1.8 

2.8 

"  "s6 

1 

126 

49 

10 

16 

Grams. 

7 
77 

9 
10 
15 

3 

Grams. 


Grams. 

Grains. 

2 
24 
8 
3 
3 

Calories. 
560 

3177 

Butter                               .   .. 

720 

3179 
3180 

Milk,  skimmed 

Bread  

141 
297 
145 
121 
45 

1,386 
1,682 

3181 

798 

3168 

620 

178 

216.0 

1,526 

Total 

4, 536 

1,374.0 

47.2 

288 

121 

749 

216.0 

42 

7,470 

3184 

219 

4.8.0 

3.4 

21 

6 

21 

2.  7 

18 

292 

Alcohol  excreted  unoxidized 

19 

334 

.\mount  available 

1,323.3 

43.8 

267 

115 

728 

213.  3 

24 

6. 825 

Per  call. 
96.3 

Per  cent. 
92.8 

Per  cent 
92.7 

Per  call. 
95.0 

Per  cent. 
97.2 

Per  cent. 
98.7 

Per  cent. 
57.1 

Per  cent. 
91.4 

DETAILS   OF    DIGESTION    EXPERIMENT   XO.    155. 


This  experiment  formed  a  part  of  nietaboli.sm  experiment  No.  30,  the  second  of  the  scries  of 
experiments  Nos.  29-31  for  the  purpose 'of  studying  the  relative  eti'ect  of  sugar,  alcohol,  and  fat 
in  the  diet  during  periods  of  work.     It  began  with  breakfast  March  li»,  1900,  and  continued  3 


386 


ilEMOlRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


dav.-^.     The  .subject  was  J.  F.  S.      Hi.s  -n-eig-ht.   in  uuderclothing.  was  64.6  kilograms  at  the 
l)egiiiniiig  and  64-.1  kilograms  (141.3  pounds)  at  the  end  of  the  experiment. 

T.\BLE  CXVII. — Detaih  of  digestion  experiment  JS'o.  155  [jiart  of  metabolism  e.rperime}it  A'o.  SO). 


Labora- 
tory 
No. 

sample. 

'Weight 
material. 

Total 
organic 
matter. 

Nitrogen. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

Alcohol. 

Ash. 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion 
(deter- 
mined). 

3186 

Grams. 
174 
141 

2,700 
900 
225 
225 
75 
216 

Grams. 

67.0 
124.0 
384.0 
560.0 
213.0 
211.0 

75.0 
216.0 

Grams. 
10.0 
.3 
17.3 
13.5 
2.3 
4.3 

Grams. 
62 
2 
108 
77 
13 
25 

Grams. 

5 

122 

146 

18 

19 

3 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 
2 
5 
22 
12 
4 
5 

Calories. 
405 

3187 

1,135 

3190 

Milk         

130 
465 
181 
183 
75 

2,430 

3192 

2,637 

3181 

998 

3193 

945 

297 

2i6.6 

1,526 

Total           

4, 656 

1, 850. 0 

47.7 

287 

313 

1, 0.34 

216.0 

50 

10, 373 

Feces 

Alcohol  excreted  unoxidized 

3196 

143 

33.0 
2.3 

2 

13 

6 

14 

"'l.'s' 

8 

213 

16 

343 

1,814.7 

45.7 

274 

307 

1,020 

213.7 

42 

9,801 

Per  ee»t. 
98.1 

Per  cent. 
95.8 

Per  cent. 
95.5 

Per  cent. 
98.1 

Per  cent. 
98.6 

Per  cent. 
98.9 

Per  cent. 
84 

Per  cent. 
94.5 

DETAILS    OF    DIGESTION    EXPERIMENT   NO.   159. 

This  experiment,  which  began  with  breakfa.st,  April  23,  1900,  and  continued  3  daj's,  formed 
a  part  of  the  series  of  metaboli.sm  experiments  Nos.  32-84,  studying  the  relative  effect  of  fat, 
alcohol,  and  sugar  in  the  diet  during  periods  of  work.  The  subject  was  the  same  as  in  the  two 
preceding  experiments  here  described.  His  weight,  in  underclothing,  was  65.2  kilograms  at  the 
beginning  and  64.9  kilograms  (143.1  pounds)  at  the  end  of  the  investigation. 

Table  CXVIII. — Details  of  digestion  experiment  No.  159  {part  of  metabolism  experiment  No.  S3). 


Lab. 

No. 

sample. 

1 

Weigljt  of 
material. 

Total 
organic 
matter. 

Nitrogen. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Carbohy- 
drates. 

Alcohol. 

Ash. 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion 
(deter- 
mined). 

3205 

Beef 

Grams. 
174 
105 
3,060 
900 
225 
225 
105 
216 

Grams. 
61.0 
9.3.0 
432.0 
548. 0 
212.0 
211.0 
105.  0 
210.0 

Grams. 
8.9 
.2 
20.2 
12.4 
2.0 
4.3 

Grams. 
56 
1 
126 
71 
11 
25 

Grams. 

5 

92 

159 

23 

16 

3 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams.- 
2 
3 
24 
12 
5 
5 

Calories. 
361 

3206 

862 

3201 

Milk                   

147 
454 
185 
183 
105 

2,766 

3204 

2,582 

3207 

998 

3193 

945 

416 

Alcohol 

Total 

216.0 

1,526 

i 

5, 010 

1,878.0 

48.0 

290 

298 

1,074 

216.0 

51 

10, 4.56 

Feces 

Alcohol    excreted,    unoxi- 
dized   

259 

59.0 
2.2 

3.5 

22 

13 

24 

■  2.2 

16 

375 
16 

335 

1,816.8 

44.5 

268 

285 

1, 0.50 

213.8 

35 

9,730 

Per  cent. 
96.7 

Per  cent. 
92.7 

Per  cent. 
92.4 

Per  cent. 

95.6 

Per  cent. 
97.8 

Pel-  cent. 
99.0 

Per  cent. 
68.6 

Per  cent. 
93.1 

TABULAR   SUMMARIES   OF   RESULTS  OF  THE   EXPERIMENTS. 

The  followiiio-  taljles  .suiimiarize  the  more  important  results  of  the  experiments. 

INCOME    AND    OUTGO    OF    NITROGEN    AND    GAIN    OR    LOSS    OF    PROTEIN    AND    FAT. 

The  data  which  bear  iminediatelj^  upon  the  nitrogen  and  carbon  balance,  and  the  gains  and 
losses  of  j)rotcin  and  fat,  with  and  without  alcohol  in  the  ration,  are  brought  together  in  Table 
CXIX.     The  method  of  grouping  was  explained  above,  page  — . 

Table  CXIX. — Income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon  and  gain  or  losx  of  protein  and  fat,  in  experiments  ii:ith  and 

■ivUhoul  alcohol. 


In  daily  food. 

Nitrogen. 

(c) 

T 

Carbon. 

(m) 

(a) 

(6) 

(f) 

(.) 

(/) 

(3) 

CO 

('•) 

W 

(') 

T 

Clasiiiflcation,  serial  numbers, 
and     subjects    of    experi- 
ments. 

g 

1 

i 

g 

s 

< 

1 

1 

i 

^ 

T 
1? 

'i 

s 

ix 

1 

1 

a 

c 
3 

a 

1 
c 
1 

0 
.a 
I 

c 

i 

1 

it 

+3 
—  1 

0 

Experiments     ivith     and 
witho^d    alcohol   more 
strictly  comparable. 

Rest  Experiments. 

GROUP   A. 

No.  9,  E.  0.,  ordinary 
diet 

D. 

4 

4 

Gs. 
119 
123 

Gms. 
69 
32 

Gms. 
342 

297 

ems. 
7'?  5 

Cats. 
2,717 

2,  709 

Gvis. 
19.1 
19  S 

Gms. 
1.3 
1   4 

Gins. 
18.4 
19  5 

Gms. 
-0.6 
-1.1 

Gms. 
-3.6 
-69 

Gms. 
261.6 

Gms. 
13  4 

Gms. 

Gvis. 
0  5 

Gms. 
223.6 
214.9 

Gms. 
+12.0 

+  12.6 

Gms. 
+  18.2 
^21.2 

No.    10,  E.  0.,  alcohol 
diet 

253.311.813.5 

GROl-P   B. 

No.  24,  E.  0.,  ordinary 

3 
3 

124 
124 

69 

409 

T>  n 

3,061 
3,044 

19.8 
19  8 

1.3 
1   1 

18.2 
18  5 

+  -3 
+  .2 

+  1.7 
+  1.4 

299.7 
279.8 

10.  511.8 

1   *? 

230.9 

207.8 

+46. 5 
+48.7 

+59.  7 
+62.7 

No.   22,  E.  0.,   alcohol 
diet 

69'  276 

10  3 

11    8 

GROl'PS    A-B. 

Average,  9,  24,  ordinary 
diet. ". . 

7 

121 
193 

69  37.=i 

79  s 

2,889 
2,877 

19.4 

19  8 

1.3 
1  3 

18.3 
19  0 

-  .2 
5 

-  1.0 
9  8 

280.7 
266  6 

11.9 
11    1 

12.2 
1"  7 

8 

227.3 
211.4 

+29.3 
+30.6 

+39.0 
-1-42.0 

Average,  10,  22,  alcohol 
diet; 

51 

•>m 

GROUP   C. 

No.  26,  J.  F.S.,  ordinary 
diet 

3 

3 
6 

3 

100 

99 
99 

99 

95 

40 
68 

40 

247 

375 
311 

247 

72.0 

2,490 

2,489 
2,490 

2,491 

15.9 

15.8 
15.9 

15.8 

1.1 

1.2 
1.2 

1.1 

15.4 

15. 3 
15.3 

15.7 

-  .6 

-  .7 

-  .6 

-1.0 

-  .3.5 

-  4.5 
-4.0 

-6.0 

233.2 

245.  8 
239. 5 

229.  5 

9.4 

10.0 
9.7 

8.9 

11.0 

10.9 
11.0 

11.2 

.5 

196. 1 

^167 

-r24.  4 

No.  28,  J.  F.  S.,  ordinary 
diet 

210.7+14.2 
203. 4' +15. 4 

198.3+10.6 

+21.8 

Average,  26,  28 

+23.1 

No.  27,  J.  F.  S.,  alcohol 
diet 

+18.3 

387 


388  3IEM0IES  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

Table  CXIX. — Income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon  and  gain  or  loss  of  protein  and  fat,  etc. — Continued. 


In  daily  food. 

Nitrogen. 

ie) 

T 
I 

Carbon. 

(m) 

(a) 

(6) 

(c) 

((/) 

(0 

(.9) 

CO 

(0 

(k) 

(0 

T 

Clas.«ification,  serial  numbers, 
and    subjects    of    experi- 
ments. 

g 

^ 
& 

1  . 1 
5 ;  < 

1 
c 

c 

ST 
ii 

'3 

o 

■ll 

1 

£ 

1 

c 

1 

1 

1 

e 

OS 

1 

~  + 
St 

3 

6 

Experiments    with    and 
inthoiU    alcohol    more 
strictly      comparable — 
Continued. 

Rest  Expekimen-t.s — 
Continued. 

GROUPS   A-C. 

Average,  9,  24,  26-1-28, 
ordinary  diet -.. 

Average,  iO,  22,  27,  alco- 
hol diet 

D. 
13 

10 

Gs. 

114 
11.5 

Gms. 
69 
47 

Gms. 
354 
273 

Gms. 
72.2 

Cats. 
2,756 
2,748 

Gms. 
18.3 
18.5 

Gme. 
1.3 
1.2 

Gms. 
17.3 
17.9 

Gms. 
-0.3 
-  .6 

Gms. 
-2.0 
-  3.8 

Gms. 

266.9 
254.2 

Gms. 
11.2 
10.3 

Gms. 
11.8 
12.2 

Gms. 
0.7 

Gms. 

219.3 
207.0 

G7ns. 
4-24.6 
-1-24.0 

Gms. 

-F33.7 
+34. 1 

Work  Experiments. 

GROUP  n. 

No.  11,  E.  0.,  ordinary 
diet        

4 
4 

124 
121 

129 
159 

485 

3,862 
3,891 

19.8 
19.3 

2.2 
1.3 

18.1 
18.2 

-  .5 
_  2 

-3.0 
-1.0 

373.  5 
344.  8 

20.2 
12.1 

12.7 
12.3 

.8 

372.6 

344.7 

-32. 0 
-25.1 

—39.7 

Xo.    12,   E.  0.,   alcohol 
diet 

296  72.  4 

—32.2 

GROUP   E. 

Xo.  29,  J.  F.  S.,  ordinary 
diet 

3 

3 
6 

•> 

100 

101 
100 

106 

161 
1,34 

104 

471 
343 

3,487 

3,495 
3,491 

3,458 

16.0 

16.1 
16.0 

15.9 

.8 

.8 
.8 

.  7 

16.0 

15.6 
15.8 

17.3 

-  .8 

-  .3 

-  .6 

-2.1 

-5.0 

-2.3 

-  .3.7 

-1.3. 1 

333.6 

321.5 
327.6 

31.5.  5 

8.3 

8.1 
8.2 

6.4 

11.2 

10.9 
11.1 

12.1 

.4 

334.9 

315.8 
325.4 

316. 5 

-20.8 

—13.3 

—17.1 

-19.9 

-23.8 

Xo.  31,  J.  F.S.,  ordinary 
diet       

—15.  9 

Average,  29,  31 

Xo.  30,  J.  F.  S.,  alcohol 

407^.... 
341  7''  n 

-19.9 

17.0 

GROUP    F. 

Xo.  32,  J.  F.  S.,  ordinary 
diet 

Xo.  34,  .1.  F.  S. ,  ordinary 
diet 

Average,  32,  34 

Xo.  33,  J.  F.  S.,  alcohol 
diet 

3 

3 

6 

3 

101 

100 
100 

100 

1.52 

99 
126 

99 

3.54 

478 
416 

355 

72.0 

3,487 

3,493 
3,490 

3, 486 

16.1 

16.0 
16.0 

16.0 

1.2 

1.2 

1.2 

1.2 

15.7 

16.7 
16.2 

17.3 

-  .8 

-1.9 
-1.4 

-2.5 

-  .5.0 

-11.9 

-8.5 

-1.5.  8 

320.0 

335.7 
327.8 

319.  6 

12.6 

11.6 
12.1 

11.4 

11.0 

11.6 
11.3 

12.1 

.4 

325.6 

345.4 
335.5 

333.3 

-29.2 

-32.9 
-31.1 

-37.6 

-34.9 

-35. 0 
-35.0 

-38.4 

GROUPS   E-T. 

Average,  29-f  31,  32-r.34, 
ordinary  diet 

Average,  30,  33,  alcohfil 
diet: 

12 

100 
100 

1.30 
102 

412 
348 

72.0 

3,  49.0 
3, 472 

16.0 
16.0 

1.0 
1.0 

16.0 
17.3 

-1.0 
-2.3 

-  6.1 
-14.5 

327.  7 
317.6 

10.2 
8.9 

11.2 
12.1 

.4 

330.4 
324.9 

-24.1 
-28.7 

-27.5 

-27.7 

GROUI'S   D-F. 

Average,  11,  29-f- 31,  32 
-i-34,  ordinarv  diet  ... 

Average,  12,  .30,"33,  alco- 
hol diet 

16 
10 

108 
107 

130 
21 

4.36 
331 

72.2 

3,614 
3,611 

17.3 
17.1 

1.4 
1.1 

16.7 
17.6 

-  .8 
-1.6 

-  5.1 
-10.0 

343. 0 
326.6 

13. 5 
10.0 

11.7 
12.2 

.5 

.344. 5 
331.5 

-26.7 
-27. 5 

-31.5 
-29.2 

MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES.  389 

Table  CXIX. — Income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon  and  gain  or  logs  of  protein  and /at,  tie. — Continueil. 


In  daily  food. 


Classification,  serial  numbers, 
and  subjects  of  esperi- 
ments. 


Experiments  with  and 
icithout  alcohol  kfi 
ttrialy  comparable. 

Rest  Experiments. 

GROUP  O. 


(o)      (6) 


ogen. 

(e) 

(0 

«o 

1 

^ 

1 

X 

fe4 

?i 

To 

.=  ,c 

^x 

'        b.      r 

s-^ 

-  '  ""-4 

5t; 

t      (/)    (ff) 


Gmtt. 


Qmt.  Gms. 


Gmt.  ]    Gmi.      Gmi.  Gme. 


Gmt. 


Gau. 


1. 1 19. 5  -1. 9i-ll.  7 245. 8 11. 1 


Z>.les.:Cm&  GiM.  Giii«.|  Oalt. 
Xo.  13,  E.  0.,  ordinarv  1 

diet "..  3117  88  270 2,59618. 

Xo.  14,   E.  (».,  ordinarv  I 

diet "--  4  94  83  290 2,51315.1     .916.2—2.0—12.4239.0   7.4 

Average,  13,  14 7105  86  280 2,55516.9  1.017.8—1.9—12.0242.4  9.313.6 206.3—13.2—25.7 

Xo. 7,  E.O.,  alcohol  diet.  4104  68  19172.52,46216.7     .917.7-1.9-12.0218.6  6.713.3   1.5214.5—17.4—14.3 


(A) 


(0 

(*) 

(0 

^ 

■s 

^ 

s 

^ 

S 

?^ 

J  + 

" 

^i 

=  t 

1 

5 

+  1 

Gm».Omt. 

I 
15.1.. 

12.2.. 


(m) 


Gm». 

205.2-1-14.4-26.9 
207.3-fl2. 1—24.4 


GROUP  H. 


Xo.  5.  E.  O..   ordinary 

diet "..   4119     95 

Xo.   15,   E.  O..  alcohol 

diet 

Xo.   16,   E.   O.,  alcohol 

diet 

Xo.   17,   E.  O.,  alcohol 

diet 

Average.  15,  16,  17 

GROUP  I. 


276!....  2,655 


19.1 


2109     40  277  72.52,653117.4 


1.718.1-   .7-  4.  2  248. 9 13.811.6 
.  8 15. 6  -i-l.  0  -r  6. 0  245. 7,  7. 811. 0 


109     40  277  72.52,653117.4:     .815.5-1-1.1 


-I-  7.224o.7|  7.810.9 


2 109     40  277  72. 5 2, 653 17. 4     .8 15. 6^1. 0+6. 0245. 7   7. 8 11. 0 

6109     40  277  72.52,6.5317.4     . 8 15. 6 -i-l.  1'-^-  6.4245.7   7.S11.0,     .9217.6 


...231 

.8220.0 
1. 1 218. 3 

.8214.5 


Xo.  21,  A.  W.  S.,  ordi- 
narv diet 3  97 

Xo.  IS,  A.  W.S.,  alcohol 
diet 2  97 

Xo.  19,  A.  W.  S.,  alcohol 
diet 2  97 

Xo.  20,  A.  W.S.,  alcohol 
diet 2  97 

Average,  18,  19,  20 6  97 

GROUPS  G-I. 


72  250 2,26415.5   1.015.4—  .9—  5.6215.2  9.010.8 217.4 

72  250,72.52,77615.5   1.116.4-2.01-12.2253.0  9.010.4   1.6219.3 


250  72. 5  2, 776:15. 5l  1. 0|l4.  o, 


72,  25072.52,77615.5  1.014.11- 
72  25072.52,7761.5.51  1.015.0 


—  8.2 

+  6.1 

-f-  7.6 

-i-U.6 
-f-  8.4 


-f  3.8 
4-5.0 


-t-n.o 

-1-6.6 


—22.0-24.9 

I 
-12.  7 -r25. 1 


0253.0  9.0  9.2   1.3'206.6+26.9i-i-35. 1 


.41-!-  2.2253.0 


9.0  9.0  1.5  216.2-rl7.3 


.5—  3.3253.0  9.0  9.5   1.5214.1+18,9 


-Average,  13  — 14,  5,  21, 

ordinary  diet 14  10' 

-A^verage,  7,  15  to  17,  18 

to  20,  alcohol  diet 16103     60  23972.52,63016.5 


84]  269 2,49117.1   1.217.1 

916.1 


GROUPS  A-I. 


-Average,  9,  24.  26  —  2S, 

11,29-31,  32-34,13 

—  14,  5,  21,  ordinary 

diet 43110     94  353, 2,95417.5   1.317.0 

.Average,  10,  22,  27,  12, 

30,  33,  7,  15  to  17,  18       I 

to  20,  alcohol  diet 36|108,    76  281  72. 3  2. 997 17. 4   1.1 17.  2 


7.3235.5 
3.0239.1 


10.712.0... 
7.811.3   1.3 


.5. 6  273.  .S;  9.411.9 


218. 5  - 
215.4- 


260.8 
2.51.  3 


3.3 


2.6 

.1 


—21.1 
-27.1 


2.3 
6.5 


Vol.  S — No.  (3- 


-11 


390 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


INCOME    AND    OUTGO    OF   MATERIAL    AND    ENERGY. 

Tiilile  CXX  compares  the  available  protein  and  energy,  the  gain  or  loss  of  bodA-  protein  and 
bodv  fat,  and  the  energy  of  material  oxidized  in  the  ]>od}'  and  that  measured  as  heat  and  muscular 
work  in  the  various  groups  of  experiments  with  and  without  alcohol.  The  available  protein  is 
the  ditierence  between  the  protein  in  the  food  and  that  in  the  feces,  while  the  available  energy 
represents  the  energy  of  the  food  less  the  energj"  of  the  feces  and  (dry  matter  of)  urine.  The 
energy  of  the  material  oxidized  in  the  body  represents  what  may  be  called  the  net  income,  while 
the  energy  measured  as  heat  and  muscular  work  may  be  called  the  net  outgo. 

Table  CXX. — Material  and  energy  supplied  and  metabolized  in  exyeriments  luith  and  inthout  alcohol. 

[Quantities  per  day.] 


Available 
protein. 

Gain  (  +  )  orloss(-) 
of  body  material. 

Energy  of 
material 
oxidized 
in  the 

Energy  measured  as— 

experiments. 

energy. 

Muscular 
■work. 

Protein, 

Fat. 

body. 

Heat. 

Total. 

Experiments  uith   and  without  alcohol  more 

strictly  comparable. 

Rest  Experiments. 

GROUP   A. 

Grams. 

Calories. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Calories. 

Calories. 

Calories. 

Calories. 

No.  9,  E.  0. ,  ordinary  diet 

112 

2,426 

-  3.6 

+  18.2 

2,277 

2,309 

2,309 

No  10  E  0    alcohol  diet         

115 

2,427 

—  6.9 

+21.2 

2,268 

2,283 

2,283 

GROUP  B. 

115 

2,809 

-t-  1.7 

+59.7 

2,238 

2,272 

2,272 

No.  22  E.  0.,  alcohol  diet 

117 

2,777 

+  1.4 

+62.7 

2,180 

2,258 

2,258 

GROUPS   A   AND   B. 

114 

2,618 

-  1.0 

+39.0 

2,258 

2,291 

2,291 

Average  10  22  E.  0.,  alcohol  diet 

116 

2,602 

-  2.8 

+42.0 

2,224 

2,270 

2,270 

GROUP   C. 

No.  26,  J.  F.S.,  ordinary  diet    

93 

2,  256 

-  3.5 

+24.4 

2,043 

2,085 

2,085 

No.  28,  J.  F.  S.,  ordinary  diet 

91 

2,249 

-  4.5 

+21.8 

2,067 

2,079 

2,079 

Average  26, 28 

92 
92 

2, 253 
2,264 

-  4.0 

-  6.0 

+23.1 
+18.2 

2, 055 
2, 125 

2,082 
2,123 

2,082 

No.  27,  J.  F.  S.  alcohol  diet 

2,123 

GROUPS   A,  B,  AND   C. 

Avera"e  9, 24, 26+28,  ordinary  diet 

106 

2,496 

—  2.0 

+33.7 

2,190 

2,221 

2,221 

Average  10,  22,  27,  alcohol  diet 

108 

2,489 

-  3.8 

+34. 1 

2,191 

2,221 

2,221 

Work  Experiment.s. 

GROUP   D. 

No.  11,  E.  0.,  ordinary  diet 

110 

.3,  510 

-  3.0 

-39.7 

3,901 

3,746 

186 

3,932 

No.  12  E.  0.,  alcohol  diet 

113 

3,614 

—  1.0 

-.32. 2 

3,922 

3,727 

200 

3,927 

(;roui'  e. 

No.  29,  ,T.  F.  S.,  ordinary  diet  

95 

3,260 

-  5.0 

-23.8 

3,515 

3, 334 

255 

3,589 

96 

3,  275 

-  2.3 

-15.9 

3,439 

3,171 

249 

3,420 

Average  29,  31 

96 

3,268 

-  3.7 

-19.9 

3,477 

3, 253 

252 

3,505 

No.  30,  J.  F.  S.,  alcohol  diet  

95 

3,242 

-13.1 

-17.0 

3,479 

3,321 

249 

3,470 

GROUP    F. 

No.  .32,  .1.  F.  S.,  ordinary  diet 

93 

3,226 

-  5.0 

-34. 9 

3,573 

3, 369 

196 

3,565 

92 
93 

3, 241 
3,234 

-11.9 

-  8.5 

-35.  0 
-35. 0 

3, 629 
3,601 

3,  337 
3, 353 

2.50 
223 

3, 587 

Average  32,  34 

3,576 

No.  33,  J.  F.  S.,  alcohol  diet 

92 

3,227 

-1.5.8 

-38.4 

3,669 

3, 435 

197 

3,632 

.MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES.  391 

T.\BLE  ('XX. — Mnliridl  wul  energij  supplied  itnd  metabolized  in  exprrimaits  with  and  wilhoitt  alcohol — Coiitinueil. 


.\vailable 
protein. 

Available 
encrg}-. 

Gain(  +  )orlos.s(-) 
of  body  material. 

Energ>-of 

material 

oxidized 

in  the 

body. 

Energy  measured  a«^ 

experiments. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Heat. 

Muscular 
work. 

Total.  . 

Eri>erliiient.i   iiilh   and   without  alcohol  more 
ftriclly  comparable — Continued. 

Rest  E.xperime.nts — Continued. 

GROIPS   E   .KND    F. 

Average  29-31, 32^34,  ordinary  diet 

■Vverawe  30, 33,  alcohol  diet 

Grams. 
95 
94 

Calories. 
3,251 
3,235 

Grams. 
-  6.1 
-14.5 

Grams. 
-27.5 
-27.7 

Calories. 
3,539 
3,574 

Calories. 
3,303 
3,328 

Calories. 
238' 
223 

Calories. 
3,541 
3,551 

GROrPS   D,  E,  AND   F. 

Average  11, 29^31, 32—34,  ordinary  diet 

Averau-e  12, 30, 33,  alcohol  diet 

100 
100 

3,337 
3,361 

-  5.1 
-10.0 

-31.5 
—29.2 

3,660 
3,690 

3,451 
3,461 

220 
215 

.3, 671 
3,676 

GROrPS   .\   TO   F. 

Average  9,  24,  26-28,  11,  29-31,  32-34, 

103 
104 

2,917 
2,925 

-  3.5 

-  6.9 

+  1.1 
+  2.4 

2,925 
2,941 

2,836 
2,841 

110 
108 

2,946 

Average  10, 22, 27, 12, 30, 33,  alcohol  diet  ... . 

2,949 

Erperiments    with  and    without    alcohol    less 
strictly  comparable. 

Rest  Experimen-ts. 

GROUP  G. 

Vo  13  E  0.  ordinarv  diet           -         

110 
S9 

100 
99 

2,298 
2,289 
2,294 
2,230 

-11.7 
-12.4 
-12.0 
-12.0 

+26.9 
-r24.4 
+25.  7 
-14.3 

2,112 
2,131 
2,121 
2,434 

2,151 
2,193 
2,172 
2,394 

2,151 

2,  193 

2,172 

Xo  7  E  0    alcohol  diet                              .   . . 

2,  394 

GRorp  H. 

109 
104 
104 
104 
104 

2,384 
2,426 
2,424 
2,427 
2,426 

-  4.2 
+  6.0 
+  7.2 
+  6.0 
+  6.4 

-  7.8 
+  3.8 
+  5.0 
+11.0 
+  6.6 

2,482 
2,357 
2,336 
2,289 
2,327 

2,379 
2,362 
2,332 
2,276 
2,323 

2, 379 

No  15  E  0    alcohol  diet 

2, 362 

Xo  16  E.  0  .  alcohol  diet        

2,332 

Xo.  17,  E.  0.,  alcohol  diet 

2,276 
2,323 

GROrP   I. 

Xo.  21,  X.  W.  S.,  ordinary-  diet 

90 
90 
90 
90 
90 

2,038 
2,532 
2,550 
2,  .549 
2,544 

-  5.6 
-12.2 

.0 
+  2.2 

-  3.3 

-24.9 
+25.1 
+35.1 
+  21.1 
+27.1 

2,304 
2,367 
2,220 
2,339 
2,309 

2,279 

2,488 
2,279 
2,303 
2,357 

2,279 

Xo.  18,  A.  W.  S.,  alcohol  diet 

2,488 

Xo.  19  i.W.S.,  alcohol  diet 

2,279 

Xo.  20,  A.  W.  S. ,  alcohol  diet 

2,303 

Average  18, 19, 20 

2,357 

GROUPS  G,  H,  .\N-D    I. 

100 
98 

2,239 
2,400 

-  7.3 

-  3.0 

-  2.3 
+  6.5 

2,302 
2,356 

2,  277 
2, 3.58 

2,277 

.\verage  7, 15  to  17, 18  to  20,  a'lcohol  diet 

2,358 

GROUPS   .\   TO   I. 

Average  9,  24,  26-28,  11,  29-31,  32^34, 

102 
102 

2,691 
2,750 

-  4.8 

-  7.1 

-     .1 

+  3.8 

2,717 
2,746 

2,650 
2,680 

73 
72 

2,723 

Average  10, 22. 27, 12,  30.  33.  7, 15  to  17, 18  to 

2,752 

392 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


PROPORTIONS    OF   ALCOHOL    OXIDIZED   AND   UNOXIDIZED, 

In  the  experiments  in  which  alcohol  formed  part  of  the  diet  the  urine,  drip,  and  freezer 
waters  and  outgoing  air  current  were  examined  for  the  presence  of  alcohol,  or  the  products  of 
incomplete  oxidation  of  alcohol,  according  to  the  method  discussed  on  page  258.  The  determina- 
tions were  made  by  the  amount  of  reduction  of  a  standard  sulphuric-acid  solution  of  chromic  acid. 
The  materials  thus  found  were  called  reducing  materials,  and  the  total  amounts  were  calculated 
as  alcohol. 

In  6  of  the  later  experiments  in  which  alcohol  did  not  form  part  of  the  diet  the  same  tests 
were  made  in  the  excretor}-  and  respiratorj-  products  as  indicated  above,  and  considerable 
quantities  of  reducing  material  were  found.  These  were  likewise  calculated  as  alcohol.  The 
average  dailv  amount  eliminated  in  each  of  these  experiments  and  the  average  of  the  results  of 
all  6  are  shown  in  Table  CXXI. 


Table  CXXI. — Average  daily  elimination  of  reducing  material  by  lungs  and  kidneys  in  exyeriments  in  which  alcohol  did 

not  form  apart  of  the  diet. 

[Quantities  expressed  in  alcohol  equivalent.] 


Reducing  material  excreted,  calcu- 
lated as  alcohol. 

Experiment  No. 

in 
In  urine.      respiratory 
products. 

Total. 

26 

Grams. 
0.02 
.02 
.01 
.02 
.02 
.03 

Grams. 
0.36 
.24 
.35 
.28 
.32 
_28 

Grams. 
0  38 

28 .     ... 

.26 

29 

.36 

31 

.80 

32 

.34 

34 

.31 

.02 

.30 

.32 

In  the  average  of  all  6  experiments  the  reducing  material  determined  was  found  equivalent 
to  0.32  of  a  gram  of  alcohol  per  day.  Accordingly,  from  the  total  amount  of  reducing  material 
determined  in  the  alcohol  experiments,  0.3  gram  was  subtracted  in  estimating  the  amount  of 
alcohol  excreted  unoxidized.  This  is  shown  in  Table  CXXII,  which  summarizes  the  data  for 
the  excretion  of  unoxidized  alcohol  in  the  ditierent  experiments.  The  figures  in  column  d  show 
the  total  amount  of  reducing  material,  calculated  as  alcohol,  which  was  found  in  the  distillates 
from  the  urine  and  the  water  condensed  in  the  chamber  and  the  freezers,  and  more  especially  in 
the  air  current.  From  each  of  the  values  in  column  d  0.3  gram  is  subtracted,  a.s  explained  above, 
to  obtain  the  values  in  column  e,  which  represent  the  amount  of  alcohol  excreted  unoxidized.  The 
difference  between  the  alcohol  ingested,  column  a,  and  that  excreted,  column  e,  represents  the 
amount  actually  metabolized,  column/".  The  latter  amount  divided  bj'  the  amount  ingested 
shows  the  per  cent  metabolized,  column  (/. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  values  for  alcohol  metabolized  in  the  body  in  experiments  7  to  22 
are  slightlj*  larger  in  Table  CXXII  than  they  are  in  the  tables  giving  the  details  of  the.se  experi- 
ments on  preceding  pages.  This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  in  the  detail  tables  the  total  amount  of 
reducing  material,  as  found  in  the  experiments,  was  taken  as  the  measure  of  the  alcohol  excreted 
in  the  experiments  specilied,  whereas  in  the  summary  table  the  average  amount  of  reducing 
material  found  has  been  deducted  from  the  total  reducing  material  in  all  the  experiments  alike. 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


393 


Table  CXXII. — Com})arison  of  amounts  of  alcohol  consumed  and  excreted  unoxidized  in  experiments  in  which  it  formed  a 

part  of  the  diet. 


Experiment  No. 


Alcohol, 
ingested. 


Alcohol  excreted,  including 
other  material  calculated  as 
alcohol. 


(6) 


respira- 
tory 
products. 


(d) 
Total 
outgo. 

b+c. 


Alcohol 

excreted 

unoxidized. 


Averacre  of  all 

Average  of  Nos.  27-33. 


Gratm. 
72.5 
72.5 
72.4 
72.5 
72.5 
72.5 
72.5 
72.5 
72.5 
72.0 
72.0 
72.0 
72.0 


Grams. 
0.22 
.12 
.15 
.14 
.19 
.06 
.14 
.12 
.14 
-.53 
.11 
.06 
.05 


Grams. 
2.76 
.98 
1.34 
1.40 
1.90 
1.43 
1.83 
1.42 
1.69 
1.67 
1.09 
1.03 
1.00 


Grami. 
2.98 
1.10 
1.49 
1.54 
2.09 
1.49 
1.97 
1..54 
1.83 
2.19 
1.20 
1.09 
1.05 


Grams. 
69.8 
71.7 
71.2 
71.3 
70.7 
71.3 
70.8 
71.3 
71.0 
70.1 
71.1 
71.2 
71.3 


Per  cent. 
96.3 
98.9 
98.3 
98.3 
97.5 
98.3 
97.7 
98.3 
97.9 
97.4 
98.7 
98.9 
99.0 
98.1 
98.9 


VARIATIONS  IX    DAILY    EXCRETIOX    OF   XITEOGEX. 

In  the  course  of  these  experimeuts  it  has  been  found  very  difficult  to  obtain  a  uniform 
excretion  of  nitrogen  in  the  urine  from  day  to  daw  even  with  uniform  condition-s  of  food.  rest. 
and  work.  In  studying  the  effect  of  alcohol  upon  nitrogen  metabolism  these  variations  should 
be  considered.  Table  CXXIII  shows  the  daily  nitrogen  content  in  the  urine  in  experiments  with 
and  without  alcohol.  It  also  shows  the  elimination  of  nitrogen  on  the  days  of  the  preliminary 
period  which  always  preceded  an  experiment  in  the  calorimeter,  and  during  which  the  subject 
had  very  nearly  the  same  diet  as  in  the  following  experimental  period.  In  many  cases  the  amount 
of  nitrogen  in  the  urine  varied  greatly  from  day  to  day.  this  variation  being  especially  marked 
in  the  preliminary  period.  This  may  possibly  be  due  in  part  to  differences  in  amounts  of  external 
muscular  work  performed  on  different  davs.  but  the  general  results  of  experiments  on  the  effects 
of  muscular  activity  upon  nitrogen  metabolism  imply  that  when  the  work  is  not  severe  and  the 
supph"  of  energy  is  sufficient  the  output  of  nitrogen  is  not  greatly  increased.  It  seems  more 
probable  that  the  cause  may  be  in  part  psychic.  We  have  had  occasion  to  note  an  increase  of 
nitrogen  excretion  after  mental  excitement,  and  not  infrequently  such  increase  has  occurred  on 
the  day  before  or  the  day  after  the  subject  entered  the  respiration  chamber  for  an  experiment. 
This  was  especially  the  case  with  E.  O..  with  whom  there  was  a  notable  increase  in  the  excretion 
of  nitrogen  on  the  day  before  entering  the  chamber  in  experiments  5.  6.  7.  12.  13.  and  14.  and  on 
the  day  after  in  experiments  10.  11.  15.  and  ±2.  Something  of  the  same  kind  appears  with 
A.  W.  S.  in  experiment  IS.  with  the  exception  that  the  increase  was  observed  on  the  second  day  of 
the  preliminary  period,  continued  for  a  few  days.  and.  with  the  exception  of  a  slight  rise  on  the 
day  after  entering  the  calorimeter,  greatly  decreased  in  amount  during  experiments  18  to  20. 
With  J.  F.  S.,  on  the  other  hand,  there  was  as  a  rule  comparatively  little  difference  in  the 
nitrogen  eliminated  on  different  days  of  the  preliminary  period,  and  a  very  slight,  although  regular, 
increase  on  the  day  following  his  entrance  into  the  calorimeter. 

The  figures  in  the  last  four  columns  of  'the  tal)le  show  the  average  elimination  of  nitrogen 
during  different  periods  with  and  without  alcohol  as  part  of  the  diet.  The  pronounced  difference 
in  .some  experiments  between  the  elimination  of  nitrogen  in  the  preliminaiy  period  and  the  calo- 
rimeter period  is  of  interest  as  indicating  that  these  unexplained  variations  are  much  greater  than 
any  which  may  be  brought  about  by  the  addition  of  alcohol  to  the  diet.  This  is  one  of  the  facts 
which  lead  us  to  hesitate  to  attribute  to  the  alcohol  any  definite  and  uniform  effect  upon  the 
metabolism  of  nitrotren. 


394 


:memoirs  of  the  national  academy  of  sciences. 


One  thing  has  impressed  us,  not  only  in  these  experiments  but  in  others,  the  results  of  which 
we  have  studied.  It  is  that  the  daily  nitrogen  balance  is  a  much  less  reliable  indication  of  the 
effects  of  diet,  or  of  drugs,  or  of  muscular  work,  or  of  medical  treatment  than  is  commonly 
supposed." 

Table  CXXIII. — Comparison  of  daily  elimination  of  nitrogen  in  the  urine  when  alcohol  did  and  did  not  form  a  part  of 

the  diet. 


[Figures  in 

bold  face  indicate  days  in  wbich  alcohol  formed  a  part  of  the  diet.] 

1 

i 
1 

Nitrogen  in  urine,  pre- 
liminary period. 

Nitrogen  in  urine,  calorimeter  period. 

Nitrogen  in  urine, 
average. 

Experiment  and 
subject. 

>, 

■a 
S 
E 

1 

1 
■a 
a 

■3 
S 

1 

5 

S" 

a 
1 

t4 

1 

>> 

1 

5 

•a 

c 
> 

■5 
1 

1 
p. 
& 

c 
1 

e 

11. 

Calorimeter 
period. 

'ii 

i 

E.  0. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gjtw. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Experiment  Nos. 

13  and  14 

Experiment  No. 

16.9 
16.7 
19.1 
19  8 

15  3 

ifi  n 

17  2 

20  2 

20.2 

17.4 

16.9 

16.5 

17  ? 

17  8 

17  7 

19.1 

17.4   22.1 
1 7  fi    an  s 

15.9 

20.1 
12.3 
13.6 
13.8 

14  2 

18. S 
17.9 
14.2 
1,3.8 
18.3 
23  8 

19.6 

18.7 
19.7 
17.5 
17.9 

20  3 

17.8 
18.8 
20.6 
17.1 
21.3 
17  4 

16.2 

18.3 
19.4 
18.3 
15.9 

17  2 

17.3 
17.9 
18.1 

19.4 
17.7 

17  4 

17.8 

19.4 
16.2 
12.9 
14.4 

18.2 

17,7 

18.4 
19.5 
18.1 
18.2 

18.1 

18.4 
18.1 
IS  1 

17.7 

Experiment  No. 

Experiment  No. 
10 

19.5 

Experiment  No. 

19  9   12. 5   Ti   7 

Experiment  No. 

19.3  10.1 

19.1:  17.2 

17.4  11.6 

16.4 

17.6 
16.0 

18.2 

Experiment  No. 
5 

Experiment  Nos. 
1.5-17 

13.9 

10.4 

15.1 

16.2 

15,2 

15.7 

15,7 

15.6 

13.0 

15.6 

1S.6 

Average  13  and 
14,  9,  11,  5.... 

18.8'  15.6 

16.9 

16.3 

18.9 

19.2 

17.7 

17.7 

17.8 

16.9 

18.1 

18.1 

Average    7,   10, 

12,10-17 

ExperimentNos. 

18.3    13.1 

17.8 

14.0 

15.4 

18.1 

19.0 

16.7 

17,2 



.... 

15.4 

17.7 

.... 

17.8 

19.8   17.3 

18.8 

14.6 

13.7 

18.7 

18.8 

17.8 

18.8 

19.6 

18.5 

19.4 

18.1 

17.3 

16.1 

18.5 

18.6 

18.4 

A.  W.  S. 

Experiment  Nos. 
4a-4e        .    ... 

1.5.3 
15.5 

1.5.0 
12.2 

1.5.6 

14  3 

14.4 
16.4 

14.6 
17,4 

14.1 
15.4 

13.1 
14,7 

13.7 
14,2 

12.6 
13.8 

11.9 

12.4 

13.1 

11.7 

14.8 
15.9 

13.0 
15.0 

13.0 
15.4 

Experiment  Nos. 
18-21 

16.0    19.0 

14,4114,  5 

16. 2 15. 4 

15.0 

J.  F.  S. 

ExperimentNos. 
26-2S 

1.5.9 

16.6 

1.5.9 

1.5.7 

16.0 

16.6 

15.1 

14.4 

14,6 

15.5 

16,8 

15.9 

15.2,14.7 

16.0 

15.4 

15,3 

15.6 

ExperimentNos. 
29-31 

16.0 

16.1 
16.0 

13.9 

15.0 
1.5.2 

1.5.5 

15.5 
15.6 

15.0 

15.6 
15.4 

14.8 

15.1 
15.3 

15.4 

16.3 
16.1 

16.3 

15.3 
15.6 

16.2 

15.6 
15.4 

16,8 

16,7 
16.0 

18.0 

17,6 
17.0 

17,1 

17.7 
17,2 

16.3 

17.4 
16.5 

15.415.2 
16. 3:16. 4 

14.8 

15.3 
15.4 

16.3 

16.6 
16.1 

15,8 

16.2 
15.8 

17,3 

ExperimentNos. 
32-34 

17,3 

15.6 

15.4 

16,7 

"My  own  confidence  in  the  results  of  the  experiments  of  a  few  days'  duration  as  indications  of  the  influence  of 
any  such  agencies  upon  nitrogen  metabolLsm  was  much  shaken  by  the  experience  of  Dr.  C.  F.  Laxgwortiiy  and 
myself  in  collating  and  comparing  the  results  of  experiments  on  these  subjects  in  the  course  of  the  preparation  by 
ourselves  of  Bulletin  45  of  the  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  A 
Digest  of  Metabolism  Experiments  in  which  the  Balance  of  Income  and  Outgo  was  observed.  The  tables  of  this 
volume  include  summaries  of  2,299  experiments  with  men  and  1,362  with  aniuials,  in  which  the  nitrogen  balance 
was  studied.  The  very  clear  impression  left  upon  my  own  mind  is  that  a  not  inconsiderable  share  of  the  conclusions 
reached  by  the  authors  of  this  very  large  amount  of  painstaking  inquiry  must  be  held  subject  to  revision  in  the 
light  of  inquiries  in  which  the  experimental  periods  will  be  longer  and  the  determinations  more  detailed.— W.  O.  A. 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


395 


AVAILABILITY    OF    XCTRIEXTS    AXD    ENEKGV. 

Table  CXXIV  compares  the  coefficients  of  availability  of  protein,  fat.  carbohydrates,  and 
energy  in  experiments  in  which  alcohol  did  and  did  not  form  a  part  of  the  diet.  These  experiments 
are  compared  according  as  the  ordinary  diet  and  alcohol  diet  were  more  or  less  comparable,  and 
according  to  the  character  of  the  experiment,  whether  rest  or  work. 

Table  CXXIV. — CoeJIicienIs  of  availability  of  nutrieiiU:  ami  energy  in  diet  xrith  and  tvithout  alcohol. 


Metab- 
olism 

experi- 
ment 
Ko. 


Classification. 


a\  numbers,  and  subjects  of  experiments. 


Dura-  I    Pro- 
tion.       tein. 


Carbo- 
hy- 
drates. 


Experiments  with  and  without  alcohol  more  strictly  comparable. 
Rest  Experiments. 


E.  0.,  ordinary  diet. 
E.  O.,  alc-'iol'diet.. 


85  I  E.  O.,  ordinary  diet. 
83     E.  O.,  alcohol  "diet.. 


GROUPS   A   .\XD   B. 


Average  Xos.  9,  24,  ordinary  diet  . 
Average  Xos.  10, 22.,  alcohol  diet . 


150 
152 


J.  F.  S.,  ordinary  diet . . 
J.  F.  S.,  ordinary  diet . 
Average  Xos.  26, 28  . . , 
J.  F.S.,  alcohol  diet... 


GROrPS   A   T'l 


Ayerage  Xos.  9,  24,  26-4-28,  ordinary  diet. 
Average  Nos.  10,  22, 27,  alcohol  diet 


Work  E.xperimexts. 


.50     E.  O.,  ordinary  diet. 
52     E.  O.,  alcohol  diet.. 


Daus.     Per  ct.     Per  ct. 

4  ;  93.5  I  93.9 
4     93. 1     88. 2 


93.4 
93.8 


3  93. 1 

3  92.2 

6  92.7 

3  92.8 


13     93. 1 
10     93.4 


93.7 
m.7 


93.8 
91.0 


93.8 
92.6 


Percl. 
96.5 
97.0 


97.7 
97.5 


97.  2  97. 3 

90. 1  98. 6 

93.  7  98. 0 

95.  0  97.  2 


97.8 
97.4 


93.0  ;  97.5 
95.9     98.2 


97.1 


154 
156 


158 
160 


33       159 


J.  F.  S.,  ordinary  diet . 
J.  F.  S.,  ordinary  diet  . 
Average  Xo-s.  29'.  31  . . . 
J.  F.S.,  alcohol  diet... 


J.  F.  S. ,  ordinary  diet . 
J.  F.  S.,  ordinary  iliet . 
Average  Xos.  32,34... 
J.  F.S.,  alcohol  diet... 


GROrPS    E  AND    F. 


Average  Nos.  29, 31, 32, 34,  ordinary  diet. 
Average  Xos.  30, 33,  alcohol  diet . ." 


GROUPS   D   TO   F. 


.Average  11, 29—31, 32-34,  ordinary  diet . 
Average  12, 30, 33,  alcohol  diet 


GROUPS   A   TO   F. 


3  94. 6 

3  95. 0 

6  94.8 

3  95. 8 


3  1  92.8 

3  92. 7 

6  i  92.8 

3  92. 7 


Average  Xos.  9. 11.  24,  26+28, 294-31, 32-f  34,  ordinary  diet... 
Average  Xos.  10, 12, 22, 27, 30, 33,  alcohol  diet ." 


93.8 
94.3 


92.1 
94.0 


2*)     92. 6 
20     93. 7 


8.  3     98.  2 


97. 1  97. 4 
95.0  ;  98.4 

96.2  I  97.9 
95.6  97.8 


98.2 
98.2 


98.0 
98.2 


94.9 
94.6 


97.9 

97.8 


39(3  MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

Table  CXXIV. — Coeficients  of  availabUlty  uf  niUrients  and  energy  in  diet  ivlth  and  ivilhout  alcohol — Continued. 


Metab-  Diges- 
olism    tion  es 

experi-  peri- 
ment  '   ment 


Classification,  serial  numbers,  and  subjects  of  experiments. 


Fat. 


Carbo- 
hy- 
drates. 


Experiments  with  and  irithoiit  alcohol  less  strictly  comparable. 
Rest  Experiments. 

GROUP   G. 

E.  0.,  ordinary  diet 

E.  0.,  ordinary  diet 

Average  Nos.  13, 14 

E.  O.,  alcohol  diet 

GROUP   H. 

E.  O.,  ordinary  diet 

E.  O.,  alcohofdiet 

GROUPS   G    .\XD    H. 

Average  Nos.  13+14, 5,  ordinary  diet 

Average  Nos.  7, 15-17,  alcohol  diet 

GROUPS   A   TO   H. 

Average  all  experiments  with  ordinary  diet,  Nos.  9+24, 
26^28, 11, 29+31,  32+34, 13+14, 5 

Average  all  experiments  with  alcohol  diet,  Nos.  10+22, 
27, 1'2,  30+33,  7, 15-17 


Per  ct. 
94.0 
93.8 
93.9 
94.8 


91.3 
95.2 


Per  ct. 
93.2 
95.3 
94.3 
96.3 


93.9 
92.5 


11 

10 

92.6 
95.0 

1 
94.1 
94.4 

40 

92.6 

94.7 

30 

94.1 

94.7 

Per  ct. 
98.1 
98.7 
98.4 
98.1 


98.0 
97.9 


95.9 


Per  ct. 
90.0 
91.9 
91.0 
91.1 


90.3 
91.3 


91.5 
91.8 


Table  CXXV  .summarizes  the  results  of  experiments  with  the  same  subject  and  the  same  diet 
before  and  after  entering  the  calorimeter  and  averages  the  results  for  all  the  experiments. 

-tihrnparison  of  gains  or  losses  of  nitrogen,  and  of  coefficients  of  availability  in  the  preliminary  periods 
outside  the  calorimeter  and  the  experimental  periods  inside. 

[Quantities  per  day.] 


Table  CXXV, 


^',^'"''-1  Digest 
™?t^     ment 


food.   1  feces. 


Gain 
(  +  )or 
loss 

(-)• 


Coefficients  ol  availability. 


Car- 
bohy- 
drates. 


En- 
ergy. 


:;   '< 


M 

44 

^1 

45 
46 

^3i{ 

76 
77 

14:^ 

78 
79 

147 
148 
149 
1.50 


39 
40 
49 
.50 
153 
1.54 
1.57 
158 


Experiments  with  ordinary  diet. 

REST  EXPERIMENTS. 


Preliminary  period 

Calorimeter  period 

Preliminary  period 

Calorimeter  period 

Preliminary  period 

Calorimeter  period 

Preliminary  period 

Caloriijieter  period 

Preliminary  period 

Calorimeter  period 

Preliminary  period 

Calorimeter  period 

Preliminary  period 

Calorimeter  perioil  

Average  preliminary  periods 
Average  calorimeter  periods. 

Work  exjierimentn. 


Grams. 
19.2 
19.1 
20.1 
20.8 
18.9 
19.1 
20.1 
18.7 
15.1 
15.1 
17.6 
t  17.7 
,  15.9 
1.5.9 
18.1 
18.1 


Preliminary  period 

Calorimeter  period 

Preliminary  period 

Calorimeter  period 

Preliminary  peri(Kl 

Calciriiiieter  period  

Preliminary  jn-riod 

Calorimeter  perioil   

Average  |>reliiiiinary  periods 
Average  calorimeter  period."  . 


19.1 
19.1 
19.9 
19.8 
15.9 
16.0 
15.9 
16.1 
17.7 
17.7 


Grams. 
1.4 
1.7 
1.8 
1.3 
1.7 
1.3 
0.8 
1.1 
1.2 
0.9 
1.0 
1.0 
1.7 
1.1 
1.4 
1.2 


1.9 
1.5 
1.9 
2.2 
0.9 
0.8 
1.5 
1.2 
1.5 
1.4 


Grams. 
18.2 
18.1 
14.2 
19.5 
19.4 
18.4 
18.1 
19.5 
16.7 
16.2 
16.6 
16.4 
16.0 
15.4 
17.0 
17.7 


12.8 
16.5 
12.9 
18.1 
14.8 
16.0 
15.0 
1.5.7 
1.3.9 
16.6 


Grams. 
-0.4 
-0.7 
+4.1 

-2.'2' 
-0.6 

1.2 
-1.9 
-2.8 

2.0 


+0.3 
-1.8 
-0.6 
-0.3 
-0.8 


+4.4 
+1.1 
+5.1 
-0.  5 
+0.2 
-0.8 
-0.6 
-0.8 
-^2.3 
-0.3 


Per  ct. 
92.7 
91.3 
91.3 
94.0 
90.9 
93.  5 
96.7 
94.0 
92.3 
93.8 
94.2 
94.5 
89.0 
93.1 
92.4 
93.5 


90.1 
92.0 
90.6 
88.7 
94.5 
94.6 
90.6 
92.8 
91.5 
92.0 


Per  ct. 
94.0 
93.9 
94.4 
95.6 
92.1 
93.9 
96.3 
93.2 
93.4 
9.5.3 
96.8 
97.4 
94.1 
97.2 
94.4 
95.2 


9.5.3 
96.9 
93.2 
93.0 
96.4 
97.2 
95.7 
97.1 
9.5.2 
96. 1 


Per  a. 
98.0 
97.7 
97.4 
98.2 
95.8 
96.5 
98.9 
98.1 
98.5 
98.7 
97.7 
97.4 
9.5.7 
97.3 
97.4 
97.7 


97.6 
98.3 
97.8 
97.5 
9S.  7 
98.7 
96.8 
97.4 
97.7 
98.0 


Per  ct. 
90.0 
89.6 
89.9 
90.8 
88.5 
89.7 
93.1 
90.0 
91.1 
91.9 
91.8 
91.8 
88.4 
91.1 
90.4 
90.7 


91.2 
92.6 
91.4 
90.9 
9.3.8 
94.1 
91.5 
92.7 
92.0 
92.6 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


397 


Table  CXXV. — <y>mi>unmn  of  gains  or  losses  of  nitrogen,  and  coefficients' o^  avaUahility  in  the  preliminary  perio'ls  outside 
the  calorimeter  and  the  experimental  periods  inside — Continued. 


Nitrogen. 


food,     feces,     urine. 


Coefficients  of  availabilitv. 


Car- 
bohy- 
drates. 


,.{ 


IS 


Kcperiments  with  alcohol  diet. 

REST  E.XPERIMEXTS. 


Preliminary  period 

Calorimeter  period 

Preliminary  period 

Calorimeter  period 

Preliminary  perioil 

Calorimeter  jieriod 

Preliminary  period 

Calorimeter  period 

Average  preliminary  periods 
Average  calorimeter  periods. 

Work  experiments. 


Preliminary  period 

Calorimeter  period 

Average  preliminary  periods  in 
all  above  experiments  with 
ordinary  diet 

Average  calorimeter  periods  in 
all  above  experiments  with 
ordinary  diet 

Average  preliminary  periods  in 
all  above  experiments  with 
alcohol  diet 

Average  calorimeter  periods  in 
all  above  experiments  with 
alcohol  diet , 


Grams. 
16.8 
16.7 
19.5 
19.8 
16.7 
17.4 
19.7 
19.8 
18.2 
18.4 


19.6 
19.3 


18.0 
17.9 
18.5 
18.6 


Gram».   Grams. 
1.5     17.8 


0.9 
1.0 
1.4 
0.8 
0.8 
1.2 
1.1 
1.1 
1.0 


1.8 
1.3 


1.4 
1.3 
1." 


17.7 
16.1 
19.5 
13.0 
15.6 
16.1 
18.4 
15.8 
17.8 


14.4 

18.2 


15.9 
17.3 
15.5 

17.8 


Grams. 
-2.5 
-1.9 
+  2.4 
-1.1 
+2.9 
+  1.0 
+2.4 
+0.3 
+1.3 
—0.4 


+3.4 
-0.2 


Per  cl. 
90.8 
94.8 
94.9 
93.1 
95.2 
95.2 
94.2 
94.4 
93.8 
94.4 


90.8 
93.5 


+0.  7  I  92. 1 


0.6 

92.9 

1.7 

93.2 

0.3 

94.2 

Per  rt. 
93.6 
98.3 
92.1 
88.2 
91.8 
92..'= 
94.5 
94.7 
93.0 
92.9 


94.2 
9.5.9 


94.7 
95.5 
93.2 
93.5 


Percl. 
97.3 
98.1 
98.0 
97.0 
98.0 
98.4 
98.2 
97.9 
97.9 
97.9 


97.0 
98.2 


97.5 
97.8 


Per  ct. 
9.5.9 
95.9 
98.5 
98.5 
97.6 
97.6 
97.0 
97.0 
97.2 
97.2 


97.9 
97.9 


97.4 

97.4 


Per  el. 
89.2 
91.1 
91.1 
89.8 
91.4 
91.5 
90.5 
90.5 
90.6 
90.7 


91.3 
92.7 


91.0 
91.4 
90.7 
91.1 


The  tigures  for  the  availability  of  alcohol  in  the  preliminary  period  are  ba.sed  upon  the 
assumption  that  the  excretion  of  unoxidized  alcohol  was  the  .same  during  the  preliminary  period 
as  during  the  following  period  when  the  subject  was  within  the  chamber  of  the  respiration 
calorimeter.  It  will  be  observed  that  while  the  diet  was  practically  the  same  in  the  preliminary 
as  in  the  calorimeter  period,  the  coeiBcients  of  availability  are  quite  diflerent.  Sometimes  the 
subject  appeared  to  digest  the  food  more  thoroughly  during  the  preliminary  period  and  some- 
times more  thoroughly  during  the  period  .spent  within  the  respiration  chamber.  In  both  the 
rest  and  work  experiments  without  alcohol  the  availability  of  the  nutrients  and  energy  of  the 
diet  was  slightly  less  in  the  preliminary  period  than  in  the  subsequent  experiment  in  which 
the  subject  was  within  the  respiration  chamber.  In  the  rest  experiments  in  which  alcohol  formed 
a  part  of  the  diet  there  was  no  pronounced  difference  in  the  coefficients  in  the  two  cases,  liut  in 
the  one  instance  in  which  there  was  preliminary  and  calorimeter  period  with  work  the  coefficients 
of  availability  in  the  former  period  were  noticeably  less  than  in  the  latter. 

Taking  all  the  experiments  into  consideration  it  would  seem  that  there  was,  as  a  rule,  a 
quite  noticeable  difference  in  the  proportions  of  the  food  which  were  actually  made  availaljle  for 
use  in  the  bodv  in  the  preliminary  as  compared  with  the  calorimeter  periods,  a  difference  which 
was  not  noticeably  affected  by  the  presence  or  absence  of  alcohol  in  the  diet. 
Vol.  8— No.  6 12 


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